ILBM (Integrated Lake Basin Management )

Transcription

1 ILBM (Integrated Lake Basin Management ) -Presented at the Nepal National Seminar on ILBM for the Sustainability of Himalayan Lakes- Katmandu, Nepal March 26, 2010 Masahisa Nakamura Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee, and Professor, Shiga University Center for Sustainability and Environment nment

2 Goods and Services provided by Lakes Water Supplies Fish Irrigation Crops Wood and Fiber Fuel Hydropower, etc. Aesthetic and Scenic Values Religious Sites and Spiritual Values Historic Sites Educational Resources Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

3 Global Study on the State of World s Lakes Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

4 a Global Profile of the State of Lake Basins Experience and Lessons Learned from 28 cases Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

5 Let s look at some Asian Lake Basins Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

6 Bhoj Wetlands Severe eutrophication laundry washing Heavy metal pollution idol emersion Water hyacinth infestation Sedimentation agricultural soil erosion Solid waste pollution Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

7 Eutriphication Laguna Lake Urbanization/industrization Serious catchment degradation Sector Conflicts Fishery, Agriculture, Water Supplies, Flood Control Operation of hydraulic gates Shoreline Enchroachment Political and Jurisdictional Issues Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

8 Threatend Traditional Life-Style Degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems over-exploitation of coastal and in-lake resources Health threats human waste disposal in water and on land Lake Tonle Sap Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

9 What about Other Lake Basins Nepal Malaysia Lake Lanao

10 a. Nepalese Lakes- Issues Degrading Global Aesthetic and Cultural Assets Biodiversity loss Diminishing Livelihood for Ethnic Villagers Deforestation Unsustainable agriculture Soil erosion Exploitative 6000 rivers practices 3252 Glaciers Resource Provisions for Downstream Polulation > 10 Reservoirs Centers 234 Lakes (!) Increasing > 23,000 urbanization Ponds Increasing Marshy population lands Paddy fields 5% of Tourism development Nepal s land is under wetlands. High Mountain: 182 Mid Hills: 6 Terai: 46 Masahisa Nakamura,

11 Nepalese National Program Development National Lake Conservation Development Committee (NLCDC) 2006 Objectives Policy Recommendation National & International Coordination Conservation and Development of Lakes (Tourism, Biodiversity & Culture) C Lake Linked Livelihoods Lake Inventory and Database Conflict Resolution Resource Diversification Program identification/implementation Partnership building (national/international) ILBM - G Review 2009, Kusatsu, Japan

12 b. Malaysian Lakes and Reservoirs Diminishing Tropical Wetlands z Loss of indigenous species Land Use Change and Its Impacts z Massive soil erosion z Expanding palm oil and rubber estates z Urban and industrial developments Point and nonpoint source pollutions z Shortage of sewerage coverage z Need for nutrient removal z Agricultural chemicals Masahisa Nakamura,

13 Malaysian Nationa Program Development Conceptual Framework Plan using Logical Framework Approach (LFA) format multi- stakeholder workshop on 15 January 2008 Six Component Plans consultation workshops on LFA format Governance 19 th August 2008 Management 8 th July 2008 Research and Development 3 rd June 2008 Capacity Building 4 th June 2008 Information Management system developed at NAHRIM Community Stakeholders 2 nd December 2008 Synthesis Report and Strategic Plan for Lake and Reservoir Management currently at Drafting stage

14 16 Types of Lake problems Lakes in the World Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

15 Why do all of the world s lakes degrade? Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

16 ILBM Principles: Ecological Service Principle Change in Resource Value Principle Lentic Water System Principle Governance Improvement Principle

17 Ecosystem Services Resource Provision Service Regulating Service Water Supplies Fish Irrigation Crops Wood and Fiber Fuel Hydropower Potential, etc. Cultural Service Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

18 Ecosystem Services Resource Provision Service Regulating Service Cultural Service Indigenous Species Flood and Drought Mitigation Capacity Self-purification Capacity Health Provisions Navigation Routes Productive Riparian Ecosystem Climate Mediation Aquatic Habitats Diverse Food-chains Coastal Ecotone Buffer Capacity Fertile Lands Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

19 Ecosystem Services Resource Provision Service Aesthetic and Scenic Values Religious Sites and Spiritual Values Historic Sites Regulating Service Educational Resources Cultural Service Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

20 Ecosystem Services Resource Provision Service Regulating Service Soil Properties Habitat formation Primary production Nutrient cycling Cultural Service Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

21 Ecosystem Services Resource Provision Service We all want this value Regulating Service Cultural Service We all forget these values Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

22 Without Timely Conservation, all Ecosystem Services may Disappear. Exploitation of Resource Provision Resource Service Provision Service Degradation Loss of of Regulating Regulating Service Service Cultural Service Supporting Service Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

23 So, we have been losing much of the world s lake But, ecosystem it is also services!!! not so easy for degrading lakes to recover!!! Why? Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

24 ILBM Principles: Ecological Service Principle Change in Resource Value Principle Lentic Water System Principle Governance Improvement Principle

25 Hysterysis System won t fully recover (or Regime Shift may set in)

26 Let s Look at Resouce Values More Development Peak Rapid Decline Resource Provision Service Free Access Conservation Efforts Don t Return to Peak Development Efforts Loss of Other Services also Time

27 What is going on inside the Lake? Development Efforts Gradually Deteriorates Ecosystem Response Highly Degraded Situation Conservation Efforts Recovery is Slow Not Recover Totally Time

28 How Do We Manage Lakes? We have to know of the Unique Features of Lakes Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

29 ILBM Principles: Ecological Service Principle Change in Resource Value Principle Lentic Water System Principle Governance Improvement Principle

30 Unique Features of Lakes Integrating Nature (Everything comes together) 1. Issues are mostly inseparable Long Retention Time Retention Time.ppt (Problems remain long, and finding solutions also takes long time) 2. Changes are gradual and invisible Complex Response Dynamics (Everything affects everything else in water) 3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

31 In addition, we must keep in kind that Lake Basins (Watersheds) are Lentic Lotic Combinations Lotic water system Natural lentic water system Artificial water system

32 A Lake Basin consisting of Many Lake Basins Microscale Watershed Macro-scale Watershed Mesoscale Watershed Lentic Waterbodies

33 ILBM Principles: Ecological Service Principle Change in Resource Value Principle Lentic Water System Principle Governance Improvement Principle

34 Lake Features lead to Management Requirements, i.e., 1. Issues are mostly inseparable 2. Changes are gradual and invisible 3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable so what do we Need to do? and what are the Challenges?

35 Let s s look at Management Requirement Issues are mostly inseparable we Need to. but the Challenges are: manage Across Jurisdictions (jurisdictions have competing needs) Over Entire Basin manage Land and Water together (interactions are often too complicated) introduce Multiple Policies and Programs (implementation becomes too complex) Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

36 Management Requirement Changes are gradual and invisible we Need to. but the Challenges are: have Long-term Policy and Financial Commitments (the political and economic situations may change over time) have Long-term Monitoring Over Time (it may take too much time and money) Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

37 Management Requirements 3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable we Need to but the Challenges are undertake Scientific and Applied Studies (but the results may not always be directly applicable for policy-making) People s Heart take Precautionary Approach (but we are not so visionary ) Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

38 the Challenges encompass we need a systematic approach in: Perception Heart-ware Space Time Soft-ware Hard-ware Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

39 Needs Challenges Need to management across jurisdictions Need to know air-landwater linkages Need to introduce multiple policies and programs Need to have longterm policy and financial commitments Need to have longterm monitoring Need Science Need Precautionary Approach How can a balance be achieved? How can we attain partial linkages? Are there innovative ways to implement them satisfactorily? Can we develop innovating financing schemes? Collaborative monitoring may be possible and useful Integrate science in all plans and programs Be watchful of early warnings, but late lessons should not be ignored Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

40 Question is Governance Lessons Learned from 28 Cases: Long-term policy with strong implementation Sustained financial commitment Soft-ware Heart-ware Hard-ware Taking into Account Flexible and collaborative institutional arrangements Important participatory roles of citizens and the public Continuous Focused Everything and long-term scientific efforts Exploration of Well-balanced comes in mix of technologies and Good policies Practices Long Complex with retention Dynamics Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

41 Integrated Lake Basin Management Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

42 ILBM Principles: Ecological Service Principle Change in Resource Value Principle Lentic Water System Principle Governance Improvement Principle

43 Ecological Service Principle A) Emphasis should shift from Resource Provision to Regulating B) Keep in mind Regulating Services are both location specific and location unspecific. issues are easier to work on. C) Don t Lose any more Regulating Service in the first place issue D) Restoration of Regulating Service is Quite Challenging

44 Ecological Service Principle A) Emphasis should shift from Resource Provision to Regulating We need to work on both. B) Keep in mind Regulating Services are both location specific and location unspecific. Location- specific issues are easier to work on. C) Don t Lose any more Regulating Service in the first place In many cases it is the Livelihood issue D) Restoration of Regulating Service is Quite Challenging Restoration needs Nature s Help

45 Change in Resource Value Principle A) Long-term approach is needed to address long-term exploitation of Resource Provision Service of lentic waters. B) Development interventions produce values immediately

46 Change in Resource Value Principle A) Long-term approach is needed to address long-term exploitation of Resource Provision Service of lentic waters. Time is a major factor. B) Development interventions produce values immediately Conservation/restoration takes long time.

47 Lentic Water Framework A) Watersheds are made up of. B) Lentic water system properties will provide C) Watershed management requires decision on.

48 Lentic Water Framework A) Watersheds are made up of multiple scales of lentic-lotic water systems A) Lentic water system properties will provide clues for management approaches A) Watershed management requires decision on spacial scale (areal extent of management) and temporal scale (adoptive management)

49 Governance Improvement Principle A) ILBM governance framework may be illustrated with 6 components, i.e., B) ILBM governance framework is important, but there is no correct answers, C) Time, efforts, and money are necessary, though not sufficient, for governance improvement, but

50 Governance Improvement Principle A) ILBM governance framework may be illustrated with 6 components, i.e., Policy, Institution, Participation, Information and Knowledge, Technology and Funding B) ILBM governance framework is important, but there is no correct answers, transfer of lessons learned elsewhere is imperative C) Long-term and continuous effort in Governance Improvement will eventually pay off

51 Examples from Six Pillars of ILBM Governance Improvement

52 Institutional Evolution Long-term Institutional commitment necessary Yet, successful institutions are adaptable Emerging problems Changing community objectives Unplanned opportunities

53 Broad Range of Policies Lake policies seldom produced; instead sectoral policies need coordination Water resources or environment policies Can coordinate across sectors But often weak institutions Need to be linked to poverty alleviation and national development

54 Benefits of Involvement of People Sustainability of lake basin plan Access to local knowledge Promotes inclusion of disenfranchised Improved acceptance of rules and charges Encourages involvement of politicians Add to the skill base of institutions

55 Local Source Finances Usually not sufficient unless wealthy resource user Urban water supply (L. Biwa) Hydropower generation (Kariba Reservoir) Key features of successful local financing: Involvement in decisions Local retention (at least partially) Transparency of expenditure

56 Development of a Training Module

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59 The Major Challenge is: Lake Basin Governance

60 Temporal and Spatial Change From Micro scale watersheds To Macro-scale Watershed Governance Structure will Evolve

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67 Lakes globally are facing serious problems Lakes in the World Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009

68 Can We? Yes We Can! Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009