Zhongchao Tan. Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases. From Basic Concepts to Engineering. Applications for Air Emission Control.

Transcription

1 Zhongchao Tan Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases From Basic Concepts to Engineering Applications for Air Emission Control ^ Springer

2 Contents 1 Air Emissions I 1.1 Air Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases Air Pollution Greenhouse Gases Effects of Air Pollution and GHGs Health Effects of Air Pollution Environmental Impact Greenhouse Gas Effects Roots of Air Pollution and GHGs Anthropogenic Air Emissions Growing Population and Energy Consumption International Energy Outlook Global Air Emissions General Approaches to Air Emission Control Air Emission and Air Quality Standards General Engineering Approaches to Air 1.6 Scope Emission Control 17 and Structure of This Book Units and Dimensions Practice Problems Multiple Choice Problems Calculations 22 References and Further Readings 23 Part I Basic Concepts 2 Basic Properties of Gases Gas Kinetics Speeds of Gas Molecules 28 vii

3 Vlll Contents Avogadro Constant and Molar Weight Gas Pressure Density and Specific Volume of a Gas Ideal Gas Law and Dalton's Law Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules Gas Mean Free Path Number of Collisions with Wall/Surface Diffusivity of Gases Viscosity of a Gas Gas Fluid Dynamics Reynolds Number Bernoulli's Equation Boundary Layer and Drag Gas-Liquid Interfacial Behavior Solubility and Henry's Law Raoult's Law for Ideal Solution A Real Gas-Liquid System Interfacial Mass Transfer Practice Problems 56 References and Further Readings Basics of Gas Combustion Air-Fuel Ratio Combustion Stoichiometry Stoichiometric Combustion with Dry Air at Low Temperature Fuel Lean Combustion Fuel Rich Combustion with Dry Air at Low Temperatures Complex Fossil Fuel Combustion Stoichiometry 3.3 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium Chemical Kinetics Chemical Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Combustion Products The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation Thermodynamics of Combustion System First Law of Thermodynamics Enthalpy Scale for Reacting System Heating Values 82

4 Contents ix 3.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature Constant Pressure Adiabatic Flame Temperature Constant Volume Adiabatic Flame Temperature Practice Problems 87 References and Further Readings 90 4 Properties of Aerosol Particles Particle Motion Particle Reynolds Number Stokes' Law Dynamic Shape Factor The Knudsen Number and Cunningham Correction Factor Rectilinear Particle Motion Particle Acceleration Settling at High Reynolds Numbers Aerodynamic Diameter Curvilinear Motion of Aerosol Particles Diffusion of Aerosol Particles Particle Deposition on Surface by Diffusion Particle-Surface Interaction Particle Coagulation Monodisperse Aerosol Coagulation Polydisperse Coagulation Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Practice Problems 113 References and Further Readings Principles for Gas Separation Adsorption General Consideration Adsorption Affinity Adsorption Isotherm Adsorption Wave Breakthrough Time Regeneration of the Adsorbent Absorption Counter Flow Absorption Tower Absorption Equilibrium Line and Operating Line Height of the Packed Absorption. 135 Tower Chemical Absorption Practice Problems 147 References and Further Readings 149

5 . '. x Contents 6 Separation of Particles from a Gas General Consideration Particle Separation Efficiency Particle Separation Efficiency of Multiple Devices Gravity Settling Chambers Laminar Flow Model Turbulent Flow Model Electrostatic Precipitation The Electric Field Intensity Particle Charging Cyclone Cyclone Fractional Efficiency Pressure Drop of Cyclone Other Cyclone Models Filtration Single Fiber Filtration Efficiency Overall Fibrous Filtration Efficiency Fibrous Filter Pressure Drop Particle Accumulation Granular Filtration Practice Problems. 189 References and Further Readings 191 Part II Engineering Applications 7 Combustion Process and Air Emission Formation Gaseous Fuel Flame Liquid Fuel Combustion Droplet Vaporization Vapor Combustion Solid Fuel Combustion Solid Fuels Solid Fuel Combustion Formation of VOCs and PAHs Formation of CO and C Volatile Oxidation Char Oxidation Formation of S02 and S NO.v Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide 217

6 Contents xi 7.8 Formation of Particulate Matter Ash-Forming Elements in Fuels Soot Particles Fate of Trace Elements Trace Elements in Fuels Trace Elements in Flue Gases Mercury Greenhouse Gases 223 References and Further Readings Pre-eombustion Air Emission Control Fuel Cleaning Coal Cleaning Oil and Gas Refinery Fuel Substitution Thermochemical Conversion of Fuels Pyrolysis Gasification and Syngas Cleaning Combined Cycle Technologies Biofuels Solid Biofuels Biodiesel Bioethanol Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels Biogas 252 References and Further Readings In-combustion Air Emission Control Stationary Combustion Devices Pulverized Coal/Biomass Combustion Fluidized Bed Combustion Internal Combustion Engines Spark Ignition Engines Diesel Engines S02 Capture by Furnace Sorbent Injection S02 Capture by FSI in Pulverized Coal Combustion S02 Capture in Fluidized Bed Combustion In-combustion NO, Control Air Staging Fuel Staging Flue Gas Recirculation Combined Low-NOv Technologies 272

7 xii Contents 9.5 In-combustion Soot Control Engine Exhaust Gas Recirculation Practice Problems 274 References and Further Readings Post-combustion Air Emission Control Introduction Control of Particulate Matter Emissions Electrostatic Precipitator Designs Filtration System Designs Wet Scrubbing Flue Gas Desulfurization Wet FGD Steam Reactivation of Calcium Based Sorbents Dry FGD Semi-Dry FGD NOv Reduction Using SCR and SNCR Selective Catalytic Reduction SNCR Reagents Simultaneous Removal of SOA and NOA Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds Adsorption Oxidation of VOCs Flaring Thermal Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidation Other Approaches to Volatile Organic Compounds Control Control of Soot Particles Control of Trace Metals Mercury in Particulate Control and FGD Devices Mercury Adsorption by Activated Carbon Mercury Captured by Metal Oxides, Silicates, and Fly Ashes Proper Layout for Post-combustion Air Pollution Control Devices Practice Problems 309 References and Further Readings Air Dispersion Box Model General Gaussian Dispersion Model 318

8 Contents xiii Atmosphere Atmospheric Motion and Properties Air Parcel Adiabatic Lapse Rate of Temperature Atmospheric Stability Wind Speed Gaussian-Plume Dispersion Models General Gaussian Dispersion Model Plume Rise Plume Downwash Ground Surface Reflection Mixing Height Reflection Gaussian Puff Models Practice Problems 344 References and Further Readings 345 Part III Special Topics 12 Carbon Capture and Storage Background Information C02 Generation in Combustion General Approaches to Reducing GHG Emissions Carbon Capture Processes Pre-combustion Carbon Capture In-combustion Carbon Capture Post-combustion Carbon Capture C02 Separation by Adsorption Physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorbents C02 Separation by Absorption Physical Absorption Amine-Based Chemical Absorption Non-amine-Based Chemical Absorption Ionic Liquids as C02 Solvents C02 Transportation Pipeline Transportation Ship Transportation C02 Storage Enhanced Oil Recovery and Enhanced Gas Recovery Coal Bed Methane Recovery Saline Aquifer Storage 384

9 xiv Contents Deep Ocean Storage Ecosystem Storage Environmental Assessment 390 References and Further Readings Nanoaerosol Sources of Nanoaerosol Exposure to Nanoaerosol Properties of Nanoaerosol Number and Size of Nanoaerosol Particles Noncontinuum Behavior Diffusion of Neutral Nanoaerosol Electrical Properties of Nanoaerosol Separation of Nanoaerosol from the Air Nanoparticle Transport Efficiency Adhesion Efficiency and Nanoaerosol Thermal Rebound Critical Thermal Speed Adhesion Efficiency Adhesion Energy Nanoaerosol Characterization Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Particle Classification by Aerodynamic Particle Focusing Particle Counting by Current Measurement Electrospray Technique Nanoaerosol Generation Evaporation-Condensation Technique Electrospray Technique Soot Nanoaerosol Particles 422 References and Further Readings Indoor Air Quality Introduction Threshold Limit Values Normalized Air Contaminant Concentration Clean Room IAQ Control by Ventilation/Dilution Minimum Ventilation Rate Psychrometric Chart Indoor Air Cleaning Model Practice Problems 444 References and Further Readings 445

10 Contents xv 15 Air Monitoring Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement Source Sampling Isokinetic Sampling Effect of Misalignment Multiple Sampling Locations Collection of Air Pollutant Samples Data Analysis and Reporting Continuous Emission Monitoring and Opacity Measurement Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 460 References and Further Readings 460 Appendix 463 Index 477