CATALYTIC CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLOX) Eko Engineering Asia Pacific

Transcription

1 CATALYTIC CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLOX) Eko Engineering Asia Pacific

2 Water Hygiene Best Practice 1. Understanding the hidden dangers within water pipe work systems 2. The diversity of waterborne pathogens 3. Water Treatment

3 CHLORINE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

4 CHLORINE IN WATER Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl + H20 OCl - + HOCl + + Na + OH - Hypochlorite + Hypochlorous Acid + Caustic Species Chlorine Gas Cl2 + H20 OCl - + HOCl + Hypochlorite + Hypochlorous Acid

5 CHLORINE IS IONIC IN WATER This means It is extremely sensitive to ph It reacts readily with any constituents of the water or the water system residual disinfection capabilities are limited highly corrosive produces unwanted by-products THM s, Dioxins, Chlorinated Terpenes, Trichloroacetic acid Bromate produces chemical taste ineffective in control of bacteria particularly ineffective in the control of BIOFILM

6 CHLORINE V BROMINE V ClO2

7 ClO 2 V Chlorine/HClO

8

9 THE COST OF BIOFILM

10 Oocysts - resistant to 50ppm chlorine

11 Amoeba graze on organisms in biofilm. Many bacteria utilise Amoeba Amoeba are resistant to chlorination, adverse ph, osmotic pressure, and temperature. Amoeba are regularly recovered from drinking water systems, cooling towers, and domestic hot & cold water service systems Amoeba can & do harbour pathogenic bacteria e.g. Legionella sps., Pseudomonas sps., Mycobacter sps., Staphylococcus sps. & MRSA 11

12 The alternative Chlorine Dioxide -Described by Sir Humphrey Davey some 200 years ago -Excellent biocide But - very difficult to make in pure form - very difficult to make safely!!! - lots of unpleasant by-products and BANGS 12

13 The Alternative to Chlorine - CIO 2 Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) has been identified as a far more effective biocide than Chlorine because it can act as both a disinfectant and an oxidant in water treatment without producing the undesired effects caused by chlorine treatment When Chlorine Dioxide is dissolved in water, unlike chlorine, it does not hydrolyse / dissociate into ions. Instead, it remains as a non-ionic species it is a true gas in water. This property is responsible for many of its practical uses as a highly effective biocide Versatile Wide range of applications Works against ALL varieties of bacteria, yeasts, viruses, fungi, protozoa, spores, molds, mildews and other microbes Effective in killing Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Legionella High Performance Rapid kill of target organisms Keep systems clear of biofilm and nutrients Clean up already fouled systems Operates over a wide range of conditions - effective at very low concentrations, over wide ph and temperature ranges ph 4-10 Temperatures up to 70 C Environmentally Friendly Minimal by-products production- does not react with primary organics to form harmful THM s (trihalomethanes) or dioxins Does not oxidise Bromides to Bromates. Chlorine dioxide and byproducts do not persist within the environment Easily neutralised by UV light. CHLORINE DIOXIDE - The Ideal Biocide! 13

14 Comparison of ClO2 with Chlorine Property Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine PRIMARY CHEMICAL REACTION CORROSION POTENTIAL Oxidation only No Chlorinated by-products Low (E 0 = 0.95V) Electrophillic Substn. results in Clbyproducts High (E 0 = 1.49V) TASTE & ODOUR Slight Produces chemical smell and taste EFFECTIVE ph RANGE REACTION IN WATER Does not Hydrolyse Hydrolyses REACTION TO ORGANIC LOAD Resists Neutralisation Readily Neutralised REACTION TO BIOFILM Highly reactive & Penetrative Largely ineffective will not penetrate OXIDATIVE CAPACITY

15 Oocysts - resistant to 50ppm chlorine 0.5ppm ClO2 = 85% Instantaneous Inactivation

16 Challenges with Conventional Chlorine Dioxide generation technologies Hazard Storage Chlorine Dioxide is explosive at 8%. As a dissolved gas, because of partial pressures, even relatively low concentrations of chlorine dioxide can produce explosive conditions within reaction chambers or if exposed to the air. Chlorine Dioxide solutions degrade with UV light, heat, and time. Although it is possible to store Chlorine Dioxide solutions safely at normal temperature (if they are at very low concentrations) for short periods of time, the storage solutions require additional engineering and cost and the stoted solution will lose strength and activity with time. On-demand generation of Chlorine Dioxide using our Catalytic Chlorine Dioxide Technology eliminates the hazards associated with conventional technologies which produce Chlorine Dioxide at dangerous or potentially dangerous concentrations and may require Chlorine Dioxide storage and and distribution at dangerous levels 16

17 Out dated technologies Chlorite + Bleach + Acid - Very poor conversion - Chlorite residual - Chlorine as by-product - Explosive - Corrosive - Environment

18 Out dated technologies Chlorite + Cl 2 Gas - Very poor conversion - Chlorite residual - Chlorine as by-product - Explosive - Corrosive - Environment

19 Out dated technologies Chlorite + Cl 2 Gas + Nitrogen BANNED in USA - Very poor conversion - Chlorite residual - Chlorine as by-product - Explosive - Corrosive - Environment

20 Out dated technologies Electrochemical Chlorite + Electricity - Poor conversion - Chlorite residual - Chlorine as by-product - Explosive (Hydrogen) - Corrosive - Environment - Not suitable for large volumn applications

21 Out dated technologies Acid + Chlorite - Very poor conversion - Chlorite residual - Chlorine as by-product - Explosive - Corrosive - Environment - Excess acid required - Typical 40 to 80% conversion rate

22 Catalytic Chlorine Dioxide Technology (ClO 2 IX ) - An innovative approach to surpass issues with conventional CIO 2 systems No storage of Chlorine Dioxide is required Safe because no chemicals are mixed There are no dangerous by-products produced Precursor and Chlorine Dioxide within the system are dilute - <100 times lower than the LEL for ClO 2 Production of Chlorine Dioxide occurs in water and occurs only when water flows through the system The engineering built into the system allows it to both monitor and correct itself, if necessary Rugged construction and industry-proven parts and materials used to construct the systems providing unsurpassed reliability of operation ClO 2 IX Produces Ultra-Pure Chlorine Dioxide! Zero Chlorine in product stream! Complete conversion of Chlorite! Zero residual Chlorite! The ClO 2 IX Process 22

23 The ClO 2 IX Process The process works in four steps to generate clean, safe water with no dangerous by-products Proportional Dosing STEP FOUR Sodium Chlorite NaClO 2 ClO 2 Precursor Water Supply to unit STEP ONE Cation ion-exchange column NaClO 2 --> HClO 2 Chlorous Acid STEP TWO 100% conversion of chlorite to chlorous acid Catalyst Column 700 ppm Cl0 2 STEP THREE Chlorine Dioxide Product Stream 700 ppm ClO 2 (Zero residual chlorite) >98.5% conversion - - HClO2 ClO 2 ZERO BYPRODUCTS ZERO CHLORINE Direct Injection into Mains Water lines Direct injection to ROFW Injection into Water Storage Tanks Protecting Fire Systems and Storage tanks Multi-point injection from one generator Impulse / Analogue / Analytical methods of control Interface to Building Management Systems Data-logging for full audit trail 23

24 Using ClO 2 IX technology, Chlorine Dioxide has been applied safely and instantaneously for a variety of applications Secondary Disinfection and healthcare Cooling Towers Reverse Osmosis Systems Tank Cleaning Water Reuse Greenhouses etc etc etc 24

25 ClO 2 IX optimizes membrane performance on Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants Challenges Chlorine attacks membrane Thin Film Composite membrane requires chlorine removal (Typically removed via carbon filtration and or SBS neutralisation) Once removed no antimicrobial properties remain Increased cleaning cycles Damage to membranes Biofilm not controlled, Loss of RO Production due to Cleaning Cycles and damage COST Sea-Water ph too high for effective Chlorine use Impacts Cleaning costs, Time, Chemicals, Labour, Membranes and Performance Cleaning cycle frequency increases Cleaning/disinfecting does not remove biofilm that has established behind straps & in membrane support mechanism Over time this builds and continually re-inoculates membranes after each cleaning Subsequent disinfection with Peroxyacetic acid does remove most biofilm on membrane surface but does not penetrate all the way through membrane into support structure so biofilm builds up on backing of membrane Microbial resistance to disinfectants increases Cycles begin to get shorter as rate of fouling increases over time Catalytic CLO2IX Weak oxidizer Dissolved gas in water Non-ionic 5 electrons oxidation capability Rapid and free rinsing No Bromate problem Will pass through membrane to both up and downstream surfaces Ease of detection of trace amounts Can be used for continuous protection and treatment Proven biofilm removal and prevents buildup Continuous - Safe - Effective Disinfection

26 Case Study -Power Station Situation Solution RO Plant treating 250 m3 water per hour 24/365 Water sourced from River combination of fresh and seawater. High levels of organic matter and silt despite settling time in lagoon Problem was rapid decline in membrane performance necessitating frequent and costly cleaning plus risk of degradation of membrane structure COST - cleaning cycle once per week Continuous dosing with 0.2 ppm Catalytic Chlorine Dioxide Dosing Proportional to flow with pre and post membrane specific ion chlorine dioxide continuous measurement Benefits Cleaning Cycle reduced from at least weekly to less than once per 3 months Pretreatment filtration performance also improved due to precipitation of iron and manganese, biofilm elimination and continuous on-going prevention *Benefits over an 18 month period 26

27 Catalytic ClO2 is ideal for use in the following applications RO Membranes Membrane Cleaning & Prevention of Bio-fouling Cooling Tower Treatment Disease Control and Biofilm Removal, Energy Savings Hot Water System Disinfection Food & Beverages Processing Microbiological Control and Disinfection Chilled Water Distribution Systems - Disinfection Odour Destruction Potable Water Treatment primary and or secondary disinfection Desalinated Water Prevention of Bromate Formation Meat, poultry, fruit and vegetable production product washing extends shelf life Beverage production CIP and bottle wash applications Fire Water System Protection Healthcare Applications - Water Hygiene Programmes - Control of Legionella and other pathogens in potable and hot & cold water service systems Disinfection of Water Storage Tanks & Vessels Agri- and Horti-culture Disinfection of animal feed water and crop irrigation water Oil & Gas Platforms Desalination Plants (with Reverse Osmosis Water Systems) Hospitals Hotels Airports Office Towers Shopping Malls Residential Compounds Large Villas and Palaces Large Ships & Barges Agriculture/poultry farms Bottled water & beverage producers Greenhouses Treatment of final sewage effluent (TSE) for irrigation 27

28 CLO2IX Product Line Industrial Self regenerating Upto 50 lb/day standard Upto 400 lb/day custom Service DI Service regenerated IX Tanks Upto 1.5 lb/day Mini 5g to 120g per day Regenerable/replaceable IX cartridges Commercial Replaceable IX Catridges Upto 1.5 lb/day Portable Regenerable or Replaceable IX Electric or water driven pump options Upto 20 lb/day 28

29 CLO 2 IX is the SAFEST, most EFFECTIVE, most RELIABLE and most ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND Chlorine Dioxide system available today Provides water of far better microbiological quality i.e. Safe Water Complete range biocide Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites Destroys Biofilm Eliminates the Bromate problem Reduces water wastage caused by RO fouling Increases RO membrane life Reduces Energy consumption Reduces Chemical Consumption Ceases production of THMs & Dioxins Benefits the environment & the public Preferred system of Dept. of Health (NHS) U.K. 600 plus systems installed in 6 years Dept. of Health (HSE) Ireland BSRIA (The Building Services Research and Information Association) Have endorsed the use of chlorine dioxide as...the best available technology... for the control of bacteria and biofilm in water systems. 29

30 References Middle East Al-Rai Foods, Hofuf, KSA (Bottled Juice, Drinking Water and Dairy Products Plant) Pre-Treatment of RO feed water - Prevention of RO membrane biofouling Sanitising of water for bottling - without BROMATE formation King Hamad University Hospital, Muharraq, Bahrain Pre-Treatment of RO feed water - Prevention of RO membrane biofouling Disinfection of Hot & Cold Domestic Water Systems Disinfection of Potable (Drinking) Water System Others Leeds NHS Trust Jimmy s (St James Hospital) largest teaching hospital in Europe Chapel Allerton Hospitals Kings College Hospitals London, University College Hospitals London, Royal Free Hospital London Bath NHS Trust, Cornwall NHS Trust, Gwent NHS Trust, Birmingham NHS Trust, Glasgow NHS Trust, Scarborough NHS Trust, Newcastle NHS Trust, Hull & East Yorkshire NHS Trust Her Majesty s Prison Service, UK EcoFarm Water Treatment Products, Alberta, Canada treatment of greenhouse irrigation water; treatment of broiler chicken drinking water to increase product yield & quality Advantage Water Treatment company, Dallas, USA Control of Legionella & removal of biofilm from cooling towers St Andrews R&A Golf Club, Scotland UK Brains Brewery, Wales, UK British Petroleum, Grangemouth Scotland treatment of separated water prior to discharge to sea National Maternity Hospital, National Children s Hospital, National Cancer Hospital, Ireland Children s University Hospitals, University College Hospitals, Ireland Galway Regional Hospitals, Waterford Regional Hospitals, Ireland Wexford General Hospitals, Tipperary General Hospitals, Ireland 30

31 KING HAMAD UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MUHARRAQ, BAHRAIN BRITISH PETROLEUM GRANGEMOUTH REFINERY, SCOTLAND, UK BP TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CRITERIA 1. Health & Safety < 700ppm = 100% Safe 2. Environmental No By-products, No Chlorine 3. Reliability Less than 48 hours downtime/year 31

32 FACT FACT FACT FACT FACT FACT FACT Biofilms develop in potable & domestic hot and cold water systems Biofilms harbour, and support the proliferation of, many microorganisms which are pathogenic to humans Legionella sps., Pseudomonads, MRSA, Norovirus, Enteroviruses, Mycobacterium sps., Coliforms, Vibrio sps., Campylobacter sps., Cryptosporidia, Giardia etc The presence of biofilms in healthcare facility water systems represents a serious hazard to the health and welfare of patients, staff and the public Chlorine treatment does not remove or destroy biofilms Chlorine treatment does not prevent the development of biofilms ClO 2 destroys and removes biofilm from water systems ClO 2 IX is the safest, most reliable and best available technology for the control of biofilm and micro-organisms in water systems. 32

33 STATEMENTS Dept of Health UK 1. The continuous chlorination of Hot & Cold water service systems to control the growth of Legionella is not recommended. 2. Re ClO 2 Its effectiveness in the control of organisms in water systems has been demonstrated. 3. ClO 2 is also effective in the destruction and removal of biofilms.

34 Eko Engineering Asia Pacific Contact Details John Baker Rob Pether