Water in the Randstad

Transcription

1 Water in the Randstad Towards sustainable urban water management in Holland 1 October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

2 Structure of the lecture Holland s struggle against the water Sustainable Water Management & Examples Research & Design projects Amsterdam Metropolitan Area rd ifou conference The City and the Water Taipei,

3 Holland s struggle against the water Principle section of the Dutch lowlands with enlarged heights 3 October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

4 Manmade Dutch Lowlands Bosch (above) Hooimeijer et al More Urban Water, Design and Management of Dutch Water Cities. 4 October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

5 Natural water management (until ~1000) Acceptance of the existing situation and use of areas which were suitable for urban development, dunes (Den Haag), hills or higher ground (Dokkum, Alkmaar) or riversides (Zaltbommel and Arnhem) The historical Alkmaar, Burke October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

6 Defensive water management (~1000 to ~1500) Passive draining and protection of urban areas by protective measures, like dikes and dams, e.g. Doordrecht, Leiden & Amsterdam Hooimeijer et al More Urban Water, Design and Management of Dutch Water Cities. 6 October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

7 Offensive water management (~1500 to ~1850) Active draining systems for lakes and wetlands and of settlements (Fortified towns and Polder towns). 1 2 Hooimeijer 3 7 October 3 rd ifou 25, conference 2008 The City and the Water Taipei,

8 Offensive water management (~1500 to ~1850) For example extensions of Alkmaar, Leiden and Amsterdam. Hooimeijer 8

9 Offensive water management (~1500 to ~1850) Dutch drainage areas in Europe Haartsen et al

10 Manipulative water management (from ~1850) Large scale urban expansions with water systems independent from polders, including, e.g. active draining and lowering of the groundwater levels. The Water Project for Rotterdam (1842 & 1854, Rose & Zocher) Municipal Archive Rotterdam in Hooimeijer et al

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13 Fixed water levels in cities and polders include flood risks and require: Water discharge during the winter and heavy precipitation events Water supply during dry seasons 13

14 Flood Events Floods by storm tides and extreme precipitation events, which occurred in the past once in 100 years, will presumably occur more often (every 1 2 years) 14

15 Extreme Precipitation Events Causing flood events in rivers, cities and polders Lack of retention is leading to bottleneck situations in city drainage and pumping systems as well polders and canals and rivers Egmond at the Sea in 2006 (157 mm in 25 days instead of 60 mm, source: De Volkskrant) Ijssel near Deventer, flood, spring

16 Extreme Drought Causing water quality and quantity problems Manifold effects on eco and infrastructure systems Collapsed dike near Wilnis, Ronde Venen, summer 1995 Rhine, summer

17 Water Pollution Discharges of sewage (e.g. sewer overflows) and by agriculture are effecting freshwater bodies and coastal areas A visible effect is the increasing growth of algae, even though protective measures are implemented 17

18 Sustainable Water Management Sustainable urban water management is including the different sections of the urban water cycle: water supply & distribution water use & saving Water reuse and recycling water storage and augmentation UNEP IETC DTIE & TU DELFT, (2008, in print) Every Drop Counts, Environmental Sound Technologies for water use efficiency in the urban and domestic environment. 18

19 Guiding Models Priority for the decentralised management of rainwater, particularly in new urban developments by the three step strategy: 1. Collection 2. Retention 3. Discharge 19

20 Retention Model Separation of rainwater from the sewage stream at the source Retention of rainwater, either nature orientated or technical 20

21 Retention Model Feasible in new constructions and remodelling projects Applicable on building, property and city level. ECN Petten (Bear) Alterra Wageningen (Stefan Benisch) 21

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23 Retention Model Urban renewal in Breda with historical water structure (Hooimeijer) 23

24 Retention Model Urban renewal in Utrecht with historical water structure (Hooimeijer) 24

25 Infiltration Model Infiltration of rainwater, either nature orientated or technical Technology is dependent on the available space and pollution load UNEP IETC DTIE, TU DELFT,(2008, in print). Every Drop Counts, Environmental Sound Technologies for water use efficiency in the urban and domestic environment. 25

26 Infiltration Model Allows multifunctional use of extensive infiltration areas Requires sufficient freeboard between soil surface and groundwater level Enschede Ruwenbosch, Tjallingii 26

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29 Circulation Model Collection, Retention, storage, circulation and purification (of separated rainwater in open water bodies) Housing estate in Delft 29

30 Fluctuation Model Seasonal and peak storage of rainwater requires fluctuation in water levels due to seasonal variations in evaporation and precipitation. Nijhuis

31 Fluctuation Model Required fluctuation of water level is dependent on the available water area in relation to catchment area 100% water area requires approx. 18 cm fluctuation 25% water area requires approx. 72 cm fluctuation 10% water area requires approx. 180 cm fluctuation (simplified model) Nijhuis

32 Retention, Storage, Circulation & Fluctuation Stad van de Zon Heerhugowaard, Alkmaar and Langedijk, 177 hectare, flats, 25% water area 32

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34 ECN Petten BEAR architects Fluctuation adaptive Buildings Plan Tij in Dordrecht (2004, Klunder) 34

35 ECN Petten BEAR architects Fluctuation adaptive Buildings AluminiumCentre in Houten, near Utrecht (2001, Mischa de Haas) 35

36 Maasbommel holiday houses ECN Petten BEAR architects Fluctuation adaptive Buildings

37 Amsterdam, IJburg (2001, Zaaijer) 37

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39 Research & Design Projects Studies for city development in deep polders are requested in the short term, e.g. for: Zuidplaspolder: construction of 7,000 dwellings, 110 hectare commercial district, 280 hectare greenhouses, 400 hectare nature and water storage Cooperation between Province South Holland and TU Delft Design proposal by students supported by experts from both institutions in the framework of a master course on environmental design 39

40 Urban Water for the Zuidplaspolder 40

41 Urban Water for the Zuidplaspolder EnvironMENTAL Design, Zuidplaspolder (2007, Cárdenas, de Koning, Stukje) 41

42 Urban Water for De Ronde Venen (Hybrid Landscape, 2007, Huang) 42

43 Urban Water for De Ronde Venen (Hybrid Landscape, 2007, Zhang) 43

44 Urban Water for De Ronde Venen (Hybrid Landscape, 2007, Zhang) 44

45 Urban Water for Amsterdam South-East Villa Urbana & De architectuur van het water (2007 & 2008, Bobbink, Nijhuis) 45

46 Urban Water for Amsterdam South-East Redefining Urban Gaps (2007, Bacete, Levy, Issaias) 46

47 Urban Water for Amsterdam South-East Het maken van b (2007, Oosterwijk) 47

48 Urban Water for Amsterdam South-East Bijlmer Reservoir (2007, Haubner, Lans) 48

49 Urban Water for Amsterdam South-East Natural Gradation (2007, Pena, Gonzalaez, Guardado) 49

50 Amsterdam Metropolitan Area

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61 Thank you for your attention 61