Development of High Fibre Erianthus arundinaceus (Wildcane) Clones as Alternate Source of Fibrous Raw Material for Pulp and Paper Industry

Transcription

1 Development of High Fibre Erianthus arundinaceus (Wildcane) Clones as Alternate Source of Fibrous Raw Material for Pulp and Paper Industry S. Chinnaraj Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd, Kagithapuram, Karur, Tamil Nadu INDIA Dissemination of information on issues addressed under cess supported R & D Projects Feb. 20 th 2014, New Delhi Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

2 In Brief 1. About TNPL 2. Why alternate 3. Our earlier study 4. Present study Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

3 TNPL Briefly Promoted by Govt. of Tamil Nadu in early 80 s World s largest bagasse based paper plant at single location Presently produces 4,00,000 MT of PWP annually, Largest exporter of PWP from the country, 2,00,000 MT board mill ISO 14001, 9001 and FSC C-o-C & CW and FM Certified Uses one million MT of Bagasse every year and Installed Wind Power Capacity 35.5 MW Treated effluent water is pumped to TEWLIS consisting 396 farmers with 1600 acres. 30,000 m 3 /day biogas generated from bagasse wash water and used in Lime kiln resulting 16 KL F. Oil saving 1,00,000 acres Pulp wood plantation by 2013 Four registered CDM project and another two are under Validation together will reduce 2.5 Lakh MT CO 2 emission Lime sludge and Fly ash management plant for solid waste management Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

4 Bagasse utilization in TNPL 3% Residual sugar- Biogas Bagasse Dry Weight 48% 14% Pith- Biofuel 4% Loss Moisture 52% Fibre 31% 13% Black liquor solids- bio fuel 14% Bleached Pulp - Paper

5 Why an Alternate? Bagasse is consumed as fuel in co-generation plants in many sugar mills for which Government has given some special Incentives Sugar mills claim CDM benefit i.e. Carbon Credit /REC Increases in the production of alcohol from direct sugar juice leads to use of immature cane results in poor quality of bagasse Conventional milling renders fragmented fibres - Affecting its usefulness to paper making Machineries are specifically designed to handle only bagasse fibre To improve unit area productivity

6 Possible Solution! Wild Sugar Cane :C4 Grass

7 Objectives Required characters Efficient conversion of sunlight into plant material Efficient water use moisture is one of the primary factors limiting biomass production in the world Sunlight interception during as much of the growing season as possible Minimal external inputs in the production and harvest cycle (i.e., seed, fertilizer, machine operations and crop drying). There are two main photosynthetic pathways for converting solar energy into plant material: the C3 and C4 pathways. The C 4 pathway is approximately 40% more efficient than the C 3 pathway in accumulating carbon C 4 species use approximately 1/2 the water of most C 3 species Perennial crops do not have annual establishment costs (seed, tillage, etc.) and some species of warm-season species and have excellent stand longevity C 4 species of grasses contain less nitrogen (N) thanc 3 species and can be more N-use efficient because N is cycled internally to the root system in the fall in temperate zones) and significant N fixation can occur in the tropics in some warm-season grasses

8 C 4 Pathway In C 4 pathway plants photosynthesis occurs in both the mesophyll and the bundle sheath cells. Light reactions in mesophyll Calvin Cycle in Bundle sheath

9 C 4 Pathway. CO 2 is fixed into a 4-carbon intermediate first has an extra enzyme PEP Carboxylase that initially traps CO 2 instead of Rubisco makes a 4 carbon intermediate The 4 carbon intermediate smuggles CO 2 into the bundle sheath cell The bundle sheath cell is not very permeable to CO 2 CO 2 is released from the 4 Carbon molecule goes through the Calvin Cycle Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

10 About Wild Sugarcane Perennial Crop with less sugar Can be grown under adverse conditions, less pest and disease High Bio-mass production Less inputs Good bagsse quality, high pulp yield Not suitable for sugar extraction and hence no milling thereby no fibre deformation

11 Wild Species Available Saccharum spontaneum Erianthus arundinaceus Miscanthus Narenga Selerostachya

12 Species Selected: Erianthus arundinaceus 1.Suitable for local agro-climatic conditions 2.High Biomass, Fast Growing

13 Advantages of E. arundinaceus Availability throughout the year Low In-put costs for the cultivation High fiber content High bagasse and pulp yield /acre Less degradation on storage Low inventory cost Biogas from juice Less Carbon footprint Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

14 Bagasse: Chemical Analysis Wild Normal Ash, % Water Soluble, % Alkali Soluble, % Extractive, % Lignin, % Hollo Cellulose, % Pentosans, %

15 Earlier Work Screening of Clones (SBI 88 Nos & Local 6nos) Large scale cultivation 1. Mills crushing trial 2. Pulping studies Final selection (SES 159) Selection - I 1. Fibre Pith Ratio 2. Biomass Productivity Propagation Method 1. Conventional 2. Tissue culture Selection - II 1. Cane Yield, 2. Biomass Yield 3. Proximate Analysis 4. Bag. yield & Pulping Small scale cultivation trial

16 Present Study Screening of new Clones Optimization study of SES 159 Selection - I 1. Cane Yield, 2. Biomass Yield 3. Proximate Analysis 4. Pulping Small scale cultivation trial Propagation Method 1. Tissue culture 2. 2,50,000 seedling produced 50 acre cultivation trial 1. In waste land 2. Regular cultivable land Screening of new Clones Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd. Estimation bagasse and pulp yield Estimation of biogas from juice Estimation of GHG reduction

17 Selection : List of selected clones having more than 25% fibre content S. S. S. Clone Clone No No No Clone S. No Clone IK76-81/GC-7 1 IK 76-81/6 1 IK76-91#41 1 IK76-99/SF IK76-81/GC IK 76-81/13 2 IK76-91GC36 2 IK76-99/SF IK76-81/GC-19 3 IK 76-81/49 3 IK76-99#2 3 IK76-91/SF Tongarang/GC- 8 4 IK 76-81/65 4 IK76-99#41 4 IK76-91/SF IK76-81/GC-9 5 IK 76-81/72 5 IK76-99#91 5 IK76-91/SF IK76-81/GC-10 6 IK 76-81/73 6 IK76-93#59 6 IK76-99/SF IK76-81/GC-12 7 IK 76-81/83 7 IK76-99#21 7 IK76-91/SF IK76-81/GC-14 8 IK 76-88/5 9 IK76-81/GC-16 9 IK 76-88/7 10 IK76-81/GC IK 76-88/15 11 IK 76-88/16 12 IK 76-88/30 Clones with > 30 Fibre 13 Mythan B/8 14 IK76-78 GC 15 IK 76-78/10 16 IK 76-78/15 Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

18 Fibre classification and CSF results of selected E. arundinaceus clones having more than 30% fibre and reference clone SES 159 S. No Clone CSF ml Fibre classification % IK76-99# IK76-91# Mythan B/ IK76-81/GC IK76-91/SF SES Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

19 Pulping results of selected E. arundinaceus clones having more than 30% fibre and reference clone SES 159 Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd. S.No Clone Unscreened Pulp yield % Screened Pulp yield % Bright. % ISO Kappa No WBL ph Total Solids GPL 200 GPL 200 GPL 1 IK76-99# IK76-91# Mythan B/ IK76-81/GC IK76-91/SF SES

20 Unbleached pulp strength and optical properties of selected E. arundinaceus clones and reference clone SES 159 Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd. S.No Clone Bulk cc/g Brea-king length m Tear Factor Burst Factor Bright. % ISO Opacity % Sc. coffi. m 2 /kg Yellowness % 1 IK76-99# IK76-91# Mythan B/ IK76-81/ GC IK76-91/SF SES

21 Optimization study of SES 159 Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

22 Tissue culture protocol for E. arundinaceus Surface sterilization of the explants by 70% ethanol treatment for one minute and 10% sodium hypochlorite treatment for 20 minutes. Then shoot tips were excised and inoculated with MS medium supplemented with Riboflavin BAP and GA 3 for shoot initiation. Multiple shoots were developed by transferring culture to MS medium with BA. The well developed shoots were then placed in ½ MS medium with IBA for in vitro rooting. The in vitro regenerated plants were planted in polybag/protrays containing a mixture of sand, silt & compost (1:1:1) and covered with polythene sheet. After one month, they were exposed to sunlight and hardened plants were planted in field.

23

24

25 SES159 pulp Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

26 Computation of unit area pulp productivity of E. arundinaceus (SES 159) and Eucalyptus. S. No Parameters Units Poor soil Good Soil Field 1 Field 2 Avg. SES Total Green yield T/acre Green yield per year T/acre OD bagasse 27.2 % fibre T/acre Pulp 51.3% T/acre Eucalyptus 1 Total Green yield for 5 year rotation T/acre 60 2 Green yield per year T/acre 12 3 OD wood 45% T/acre Pulp yield T/acre 2.48

27 Bio-Energy and GHG Reduction Biomass Yield/acre COD content from juice/acre Biogas generation Furnace oil saving GHG reduction MT 3360 kg 1880 m Lit MT Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd.

28 Issues Our field experience indicates that harvesting and transportation is the major bottleneck converting this unique grass into captive fibre source for paper industry. High fibre content and robust growth create many practical problems in the field. This needs further study especially development of suitable technology for harvesting.

29 Our sincere thanks to IPMA and CESS Committee for funding the project and CPPRI for Support Thanking you - Any Questions!