TIME-RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY

Transcription

1 TIME-RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY VOLUME-I GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN PUNJAB DIRECTORATE OF LAND RECLAMTION PUNJB IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT CANAL BANK MOGHALPURA, LAHORE Ph E.mail June 2009

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises to the real Blessor of the Universe Allah Almighty the most merciful Who is entire source of all knowledge and wisdom to mankind. I also invoke Allah s blessing and peace for Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him), the messenger of Allah, the real source of knowledge and guidance for the world forever. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Land Reclamation Officers namely, Rana M.Iqbal, T&SS., Lahore, Mr.Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, DDLR., Lahore, Ch. M. Saleem,LCC(W), Mr. Irshad Ahmad Doger, LCC(E), Faisalabad, Mr. Nasir Mazhar, HCC., Multan, Ch.Atta -ur-rehman, LBDC., Sahiwal, Mr. Abdul ur- Rehman, Bhawalpur, Mr. Khalid Mahmood, UCC., Lahore and all of their Assistant Land Reclamation Officers, Reclamation Supervisors and Soil Supervisors who worked with dedication and commitment to the work under over all supervision of the DLR. The services extended by Mr. Zahid Sarwar, Research Officer (Soil), Mr. Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, Physical Chemist (look after charge) and all the Junior Research Officers namely, Mr. M. Farooq, Tariq Farooq, Maqsood A.Sani and Mr. Shahzad Akhtar regarding laboratory analysis work are highly appreciated. I am also thankful to all the Reclamation Zilladars, Patwaris and Clerks for their sincere efforts and helping hand in field and office work. I owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Azhar Javaid, Assistant Land Reclamation Officer (Thur), Lahore for compiling and editing the data and also for his technical guidance to the Field Workers. The technical assistance extended by Mr. Shamshad Gohar, Groundwater Consultant in guiding the field teams in data collection and compilation is also appreciated. The cooperation extended by Dr. Muhammad Arif, Reclamation Supervisor in facilitating the data compilation is also acknowledged. The services of Mr. Nadeem Ahmad, Junior Clerk and Mr. Muhammad Tayyab Farooq Junior Clerk of the Directorate in typing and arranging the data are also appreciated. Last but not least, I record my indebtedness to Mr. Israr-ul-Haq, Chief SPRU and Dr. M. Aslam, Director Groundwater who always encouraged the Directorate of Land Reclamation on its way to progress for potential achievements in groundwater monitoring. (Moeen-ud-Din Shah) Director Land Reclamation Punjab i

3 CAPACITY BUILDING OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WING OF IPD Groundwater Monitoring Report Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009 Table of Contents Section Contents Page Acknowledgements 1 INTRODUCTION Background and Objectives Groundwater Management Problems Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) 2 2 GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK Monitoring Requirements Existing Monitoring Network Monitoring of Groundwater Levels Groundwater Quality Monitoring Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring 6 3 MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY 8 DLR 3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR Existing Data Format 9 4 ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN 11 GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY 4.1 Preamble Lahore Zone Water Table Trends Sialkot District Narowal District Gujranwala District Sheikhupura District Nankana District Lahore District Kasur Distric 16 ii

4 Section Contents Page Okara District Pakpatan District Water Quality Trends Sialkot District Gujranwala District Narowal District Sheikhupura District Nankana District Lahore District Kasur District Okara District Faisalabad Zone Water Table Trends Faisalabad District Hafizabad District Jhang District Nankana District Toba Tek Singh District Groundwater Quality Trends Faisalabad District Gujranwala District Hafizabad District Jhang District Nankana District Sheikhupura District Toba Tek Singh District Sargodha Zone Water Level Trends Gujrat District Mandi Bahauddin District Sargodha District Jhang District Water Quality Trends Gujrat District 40 iii

5 Section Contents Page Mandi Bahauddin District Sargodha District Jhang District Multan Irrigation Zone Water Level Trends Jhang District Khanewal District Lodhran District Multan District Okara District Pakpatan District Sahiwal District Vehari District Groundwater Quality Trends Jhang District District Khanewal District Lodhran District Multan District Okara District Pakpatan District Sahiwal District Vehari Bahawalpur Zone Water Level Trends Bahawalnagar District Bahawalpur District Rahim Yar Khan District Water Quality Trends Bahawalnagar District Bahawalpur District Rahim Yar Khan District DG Khan Zone Water Level Trends DG Khan District 62 iv

6 Section Contents Page Rajanpur District Muzaffar Garh District Groundwater Quality Trends DG Khan District Rajnapur District Muzaffar Garh District Thal Doab Aerial Distribution of WL Monitoring Points Bhakar District Jhang District Khushab District Layyah District Mianwali District Aerial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points Bhakar District Jhang District Khushab District Layyah District Mianwali District Synopsis on Groundwater Levels and Quality Trends Water Table Trends Groundwater Quality Trends EXISTING SNAGS AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR 77 IMPROVEMENT 5.1 General Considerations Location of Monitoring Points Water Level Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring Frequency of Water Sampling and Analysis Data Sensibility Checks Capacity Building Linkage & Coordination in Monitoring and Management The Way Forward 81 v

7 List of Tables Table Title Page No. 2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) Water Level Monitoring in Lahore Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Lahore Zone Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone WL Monitoring in Thal Doab Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Thal Doab 71 List of Figure Figure No. 2.1 Title Page Map Showing the Location of Groundwater Monitoring Field Units 7 vi

8 Groundwater Monitoring in Punjab By I & PD (DLR) Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Objectives Extensive groundwater development has taken place - in the last 4-5 decades the - particularly in the private sector - to meet the growing water demand for agriculture, domestic needs and industry. The number of pumping wells in the Province has gradually grown to around one million of which more than 90% are used for agriculture. This tremendous groundwater development has greatly helped the farmers in the Province for increasing the cropping intensity to meet the ever growing demand for food and fiber. However, this groundwater development mainly, in the private sector - has resulted in aquifer mining - particularly in the tail reaches of the canal commands. Following a few factors warrant a systematic monitoring of groundwater resources: The farmers pump groundwater according to their crop water requirements - without any consideration to the annual recharge and or discharge; Over pumping in many areas is resulting in the continuous decline of water level and deterioration of the groundwater quality by disturbing the groundwater regime; During the last a few years IPD has completed a number of projects to ensure the uniformity and equity in irrigation supplies particularly the water supply in the tail reaches. Whereas this has helped the farmers in the tail reaches it has also changed the seepage and groundwater recharge pattern; During the development process of increasing road-network and other developments, the drainage paths have been obstructed in many areas of the Province creating drainage problems in low lying areas located in and along the remnant channels; Continuous discharge of untreated sewerage and industrial effluents in creating problems of groundwater quality by contaminating the groundwater reservoir. 1

9 1.2 Groundwater Management Problems The above factors have given birth to a number of adverse interactions such as: Abnormal lowering of water table in some of the areas making the pumping more expensive, thus depriving farmers of using groundwater to supplement the canal water supplies; Saline groundwater intrusion in the areas adjacent to the SGW zones due to excessive pumping in fresh groundwater areas; Deterioration of groundwater quality in the areas with shallow lens of FGW overlying SGW due to up coning of saline fresh water interface; Pollution of the aquifer in many areas due to the continuous discharge of the untreated sewerage and industrial waste water (Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Kasur areas creating big challenges); and Water logging and salinity in the areas located along the major canals and/or in the topographic depressions. 1.3 Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) In the past groundwater monitoring was carried out by SMO (WAPDA) however, this monitoring was mainly restricted to the SCARP areas to study the response of water table to pumping from STWs. Keeping in view the above problems and objectives a groundwater monitoring cell was established in I&PD under DLR in ; for carrying out systematic groundwater monitoring including water levels, water quality and groundwater use in various parts of the Province. Presently both surface and groundwater resources are being monitored by IPD (DLR) to keep a watch on the quantitative and qualitative aspects. This report is presented in two volumes viz.: Volume-1 describes the following aspects: Groundwater monitoring network by DLR; Status of groundwater monitoring up to October 2008; Data availability for various areas; Water level and water quality trends in different areas of the Province, 2

10 Snags in the monitoring system and efforts made in the past by DLR (IPD); and Need for improvements with relevant observations and guidelines. Volume-2 contains the basic data on: Groundwater levels in the various parts of the Province; and Groundwater quality data for the last 2 years as the data for the previous years had been reported in the annual report for the year NB: As the report cannot describe and contain all the field data and information available with DLR - hence, all such information is placed on the IPD Web Site for any detailed studies by research scholars and other public and private agencies. 3

11 2. GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK 2.1 Monitoring Requirements Historically the groundwater monitoring was initiated by IPD after the introduction of weir controlled irrigation system in the beginning of the 20 th century to study the impact of seepage from canal irrigation system. Gradually the water levels rose in certain parts of the Doabs particularly in the central Punjab threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. To combat water logging and salinity around 10,000 SCARP Tubewells (STWs) were installed in 1960s and 1970s - mainly to lower the water table in the affected areas. SMO (WAPDA) monitored the groundwater levels and the performance of the STWs. Initial success of the STWs in controlling the water table and providing on demand irrigation water acted as an impetus to the farmers for installation of their private tubewells (PTWs). G o P also provided incentives for the installation of PTWs as these helped to increase the cropping intensity from about 80% to more than 130 % - helping the country to meet the ever increasing demand for food and fiber. Farmers kept on installing their tubewells and number of PTWs increased from around 8,000 in 1964 to around 300,000 in 1990 the present number of PTWs may be around one million. This large scale pumping in the private sector has introduced some groundwater management problems such as continuous decline of water levels and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The one major problem with the large scale pumping in the private sector (about 90% for irrigated agriculture) is that the farmers pump groundwater in accordance with their crop water requirements irrespective of the groundwater recharge during a particular year. This means: More pumping in dry years (as there is shortage of canal water) in spite of the fact that there is less groundwater recharge; and Less pumping in wet years - in spite of the fact that there is more groundwater recharge. This fact warrants necessary measures for groundwater management for the sustainability of this precious resource and agriculture the life line of the 90 million people. Monitoring is the first step for any management. Cognizant of the ground conditions IPD implemented a project in collaboration with the World Bank, titled Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project (PPSGDP), involving 4

12 detailed studies on groundwater management and regulation. This lead to the establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Cell in Directorate of Land Reclamation in IPD for systematic groundwater monitoring in the Province. Starting from the modest net work adopted from SMO (WAPDA) the existing DLR net work has gradually expanded - and is being planned to extend it to Potwar Plateau to cover the non irrigated areas also which are more prone to disaster during any drought period. 2.2 Existing Monitoring Network Since 2003, groundwater monitoring is being carried out by the Groundwater Cell (DLR), for the collection of necessary data to determine the time-rate changes in groundwater levels and quality in response to the variations in the groundwater recharge-discharge components. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring is to develop a sound database for the management of groundwater resources for optimal development, usufruct exploitation without any adverse effect on the groundwater regime and environment. Existing monitoring network for observation of time rate changes in groundwater levels and quality is as below Monitoring of Groundwater Levels Number of monitoring points for water level measurement in each irrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditions is shown in the Table 2.1 given below: Table 2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Irrigation Zone/Area Total Points Data Available Year 2008 Lahore Faisalabad Sargodha Multan Bahawalpur DG Khan Thal Doab Total 2,765 1,820 Perusal of the table shows that there are 2,765 WL monitoring points out of which 1,820 points are operable under the existing conditions. Under the filed conditions some of the points keep dying and where ever necessary have to be replaced and/or even augmented in line with the field requirements. 5

13 2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Number of monitoring points for checking groundwater quality in each irrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditions is shown in the Table 2.2 given below: Table 2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Irrigation Data Available Total Points Zone/Area Year 2008 Lahore Faisalabad Sargodha Multan Bahawalpur DG Khan Thal Doab Total 3,719 2,853 Perusal of the table shows that out of 3,719 monitoring points (generally PTWs) data for the year 2008 is available for 2,853 points as some of the points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason. 2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater monitoring program is being conducted through the following field units as shown in Table 2.3: Table 2.3: Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Sr. Field Unit Area/Canal Command No. 1 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Lahore UCC, DCC 2 Groundwater Monitoring Unit LCC (E & W) Faisalabad 3 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Sargodah UJC, LJC 4 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Multan HCC, LBDC, Nilibar, Mailsi 5 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan districts 6 Groundwater Monitoring Unit DG Khan Muzaffargarh, Dera Jat 7 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Thal Bhakar, Khushab, Layyah, Mianwali, Jhang Figure 2.1 shows the location of these field units - in accordance with monitoring requirements in the irrigation zones. 6

14 Fig 2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Units in Punjab 7

15 3. MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY DLR 3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008 As discussed in the previous section - under the present conditions (Year 2008) - monitoring net-work by DLR includes: 1,820 monitoring points for the measurement of water levels; and 2,853 monitoring points for checking groundwater quality. Water level and water quality checks are conducted by DLR in June and October to assess the groundwater conditions during Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon seasons to observe the extreme conditions on groundwater levels and quality. Data on groundwater levels and water quality are compiled in the form of annual reports and placed at IPD Website < for general information. Water levels are reported as depth to water table below the ground surface (in feet for the convenience of understanding by the farming community) Water quality parameters reported are: I. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater indicating groundwater salinity in terms of ds/m. II. III. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR); and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC). These parameters define the quality of groundwater mainly from agricultural use point of view. Data on the other parameters tested during the detailed chemical analysis (cations and anions) are also available with DLR and may be compiled in due course of time. 3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR Field data on groundwater levels and quality are compiled and analyzed for mapping various zones indicating Depth to water table conditions and the suitability of groundwater for irrigated agriculture. Following water quality criteria are used by DLR for the assessing the suitability of water from irrigated agriculture point of view: 8

16 Table 3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) Indicator Unit Permissible Level Unfit Level Electrical Conductivity ds/m 1.5 > 1.5 (EC) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) - 10 > 10 Residual Sodium me/l 2.5 > 2.5 Carbonate (RSC) The above water quality indicators are in line with FAO guidelines. Special Water Quality Tests: However, due to the general pollution of groundwater reservoir through agricultural, industrial and sewerage effluents detailed sampling program has also been developed as a part of integrated system improvement program (ISRP) including the parameters required from drinking water point of view particularly 20 areas selected at this stage for the collection of surface water samples and samples from the major drains for keeping an eye on the pollution due to the industrial and sewerage effluents. Groundwater monitoring data has been compiled by DLR in the form of annual reports from June 2003 to October Existing Data Format Through the mutual efforts by the filed and office staff the data format has been greatly refined as below: Data points have been re-arranged indicating the canal command, Irrigation division, district and tehsil. At this stage - emphasis has been laid down on the distribution of monitoring points on District and Tehsil Basis in each Irrigation Zone as information on these parameters is available with reasonable accuracy; By the next monitoring cycle identification of the main canal, distributary and minor (and points lying in un-commanded areas) will also be incorporated by the field staff from the basic data sheets thus making the data useful for groundwater management also; Initially during the basic monitoring year where the tubewells were not available, the hand pumps were sampled to have some concept of water quality at shallow depth. The hand pumps are no more in scene. Water quality monitoring points may be differentiated indicating type and depth of the water point from the initial year s data. This will help to determine the distribution of groundwater quality and time rate changes both in aerial and vertical extent. 9

17 Time rate changes in water levels and groundwater quality have been determined by using the data of the monitoring points with consistent data for all the irrigation zones as per details given in the succeeding section. Monitoring Parameters and Numbering System: For the development of a systematic database the identification of the monitoring points and the parameters have to be fixed. Keeping in view the large number of points spread over the province the numbering system includes: Serial Number; DLR Number (fixed for each point); GIS Number; Main Canal; Distributary and Minor; District; Tehsil; Village; Owner; Type of point As the monitoring system will grow the above systematic numbering system will help to studying time rate changes in water levels and quality both on micro and macro basis. Further details are discussed in the succeeding sections. 10

18 4. ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY 4.1 Preamble Punjab Plain, covering about 51 Million acres of land, forms a part of Indus Plain - underlain by a large and contiguous groundwater reservoir. The major source of groundwater recharge are the rainfall, seepage from the large irrigation system, rivers and some return flow from the groundwater pumped and used for irrigation. The major sources of groundwater discharge are the pumping through around one million public and private tubewells, evepo-transpiration and seepage into drains and rives during the dry season. Groundwater quality is generally fresh along and near the rivers and deteriorates as we move away from the rivers towards the central parts of the Doabs. This warrants a systematic groundwater monitoring as any uncontrolled pumping in the fresh groundwater areas can induce the flow of saline groundwater into fresh groundwater aquifers. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring by DLR (IPD) is to keep a watch on the time rate changes in groundwater levels and its quality so as appropriate management measures can be taken well in time to avoid mining of the aquifer and/or deterioration of the groundwater quality. Distribution of groundwater level monitoring points and the time rate changes in the last six (6) years in the districts and tehsils - falling under various irrigation zones - are discussed below with necessary comments and observation. All the relevant details on groundwater levels and water quality have been given in Volume -2 of the annual report. 4.2 Lahore Zone Water Table Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Lahore Zone covers the command areas of UCC, BRBD, Depalpur and Pakpatan canals. Distribution of the water level monitoring points and availability of WL data for the year in various districts - falling under the command of these canals is as below: Table 4.1: WL Monitoring in Lahore Zone WL Data District Total Points Jun-08 Oct-08 Sialkot Narowal Gujranwala Hafizabad Nankana Sheikhupura Lahore Kasur Okara Pakpatan Number of water level Total monitoring points in each district under Lahore Zone, along with the number of points with consistent WL data for the years is shown in Table

19 During the course of field data collection some of the points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason and in certain cases additional points are established. Historic data for the points not operative under the existing conditions is available and can be used for site specific studies in future. Based on the data of selected /representative monitoring points general trend of water level in each district is discussed as below. Relevant detail on the location of selected / representative monitoring points is given in Vol. II. District-wise Water Table Trends in Lahore Irrigation Zone: General trends of groundwater table in various districts lying in Lahore Irrigation Zone are given below: Sialkot District There are 18 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only three points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS) Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October Present trend is still showing a gentle rise Narowal District There are 28 monitoring points in Narowal District and continuous data for the period is available for only seven points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: 12

20 Narowal District (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS) Depth to water table ranges from around 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water levels had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to Present trend is still showing a mixed trend with gentle rise in shallow water level areas and decline in the areas with relatively deep water table as the major source of groundwater recharge is both from irrigation system and the rainfall Gujranwala District There are 45 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Gujranwala District (Water Table Trends Feet) Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October Present trend is still showing a gentle rise. 13

21 Sheikhupura District There are 43 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 12 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Sheikhupura District (Water Table Trends Feet) Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water level trend during the period 2003 to 2008 has been more or less stable with seasonal changes in wet and dry period. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend Nankana District There are 15 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only six (6) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Nankana District (Water Table Trends Feet) 14

22 Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water level trend indicated by the larger number of points - is some what decline up to one foot per year in a few cases Lahore District There are 28 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Lahore Cantonment Tehsil: Depth to water table is generally deep with declining trend. Piezometer installed in DLR Office shows that the depth to water table is around 110 feet below GLS as shown in figure below. Lahore City Tehsil: As per data available the water levels are generally shallow within 20 feet as shown in figure below. 15

23 Comments: These points need detailed cross checks from location point of view as these are all located along Butcher Kahna Distributary and might have been installed from drainage point of view and may have to be replaced Kasur District There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 14 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis of the selective/representative point shows the WL trends are as below: Groundwater Level Trends - Kasur District Available data shows that the water table in Kasur District ranges from 5 feet to more than 20 feet below the GLS. Monitoring points most likely installed near the canals show flat to somewhat rising trend. Mean water table stage also shows a slightly rising trend Okara District There are 32 monitoring points in the district however continuous data for the period is not available and the data for some of the points established in 2005 has been used to study the WL trends. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below: 16

24 Groundwater Level Trends - Okara Water table depth in Okara District (available data) ranges from 25 feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years ) is more or less flat Pakpatan District There are 5 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 2 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below: GWL Trends in Pakpatan District (feet) Water table depth in Pakpatan District (available data) ranges from 20 feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years ) is more or less flat with a slight decline. 17

25 General Comments: Initial review and analysis of water table data for Lahore Zone indicates that the water tables have not shown any conspicuous decline. The northern districts show some what rise and the southern districts indicate a slightly declining trend. This needs further refinements which may be done after the field run of June Water Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: In Lahore Irrigation zone here are 584 water Table 4.2: Water Quality Monitoring - Lahore Zone quality monitoring points and for the Data available District Total Points year 2008 continuous Jun-08 Oct-08 data are available for Sialkot points as shown Narowal in the Table 4.2. Gujranwala Some of the points had to be abandoned Hafizabad and/or replaced with Nankana the passage of time. Sheikhupura At this stage - it has Lahore been preferred to use the data for the Kasur points with Okara continuous record to Pakpatan ascertain the mean water quality trends Total on district-wise basis as discussed below. Groundwater Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the indicators used by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Daska Tehsil in Sailkot: 18

26 GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR LZ-89 Daska (Sailkot) District-wise Water Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Based on the initial review and analysis of field data district wise trends in groundwater quality are discussed as below: Caution: At this stage to start the ball rolling only EC Value is being used to indicate WQ Trends other parameters (SAR & RSC) will be included in the subsequent reports Sialkot District There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 37 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Sialkot District (EC ds/m) 19

27 Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years Gujranwala District There are 92 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 35 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Gujranwala District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies Narowal District There are 48 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 29 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: 20

28 Groundwater Quality Trend in Narowal District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies Sheikhupura District There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period, is available for only 21 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Sheikhupura District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies. 21

29 Nankana District There are 33 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Nankana District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years Lahore District There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Lahore District (EC ds/m) 22

30 Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points - with abnormal changes - need cross checks Kasur District There are 109 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 16 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Kasur District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is marginal to saline and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points e.g. DLR Number LZ 314 need cross checks for abnormal changes Okara District There are 91 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: 23

31 Groundwater Quality Trend in Okara District (EC ds/m) General Comments: This is the initial review and analysis of the data further improvements will be done after the field run in June 2009 and exclusion of some bugs from the filed data by abandoning the points not representing the field conditions. 4.3 Faisalabad Zone Water Table Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zone encompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad and Jhang districts. There are 430 water level monitoring points however the data for the year 2008 are available for 319 points as some of the piezometers were abandoned and/or had to be replaced in course of time since Monitoring points and Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zone is shown in Table 4.3 as below Faisalabad District There are 135 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 112 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: 24

32 Table 4.3: Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone District Total Points Tehsil Total Points WL Data Jun-08 Chak Jhamra Oct-08 Faisalabad 135 Hafizabad 68 Faisalabad Jaranwala Samundri Tandianwala Hafizabad P. Bhattion Chiniot Jhang 81 Nankana 52 Jhang Shorkot Nankana Safdarabad Sheikhupura 18 Sheikhupura Gojra T.T. Sing 76 Kamalia T.T. Sing Water Table Trends in Faisalabad District (Feet below GLS) Perusal of above figure indicates that the: 25

33 Depth to groundwater level ranges from less than 20 feet to more than 50 feet; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally lowering and rise in some cases (Samundari Tehsil). The mean water table stage shows a slightly lowering trend due to extensive groundwater pumping by PTWs Hafizabad District There are 68 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 40 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Hafizabad District (Feet below GLS) Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater level range from less than 10 feet to more than 25 feet below and ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising and decline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend Jhang District There are 81 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 60 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: 26

34 Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS) Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater level range from less than 20 feet to more than 40 feet below and ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising and decline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend Nankana District There are 52 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 36 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Nankana District (Feet below GLS) 27

35 Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels range from about 10 feet to more than 35 feet below the ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along the canals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with a little rise after Toba Tek Singh District There are 76 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 51 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (Feet below GLS) Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels range from about 20 feet to more than 40 feet below the ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along the canals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with a little rise after Groundwater Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zone encompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad and Jhang districts. There are 630 water level monitoring points and ironically continuous the data up to the year 2008 are also available for 28

36 630 points. Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zone is as below. Table 4.4: Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone District Faisalabad Total Points Tehsil Total Points Jun- 07 WQ Data Oct Chak Jhamra Faisalabad Jaranwala Samundari Tandianwala Gujranwala 8 Wazirabad Hafizabad Jhang Nankana 80 Hafizabad P.Bhattian Chiniot Jhang Shorkot Nankana Safdarabad Sheikhupura 19 Sheikhupura T.T. Sing 122 Gojra Jun- 08 Kamalia T.T. Sing District-wise distribution of monitoring points and the water quality trends are discussed below - GIS Numbers with canal identification have been used for this analysis. Groundwater Quality Trends in Faisalabad Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point GIS 587 in Tehsil and District TT Singh: 29

37 GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS in Tehsil & District TT Singh Faisalabad District There are 231 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 231 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Faisalabad District (EC = ds/m)) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the: Groundwater is fresh to brackish in the area depending upon the location of individual tubewells. EC Values range from 0.50 ds/m to 6.2 ds/m; and General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes; However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and 30

38 removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations Gujranwala District There are 8 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 8 points (?). Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Gujranwala District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that the: Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from 0.50 ds/m to 1.5 ds/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; and However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations Hafizabad District There are 80 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 80 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: 31

39 Water Quality Trends in Hafizabad District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from 0.50 ds/m to 2.4 ds/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; however, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations Jhang District There are 106 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 106 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Jhang District (EC ds/m) 32

40 Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh along the rivers/canals and brackish in other parts. EC Values range from 0.30 ds/m to 4.9 ds/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations Nankana District There are 64 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 64 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Nankana District (EC = ds/m)) Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal and brackish in some parts. EC Values range from 0.70 ds/m to 3.5 ds/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 33

41 Sheikhupura District There are 19 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 19 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Sheikhupura District (EC ds/m) Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal. EC Values range from 0.80 ds/m to 2.7 ds/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations Toba Tek Singh District There are 122 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 122 points). Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: 34