Thailand: HCFC Phase-out Management Plan Stage II

Transcription

1 Thailand: HCFC Phase-out Management Plan Stage II Department of Industrial Works March 21, 2018 Bangkok, THAILAND Viraj Vithoontien Montreal Protocol Coordinator The World Bank Group

2 Outline Preparation of HCFC Phase-out Stage II Background of HCFC Phase-out Program; Achievement of HCFC Phase-out Stage I; Current HCFC Consumption; and Priority Sector to be Addressed Under Stage II; Linkage of HCFC Phase-out and HFC Phase-Down Phase-Down Schedule; Current HFC Consumption; Policy and Regulations in Developed Countries; Potential Economic Impact; Commercially Available Alternatives; and HFC Enabling Activities.

3 Preparation of HCFC Phase-out Stage II HCFC Phase-out Program Stage I HCFC Phase-out Project for Thailand approved in December 2012: Objectives To assist Thailand to meet its freeze and consumption reduction by 10% from the baseline level by 2013 and 2015, respectively; Scope To eliminate the use of HCFC-22 in the manufacturing of residential air-conditioners with cooling capacity up to 50,000 BTU/hr and the use of HCFC-141b in the manufacturing of polyurethane foam (except spray foam); Phase-out Amount: ODP tons (1,234 MT of HCFC-22 and 1,380 MT of HCFC-141b from the 2012 level).

4 HCFC-22 Consumption (MT) 16,821 11,446 12,318 11,984 10,365 7,921 5,

5 HCFC-141b Consumption (MT) 1,620 2,029 2,028 1,830 1,818 1,

6 , HCFC Consumption (ODP tons) HCFC MP Limit

7 2017 HCFC Consumption (MT) HCFC-225ca/cb HCFC-124 HCFC-123 HCFC-142b HCFC-141b HCFC-22-1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000

8 Remaining HCFC Consumption HCFC-22 Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Manufacturing; Servicing of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration; HCFC-141b Spray Foam; Solvent Cleaning; HCFC-123 Portable Fire Protection Equipment; Installation and Servicing of Commercial Air-Conditioning Equipment; HCFC-225ca/cb Electronic Cleaning; Manufacturing of Medical Device; Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning Part Cleaning.

9 Priority Sectors for Stage II HCFC-22 Servicing of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration; HCFC-141b Spray Foam;

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11 Decision XXVIII/2 Energy Efficiency To request the Executive Committee to develop cost guidance associated with maintaining and/or enhancing the energy efficiency of low-gwp or zero-gwp replacement technologies and equipment, when phasing down hydrofluorocarbons, while taking note of the role of other institutions addressing energy efficiency, when appropriate.

12 Linkage of EE and HFC Phase-Down In 2018 Ozone Secretariat to hold EE workshop in the margin of the OEWG meeting; TEAP to assess what it would take to maintain or enhance EE during HFC phase-down: Technology and funding needed; Incremental capital and operating costs; Capacity-building and service sector requirements; Relevant funding and activities of other institutions applicable to refrigeration, airconditioning and heat pump sectors.

13 Linkage of EE and HFC Phase-Down In 2018 The Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund is tasked to develop cost guidelines for maintaining/enhancing energy efficiency when phasing down HFC: Applicable to refrigeration and air-conditioning sectors; Tasks would need to be completed before the next meeting of the Parties.

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17 Current Consumption of HFC Bulk GWP HFC-134a HFC-23 HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-152a HFC-143a HFC-245fa HFC-43-10mee HFC-227ea

18 Current Consumption of HFC Blends (R-404A, R-407C, R-410A, R-407F, R-507A) 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 R-410A 6,000 4,000 2,000 - R-404A R-407C

19 HFC Consumption in mtco 2 equiv. mtco 2 equiv

20 Components of HFC Bulk/Blends HFC GWP HFC-134a 1,430 HFC-23 14,800 HFC HFC-125 3,500 HFC-152a 124 HFC Blends GWP Composition R-404A 3, /143a/134a 44/52/4 R-407C 1,774 32/125/134a 23/25/52 R-407F 1,825 32/125/134a 30/30/40 R-410A 2,088 32/125 50/50 R-507A 3, /143a 50/50 HFC-227ea 3,220 HFC-143a 4,470 HFC-245fa 1,030 HFC-43-10mee 1,640

21 Current HFC Applications Main applications of HFCs and HFC Blends: Air-Conditioning; Refrigeration; Foam; Solvents; Fire Protection.

22 EU: F-Gas Regulation EU first legislated to control emissions of HFCs in 2006, adopting a regulation on emissions and a directive on mobile airconditioning Regulation 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases aimed only at containment, through measures such as control of leaks, proper servicing of equipment and recovery of the gases at the end of the equipment s life In May 2014 this was replaced by the much more ambitious Regulation 517/2014 on fluorinated GHGs (the F-Gas Regulation), which entered into force on 1 January ) This was the first regulation in force anywhere in the world applying a phase-down schedule for total consumption of HFCs It is aimed at achieving a reduction in sales of HFCs on the EU market by 79 per cent (GWP-weighted) from levels by 2030, with interim reduction steps starting in 2015 and applying roughly every three years Directive 2006/40, the Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) Directive first adopted in 2006, remains in force. This prohibits the use of F-gases with a GWP of more than 150 (including HFC-134a) in new types of cars and vans introduced from 2011 and in all new cars and vans produced from 2017 EU F-Gas Regulation HFC phasedown schedule Cap on volumes of HFCs placed on the market by producers and importers as % of baseline

23 Application Domestic refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use Containing or using HFCs of GWP >= >= >= Banned from (1 January of) Stationary refrigeration >= equipment Centralised refrigeration >= systems for commercial use with capacity =40kW Movable room air-conditioning >= appliances Single split air-conditioning >= systems containing <3 kg of F- gases Foams >=150 Extruded polystyrene: 2020 Other foams: 2023 Technical aerosols >=

24 Important measures of F-gas regulation: Quota system: reduction of HFCs placed on the market down to 20% as compared to the average of baseline Electronic registry for quota allocations all suppliers of F-gases must be registered Reporting on production, imports, exports, feedstock uses and destruction of HFCs Quota obligation also applies to equipment containing HFCs

25 United States: Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Under Section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA s SNAP established to evaluate and regulate ODS replacements; publishes dynamic lists of acceptable and unacceptable substances. EPA lists these substitutes as acceptable, acceptable subject to use conditions, acceptable subject to narrowed use limits, or unacceptable (prohibited) for specific uses Recent action includes: October 2014 expanded the list of acceptable substitutes for refrigerants, foam-blowing agents and fire suppressants February 2015 changed the listing status of some HFCs in various end uses in the aerosols, refrigeration and air-conditioning and foam-blowing sectors from acceptable to unacceptable, and restricting the use of HFCs as aerosol propellants where there are no environmentally acceptable substitutes available July 2015 removed a long list of high-gwp HFCs from the SNAP list of acceptable substances on schedules comparable or slightly later than the EU s F-Gas Regulation (first time SNAP used for a non-ods) September 2016 second round of revisions to SNAP list of acceptable substances and acceptable alternatives (for high-gwp HFCs). New leak-prevention requirements for handling and using HFC refrigerants August 2017 US Court of Appeals rejected EPA s authority to include HFCs as part of SNAP program Feb A bipartisan effort is being explored in Congress to enable the contents of the EPA rule to go into effect. California is also exploring legislation for restricting HFC use. The US also provides manufacturers of cars and light trucks the opportunity to earn credits toward their compliance with CO2 emission standards and corporate average fuel economy standards by employing low-gwp substitutes in mobile air-conditioning systems

26 Japan Japan originally legislated to control leakage of HFCs and to improve the rate of recovery. In 2013, the government decided to adopt a more ambitious approach, and the Act on the Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons entered into force on 1 April The new legislation requires manufacturers and importers to replace high- GWP products with low-gwp or non-fluorocarbon alternatives. Target GWP values and years have been set for each application (e.g., substances used for RAC must not exceed a GWP of 750 by 2018; for commercial AC a target of 750 by 2020; and for mobile AC, a target of 150 by 2023.) Manufacturers and importers will also be required to draw up plans to conduct an HFC phase-down; guidelines are available from the government setting five-year targets against which their performance will be assess

27 Air-Conditioning Mobile Air-Conditioning; HFC-134a; Residential Air-Conditioning; HFC-32; R-407C R-410A (HFC-32 and HFC-125); Commercial and Industrial Air-Conditioning: HFC-134a; R-410A (HFC-32 and HFC-125).

28 Refrigeration Domestic Refrigeration: HFC-134a; Commercial/Industrial Refrigeration Cold Food Chain: Food Retail; Food Service; Food and Drink Manufacture and Cold Stores; and Food Transport.

29 The 6 Food Chain Refrigeration Market Sectors 1. Agriculture 2. Processing 3. Storage 4. Retail 5. Food Service 6. Refrigerated Transport

30 4 Generations of Fluorocarbon Refrigerants (dates apply in non-a5 countries) 1 st Generation: 1940 to 1990 CFCs were dominant CFCs developed in the 1930s Well suited to RAC Non-toxic, non-flammable, very high GWP 2 nd Generation: 1990 to 2005 HCFC use grew Much lower ODP than CFCs Interim use in some CFC applications Non-toxic, non-flammable, high GWP 3 rd Generation: 1995 to 2020 HFCs become dominant Zero ODP: good solution to ozone issue Non-toxic, non-flammable High / very high GWP 4 th Generation: 2015 onwards HFOs introduced Zero ODP and ultra-low GWP Used as pure fluids or in blends with HFCs Most have lower flammability 30

31 Timeline for non-fluorocarbon refrigerants 1 st Generation: 1940 to 1990 CFCs were dominant Ammonia 2 nd Generation: 1990 to 2005 Hydrocarbons HCFC use grew 3 rd Generation: 1995 to 2020 CO 2 HFCs become dominant 4 th Generation: 2015 onwards 31 HFOs introduced

32 Currently used / future refrigerants in new equipment the 6 food chain market sectors are not homogeneous groups, in terms of equipment types / refrigerant selection the refrigerant choice depends on the market sub-sector this has a major impact on options for low GWP alternatives to HFCs currently used refrigerants in new equipment: depend on ODS phase-out status e.g. in whole of EU no new HCFC systems since 2000 hence HFCs are dominant in whole food chain in A5 countries, widespread use of HCFCs, especially HCFC-22 future refrigerants in new equipment: some already in widespread use, especially in Europe some just reaching the market note: refrigerant lists on following slides give examples not intended to be an exhaustive list! 32

33 Food Retail Sealed integral Condensing unit Large centralised pack Typical charge: 0.1 to 0.5 kg 1 to 10 kg 20 to 200 kg Typical annual leakage rate: <1% 5% to 20% 10% to 30% Commonly used 2 nd and 3 rd generation refrigerants (GWP): R-404A (3922), HFC-134a (1430), HCFC-22 (1810) 33

34 Food Retail Sealed integral Condensing unit Large centralised pack Typical charge: 0.1 to 0.5 kg 1 to 10 kg 20 to 200 kg 4 th generation and non-fluorocarbon options (GWP): 34 R-290, propane (3) R-744, CO 2 (1) HFO-1234yf (5) R-448A, R-449A (1400) R450A, R-513A (600)? R-454C, R-455A (146)? R-744, CO 2 (1)? HFO-1234yf (5) R-744, CO 2 (1) transcritical or cascade R-290 (3) integrals, water cooled R-448A, R-449A (1400)? R-454C, R-455A (146)

35 Food Service Sealed integral Condensing unit Typical charge: 0.1 to 0.5 kg 1 to 10 kg Typical annual leakage rate: <1% 5% to 20% Commonly used 2 nd and 3 rd generation refrigerants (GWP): HFC-134a (1430), HCFC-22 (1810), R-404A (3922) 35

36 Food Service Sealed integral Condensing unit Typical charge: 0.1 to 0.5 kg 1 to 10 kg 4 th generation and non-fluorocarbon options (GWP): 36 R-290, propane (3) R-744, CO 2 (1) HFO-1234yf (5) R-448A, R-449A (1400) R450A, R-513A (600)? R-454C, R-455A (146)? R-744, CO 2 (1)? HFO-1234yf (5)

37 Food and Drink Manufacture and Cold Stores Large pumped system Typical charge: 250 to 5000 kg 10 to 100 kg 100 to 2000 kg Typical annual leakage rate: 4% to 8% 5% to 10% 2% to 5% Ammonia HCFC-22 Small / medium DX Commonly used 2 nd and 3 rd generation refrigerants (GWP): HFC-404A, HFC-134a HCFC-22 Chiller + secondary fluid Ammonia, HFC-134a HCFC-22, HCFC

38 Food and Drink Manufacture and Cold Stores Large pumped system Small / medium DX Typical charge: 250 to 5000 kg 10 to 100 kg 100 to 2000 kg 4 th generation and non-fluorocarbon options (GWP): Chiller + secondary fluid R-717, ammonia (0) R-744, CO 2 (1) R-448A, R-449A (1400) R450A, R-513A (600)? R-454C, R-455A (146)? R-744, CO 2 (1) R-717, ammonia (0) HFO-1234ze (7) HFO-1233zd (4) R-514A (9) 38

39 Food Transport Road vehicles Intermodal containers Typical charge: 1 to 8 kg 4 to 8 kg Typical annual leakage rate: 8% to 20% 3% to 12% Commonly used 2 nd and 3 rd generation refrigerants (GWP): R-404A (3922), HFC-134a (1430), HCFC-22 (1810) 39

40 Food Transport Road vehicles Intermodal containers Typical charge: 1 to 8 kg 4 to 8 kg 4 th generation and non-fluorocarbon options (GWP): R-452A, (2140) R-744, CO 2 (1)? R-454C, R-455A (146) 40

41 PU Foam CFC-11 HCFC-141b HFC-245fa; HFC- 365mfc/227ea HFO- 1233zd HFO- 1336mzz

42 Solvents HCFC-141b HFC-245fa HFO-1233zd HFC-365mfc HFO- 1336mzz HCFC- 225ca/cb?

43 Fire Protection

44 Halon 1211 Handheld Fire Extinguisher HCFC-123 (77 GWP) HFC-236fa (9810 GWP) HCFC-123 (e.g. Halotron) has also been used as a clean agent alternative to halon 1211 in some countries. It is SNAP listed with some limitation on applications. HFC-236fa is used an alternative to halon It is SNAP listed by EPA and has similar performance as halon The use of HFC-236fa was developed and sold by DuPont under the tradename FE-36. It is normally used for special applications where none of the other non-ods are found acceptable. Other alternatives such as ABC and BC powder, foam, water, and CO2 should be considered.

45 Fixed Fire Extinguishing System HFC-227ea (FM 200) HFC 125 (FE 25) NOVEC 1230 Halon 1301 Nitrogen Argon CO 2 Water Mist Foam Water Sprinkler

46 Comparison of Clean Extinguishing Agents Halon 1301 NOVEC 1230 FE-25 (HFC-125) FM-200 (HFC- 227ea) CO2 Design concentration 5% 4.5% to 6% 8.7% to 12.1% 6.7% to 8.7% 35% to 40% NOAEL 5% 10.0% 7.5% 9% 43% Global Warming Potential 6,290 <1 3,170 3,350 1 OPD Snap approved No yes Yes Yes Yes

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49 Potential Economic Impact Major products exported by Thailand include: Air-Conditioning Equipment; Vehicles; Processed Fish; Electronics (Integrated Circuits and PCB); and Others Export Values of the above are expected to be more than US $37.4 Billion (16% of the total export value)* *Source: MIT s Observatory of Economic Complexity Database

50 Thank You & Good Luck!!! Viraj Vithoontien Lead Environment Specialist The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC Tel: vvithoontien@worldbank.org