UNEP / DFS / UNMIS Technical Report. Assessment of Energy and Water Reduction Options for the Proposed UN House. Juba, South Sudan

Transcription

1 UNEP / DFS / UNMIS Technical Report Assessent of Energy and Water Reduction Options for the Proposed UN House Juba, South Sudan

2 Disclaier No use of this publication ay be ade for resale or for any other coercial purpose whatsoever without prior perission in writing fro UNEP. The contents of this volue do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP, or contributory organizations. The designations eployed and the presentations do not iply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the deliitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

3 UNEP/ DFS/ UNMIS Technical Report Assessent of Energy and Water Reduction Options For the Proposed UN House Juba, South Sudan Issued by the United Nations Environent Prograe Date: January

4 Executive Suary Rationale The Environental Policy for the Departent of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and Departent for Field Support (DFS) cae into effect on 1 June This policy, developed in cooperation with UNEP, provides a iniu set of environental standards for UN Field Missions. These standards have been developed to iniize the environental footprint of peacekeeping operations while axiizing the efficient use of natural resources. Application of these standards should reduce the overall consuption of natural resources and production of wastes, thereby reducing potential conflicts with local counities and enhancing the reputation of the UN as a leading organization in environental sustainability. The application of sustainable technologies and practices also iproves the self-sufficiency of bases, for exaple through production and water treatent, thereby reducing dependency on external supplies. Given its environental andate, UNEP was requested by DPKO and DFS to provide technical assistance in the ipleentation of this policy. Previously UNEP in co-operation with UNSOA, undertook an assessent of the resource-deand and operating practices of two proposed African Union Mission to Soalia (AMISOM) caps, in Mogadishu, Soalia and Mobasa, Kenya in June Building on this work, UNEP and UNMIS have collaborated to recoend sustainable technologies and operating practices to be included in the design and construction of the proposed UN House built in Juba, South Sudan, under UNMIS supervision. Using the sae ethodology as for the work done with UNSOA, each option has been ranked using a traffic light syste of green (iediate adoption), yellow (further study) and red (not feasible) according to practicality, technical robustness and financial iplications. This report details the outcoes of this assessent and provides a set of iediate-, ediu- and long-ter recoendations for reducing and water footprints. Furtherore calculations have been copleted assessing the contribution of the UN House to Greenhouse Gases. Findings Energy: A total of thirty-three efficiency easures were identified for the residential units with seventeen ranked as green, twelve as yellow and four as red. For the offices forty-nine efficiency easures were identified for the offices units with thirty-four ranked as green, thirteen as yellow and two as red. These are a range of easures to reduce cooling deand, lighting consuption, reduce hot water deand and, generate fro low carbon technologies, iprove controls, and provide etering to reduce the consuption of the building. Based on the calculated reduction in consuption fro a baseline theral odel, the carbon footprint of the 358 residential units could be reduced by 775 tonnes of CO 2 (27 percent) while the six new offices could be reduced by 243 tonnes of CO 2 (36 percent). Water: A total of fifteen technology options and best practices were considered in order to reduce water consuption. Ten were ranked as green and five as yellow. Of the green options, the analysis found that water consuption could be reduced by 37 percent in the residential units and 46 percent in the office units, through the adoption of recoended technologies. The ost significant savings coe fro the adoption of technologies for urinals, toilets, showers, and hand washing. Iportantly for the offices, significant savings coe fro the incorporation 2

5 of easures that are aligned with the occupancy profile of the offices. Greenhouse gas eissions: The total estiated eissions for UN House in Juba once operating at full capacity is tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) per annu of which tonnes per annu is derived fro electricity generation and the bulk of the reainder fro vehicle usage Priority recoendations This assessent provides a series of iediate-, ediu- and long-ter recoendations, which reflect the coitent to ongoing reductions in resource-consuption and carbon eissions. There is a single iediate recoendation: Conduct a review of the herewith proposed resource-reduction easures by UNMIS/DFS experts to enable the adoption of specific easures for inclusion into the design. This could be as, for exaple, perforance specifications. This should be undertaken in line with the prograe for contractor assessent and appointent. The effectiveness of this recoendation is controlled by the prograe for contractor appointent; for full potential to be realised detailed counication between UNMIS and contractor s is required prior to final appointent. Particular focus is required on the following recoended easures, with green ranked solutions presented in Appendices 2, 3, and 4. These recoendations reflect the current fluidity that exists in the design and construction of the reaining units--both office and residencies--and the need to alter design or seek additional ephasis on aspects that ay not be reflecting its true potential efficiencies. All deand easures will later need to be underpinned by inforation and education to all staff on the site to ensure that good practice is built into daily life staff behaviours. 3

6 For the offices: Air tightness: significant savings in overall use can be gained by iproving the air tightness of the buildings. However, this will require additional local or centralised echanical ventilation to deliver sufficient fresh air for the office areas. Central Cooling: Centralised cooling can iprove efficiency and iprove service control. Iportantly centralised cooling allows for the connection with low carbon technologies at construction or in the future. Cobined Heat and Power with Absorption Cooling: Diesel generators produce electricity and heat. With the existing design only the electricity is captured and the heat is wasted. The process to produce electricity is only percent efficient. Significant savings at the site will be realised if the diesel generators can be ade to be ore efficient. Cobined heat and power units (CHP) are like generators but enable the heat to be utilised as well as the electricity, increasing the overall efficiency of the unit. The waste heat can be used to generate cooling within an absorption (or adsorption) chillers. This can either be fro a centralised chiller (fro one or two CHP units) or packaged absorption chillers available for each building. Low lighting: Install LED or low wattage lights where feasible with occupancy sensors for relevant areas Building Manageent Systes: These provide additional control with provision of half hourly etering for cooling, lighting and sall power (discussed separately in Appendix 5) Renewable technologies: Photovoltaic s and solar theral should be axiised where econoic and feasible. Urinal controls and dual flush toilets: The installation of an appropriate urinal flushing syste (operator activated or dry flush) continuous flush urinals operate even at ties when the offices are unoccupied significantly wasting water. For the residences: Efficiency of air-conditioning unit: Specification should require seasonal efficiencies of at least 3.5 COP as this has a significant ipact on consuption. Insulation: Add insulation to iprove the theral perforance of the wall to reduce the cooling load. Renewable technology: Solar theral should be specified for each unit and photovoltaics if cost effective. Controls: Adding a last an out switch for all electrical deand in the unit (or include a key card occupancy control) will reduce deand. Low lighting: Low LED lighting should be specified for internal lights and occupancy and daylight tiers for external lights. De-centralised power: It would not be possible to distribute chilled water fro the existing location of the centre. However it is recoended that the feasibility should be considered of a localised centre with diesel generators and one or two CHP units, the residential units could benefit fro the waste heat fro electrical generation used within an absorption chiller. Aerated Showerheads and taps: The provision of aerated units will substantially reduce the water consuption. 4

7 Future test units Orange and red ranked initiatives and technologies while not considered relevant within the context of the iediate- to short-ter build profile of the Juba cap could becoe ore relevant over tie. The developent of test units within the cap would offer the facility for innovation to be tried on a practical level. It is recoended that a residential unit be constructed with etering installed that could allow for easureent of water and reduction initiatives etering would be installed on the ain power and water incoers with subeters installed where detailed assessent is required for any equipent specific easures. Acronys List AC: AMISOM: BMS: CEB: CHP: DFS: DPKO: EIA: EMP: FOI: GHG: GRI: REAP: REEIO: LED: LEED: BREEAM: CASBEE: HLCM PN: HQ: IT: LED: MSW: Pa: PIR: PV: UNEP: UNHCR: UNMIS: UNSOA: VSD: Air Conditioning African Union Mission in Soalia Building Manageent Syste UN Chief Executive Board Cobined Heat and Power Departent of Field Support Departent of Peacekeeping Operations Environental Ipact Assessent Environental Manageent Plan Swedish Defence Research Institute Greenhouse Gas Global Reporting Initiative Re-engineering Assessent Practices Regional Econoy Environent Input Output odel Light-Eitting Diode Leadership in Energy and Environent Design Building Research Establishent Environent Assessent Method Coprehensive Assessent Syste for Building Environental Efficiency High-Level Coittee on Manageent Procureent Network Headquarters Inforation Technology Light Eitting Diode Municipal Solid Waste Per annu Passive Infra-red Photo-voltaics United Nations Environent Prograe United Nations High Coissioner for Refugees United Nations Mission in Sudan United Nations Support Office for AMISOM Variable Speed Device 5

8 Table of contents Executive Suary...2 Acronys List Introduction Assessent ethodology Step 1. Developent of baseline datasets Step 2. Evaluation of resource efficiency easures Step 3. Calculation of potential reductions Baseline analysis Overview Energy Water Liquid Waste Greenhouse Gas Eissions Resource efficiency easures Overview Energy Water Liquid Waste Potential Reductions and Savings Overview Energy Water Liquid Waste Suary of Findings and Recoendations Findings Iediate recoendations for the design phase Mediu-ter recoendations for cap operation...42 Appendix 1 - Power deand profiles...43 Appendix 2 Ranked reduction easures...44 Appendix 3 Ranked water reduction easures...74 Appendix 4 Ranked liquid waste reduction easures...79 Appendix 5 Building Manageent Syste and Metering

9 1 Introduction UN peacekeeping caps ake an iportant contribution to the recovery and sustainability of zones ipacted by conflicts. However, the introduction of people and support infrastructure can place considerable deands on local, regional, and national ecosystes and counities. Ranging fro environental pollution to resource degradation, additional stress can also be placed on the poverty and health of local populations if environental ipacts are left unanaged. DPKO and DFS are keen to develop a practical approach to peacekeeping cap design, installation and operation that will protect the environent while also enhancing the lives of people living in these areas. In response to a growing recognition of the iportance of environental anageent in peacekeeping operations, the Environental Policy for the Departent of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and Departent for Field Support (DFS) cae into effect on 1 June The policy, developed in cooperation with UNEP, was intended to iniize the environental footprint of UN Field Missions and axiize the efficient use of natural resources within each phase of a ission. These include initial planning, construction, operation and closure. Given its environental andate, UNEP has been requested by DPKO and DFS to provide technical assistance in the ipleentation of this policy. In 2009, an initial pilot study to assess the ipact of two proposed UNSOA/AMISOM caps one in Mogadishu, Soalia and the other in Mobasa, Kenya confired that significant savings for both power and water consuption (and fro this reduction in greenhouse gas eissions) could be achieved by influencing both the design and operation of the caps with practical technological and behavioural change options. A nuber of recoendations have been ade for inclusion of resource saving easures into the caps. This study for UNMIS follows the sae forat as that adopted successfully for UNSOA/AMISOM. However, it is to be noticed that in view of the different nature of the UN House to a traditional peacekeeping cap, with long-ter presence and reduced constraints over ission readiness, applicable environental sustainability options are generally greater. The overall intention reains to provide recoendations for the inclusion of resource (power and water) saving and liquid waste anageent technologies and practices into the design and operation of the cap. Also, it is to be noted that, differently fro the UNSOA/AMISOM study, the solid waste anageent aspects were not part of the Ters of Reference of this work. The first objective of the assessent is to deterine baseline figures for and water consuption based on the existing designs and standards. Using the odel adopted for AMISOM the profile of cap occupation and subsequent power and water consuption has been assessed in line with provisioning requireents as detailed by DFS convention. The baseline assessents are presented in chapter 3. In addition to this an assessent has been ade of the greenhouse gas eissions fro the proposed cap using the UN Greenhouse Gas calculator. A second objective is to review the efficiency of the designs proposed for the office and residential accoodation using coputer odelling. The output of this will allow for alterations to the design to proote further efficiencies. The third objective of the assessent is to review and identify resource efficiency easures and technologies that could be applied during the design, construction and operation of the caps to achieve a reduction in and water consuption. A siilar study copleted for UNSOA/AMISOM adopted three criteria for assessent of resource efficiency options - practicality 7

10 (ease of use), technical robustness and financial iplications. These have been retained in this study for UNMIS. A traffic light categorisation syste was adopted to rank easures and technologies. Within the grading syste, initiatives ranked as green are those considered to be applicable in the iediate-ter and are detailed further within chapter 3 of this report. Initiatives categorised as yellow require further assessent and ay be applicable under different operating environents. Finally those classified as red are deeed as not applicable. All of the technology options and best practices considered are listed in annexes 2, 3, and 4. The fourth objective of the assessent was to calculate the potential savings that could be achieved fro the application of the easures and technologies ranked as green. The carbon footprints of the caps were also calculated for the existing cap design and for the revised design incorporating the proposed resource-efficiency easures. These calculations are presented in chapter 4. The ain conclusions and recoendations of the report are presented in chapter 5. They are intended to support the effective ipleentation of resource-efficiency easures and practices and have been presented indful of two ain issues: 1. The need to influence the design of the proposed developent so that significant savings that can be achieved by altering the way that buildings are constructed and effectively operate 2. The need to offer recoendations that are practical and effective indful of the operating environent. 8

11 2 Assessent ethodology 2.1. Step 1. Developent of baseline datasets Step 1 of the assessent was to obtain and analyze the design specifications and operational paraeters of the proposed developent. Baseline datasets were calculated for and water consuption using as a principal basis the provisioning requireents as detailed by DFS and adopted for the UNSOA/AMISOM report. Any assuptions within these datasets have been given reality checks through discussions with UNMIS engineers. Assessent and analysis of the baseline datasets allow potential resourceefficiency easures to be identified, evaluated and ranked in Step 2. The aount of potential reductions fro the adoption of green ranked resource-efficiency easures can then be calculated in Step 3. The baseline datasets that were generated and the assuptions that were used are described in the following section. The detailed design specifications and operational paraeters are listed in Table 1. These paraeters are the standard baseline against which all caps are constructed. They are the basis for the baseline and water consuption calculations found in chapter 3. Table 1- Design Specifications and Operational Paraeters Design Feature Phasing Occupancy Copound Offices Living Accoodation An iportant aspect to the construction and occupation of the site is the phasing or tie-related prograe which is linked to the expected input of UN agencies other than UNMIS. Unlike conventional peacekeeping cap, with a lifetie of between 5 and 10 years, the UN House coplex has a life expectancy up to 25 years, perhaps ore. In this respect the operational control is likely to pass fro DPKO/UNMIS to another agency people residential 1500 people workers on site during the day Fully occupied after 5 years Secure copound. 11 office blocks in total; four of the office blocks have been built (as of October 2010). These are steel and concrete construction over two floors. A suspended ceiling provides void space for utilities. The intention is to open plan the offices and cool the with split AC s located above the windows. The orientation of the buildings is on a square forat and so those aligned north east and south west will catch the prevailing winds. No ventilation is available in the roof. This takes the for of two doestic units of three roos each living space, bedroo and wash roo. Orientation will generally be in the direction of prevailing winds. Roof is pressed aluiniu/steel curved to provide an overhang to shade the windows fro idday sun. They are of single brick construction and over a single floor however a significant roof void has been created by the curve of the roof this space is vented with air holes/air bricks but separated by a suspended ceiling. A single split AC will be provided per doestic unit two per accoodation block. Insulation will be provided on the suspended ceiling 9

12 Living accoodation is provided for 1000 people -phased construction and occupation over 5 years. Catering Two outdoor-type restaurants and two essing halls. Offices Office blocks are of 120 people capacity - each block to be serviced with 1 coputer per individual (120 per block total), supported with 6 copier / printers. These will run for 12 hours per day Water supply To be provided through abstraction fro the ground followed by treatent Water treatent To be provided fro a series of potable treatent unit of 5000 litres per hour axiu capacity. Final discharge following treatent will be to an evaporation pond 4.5l/d consuption of potable water, 80l/d chlorinated water for washing will be allotted Liquid waste To be treated using an on-site sewerage treatent plant and then disposed of in evaporation ponds or discharged to local water courses. Soe grey water will be re-used for non-sensitive purposes. Total liquid waste equates to 84 litres per day with an additional 2580 l/d originating fro each office block (63% grey water fro ablutions etc), 37percent blackwater (toilets) Vehicle fleet SUV vehicles 5.4 illion k per year Buses k per year Helicopters k per year Other Not considered within this study are the clinic, cottage industries, as well as the few two storey residential units. Energy assuptions Two ain profiles for consuption exist within the proposed cap offices and residential. Assuptions relating to design and servicing arrangeents are detailed for the both of these profiles below in table 2. Energy assuptions are based on designs, specifications and drawings and specifications provided by UNMIS... Where inforation is not available assuptions have been based on previous designs as detailed by DFS and used in the UNSOA study. Any additional assuptions have been, where feasible, based on CIBSE (UK Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers) and ASHRAE (The Aerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers) guidelines and design standards set out in the Estidaa Pearls for Sustainable Design of buildings Abu Dhabi. Theral Modelling: Baseline assuptions have been assessed using IES Dynaic Theral Modelling Software. This software calculates hourly consuption based on the provided geoetry, designs and assuptions on building services and occupancy against the standard annual weather profile for Juba. This software provides a sophisticated baseline odel against which to test efficiency easures. For both residential and office deand calculations, it is assued that priary deand will be affected by the generating of electricity at 38 percent (efficiency) fro diesel generators i.e. for every 1000 litres of fuel put into the generator only 380 litres if it will be used in the provision of electricity the rest is wasted. This therefore has a significant ipact on priary supply. 10

13 Table 2- Baseline Design Assuptions residential and office Residential Offices Design Feature Based on UNMIS specifications Based on UNMIS specifications Occupied period 6p to 8a 8a 6p Area (excluding veranda area) Power generation Diesel generator for electricity - assued 38% efficient. No heat captured. Diesel generator and electricity - Assued 38% efficient Orientation Front door facing south (can vary depending on cluster orientation) Building aligned north-east southwest to catch prevailing wind Door Wooden door assuption of U-Value of Assuption of U-Value of 3W/2/K 3W/2/K Walls Brick 22c, no insulation U-value of 2.12 W/2K Steel frae and concrete - no insulation Roof Aluiniu/Steel Layer of insulation aterials (Fibre glass rolls) Steel frae and concrete - no insulation will be inserted over the gypsu board panels, thus increasing the insulation capacities of the ceiling (50 insulation). U- value of 0.57W/2K Floor Assued concrete slab - no additional Steel frae and concrete - no Windows Cooling Ventilation Air pereability insulation U-value of 0.37 W/2K No inforation - assued etal frae, no solar shade, single glazed U-value of 5.32W/2K (G-value: 0.86) (G value defines coefficient of the pereability of total solar radiation. The closed to zero the better perforance to reduce solar radiation) AC Unit assued BTU split with eitter in living roo and kitchen Efficiency of air conditioners assued at 2.8 COP. Therostat assued to be set at 25 0 C Fan in AC unit to bring in air - consuption unknown Ceiling void created by curved roof is vented with air holes/air bricks Windows will be open able 30 3/h/2 - This collarets to siilar levels of air infiltration in the UK to 1995 Building Regulations insulation Designs in soe plans of 1.4 x 1.4, Assue single glazing, no solar fil 28 air conditioning units (splits), BTU kw cooling COP 2.8, local units placed above windows (not through the window design) Through fans in air conditioning units 5 ACH AC Teperature set point 25 degrees C Sae Shading Overhang fro curved roof Assued no shading devices, and no trees etc Internal Lighting Assued 5 x 18W - no controls (two in the living roo, two in the bedroo and one in the bathroo) Total 15 W/2 (Office are 18W lights and toilets tungsten bulbs) External Lighting Assued 2 X 36 W -anual controls n/a Hot water Assued 30 litre store (100 litres per day fro 20-60degeeC) fro diesel generators Assued 7kWh/2 for hand washing only Additional Sall power 2.7kW in living roo (60% diversity of 4.8 kw) occupied hours Coputers, printers, phones, odes faxes etc - 15 W/2 Sall power load has been calculated based on the UNDPKO Draft Specification for Prefabricated buildings and an additional diversity factor has been added to account for ainly night tie use. (De)huidification Assued none Assued none Metering No Metering No etering Sall power loads are calculated based on benchark figures for a typical open plan office. 11

14 Water assuptions As with there are two ain water consuption profiles within the cap residential units and offices units. While together they give an indication of the anticipated total output their individual consuption profiles differ reflecting their operational differences. Residential In line with the occupancy profile water consuption will equate to litres per day (lpd) will originate fro residences within the cap by the end of 2011, lpd by the end of 2013 and lpd by the end of These figures relate to water consuption fro three ain sources including: showers, toilets and personal ablutions. Allowances have been ade for counal activities such as kitchen washing, dishwashing, food preparation, laundry and external use. Personal consuption of 4.5 litres per day reains the sae. Offices The consuption profile for offices relates principally to the use of water for sanitary purposes including hand washing. For a single office block of 120 people occupancy this equates to 2580 lpd per office block. Currently it is understood that water will be abstracted fro the local aquifer through three boreholes already installed on site. It is assued that an appropriate assessent will be ade of the sustainability for any natural water feature to support abstraction without causing long-ter environental ipacts. All water will be treated prior to consuption by potable treatent units each with a 5000 litres per hour or 120,000 litres per day axiu capacity. At present rainwater harvesting is believed to be practiced but on an ad hoc basis and no inforation is available regarding the efficiency of such systes, as such this syste has been excluded fro ore detailed assessent within this study. Rainwater harvesting is an efficient process that provides an alternative source of water for cap use and is used in a variety of environental and social settings, however engineering considerations such as volue capacity and storage and retention tie (to avoid degradation of the quality of the water and subsequent health risks) are iportant factors. Liquid Waste Liquid waste was assued to be the cobination of potable water (4.5 litres) and non-potable water (80 litres) provision for a total of 84.5 litres per day per person for the residential coponent and 2580 litres per day arising fro each office block this latter equating the consuption profile arising fro use of toilets and washbasins The DPKO/DFS Environental Policy for UN Field Missions states that there will be no discharge of wastewaters directly into streas, rivers or other bodies of water without prior treatent. Sewage will be treated on-site. Wastewater requiring treatent will be held in a septic tank and, following a sufficient residency tie, transferred to the wastewater treatent unit. Following treatent, it is understood that the wastewaters are dealt with in nuerous ways. It is assued that all wastewaters are tested to ensure copliance with wastewater discharge consent criteria. The following three disposal pathways are assued: Grey water (water that is not containated with huan wastes) is discharged to the natural environent. It is acknowledged that provision exists within current docuentation that soe aspect of re-use be considered to the extent possible in non-sensitive areas such as irrigation or toilet flushing, after which it becoes black water requiring treatent prior to discharge. Any excess will be discharged to an evaporation pond, currently being constructed. 12

15 2.2. Step 2. Evaluation of resource efficiency easures Following the developent of the baseline paraeters, a review of resource efficiency easures for reducing, water and waste was undertaken. Acknowledgeent is required of the work copleted for the UNSOA/AMISOM study. South Sudan has a cliate and operating environent siilar to that in Mogadishu and therefore any, of the options assessed as being applicable in Soalia are applicable here. Of course, there are intrinsic differences in the constituent coponents of cap operation and expectation and these have been taken into account for instance the use of photovoltaic cells can be considered applicable in the context of Juba whereas these were discounted in the context of Mogadishu due to practicality of operation in a high security context. As with UNSOA/AMISOM, three ain criterion were considered: practicality (ease of use), technical robustness and financial iplications. A traffic light categorisation syste was adopted to rank technologies. Within the grading syste, initiatives ranked as green are those considered to be applicable in the iediate-ter and are detailed further within chapter 4 of this report. Initiatives categorised as yellow require further assessent and ay be applicable under different operating environents. Finally those classified as red are deeed as not applicable. All of the technology options and best practices considered are listed in appendices 2, 3 and 4. Where it was not possible to assess options, best practice was included within the narrative text. Figure 1. Explanation of traffic light categories used in the assessent Green: Initiatives categorized as green are considered to be viable and are deeed to withstand the rigours of a peacekeeping operation. This includes cost (initial outlay and operational expenditure), robustness and ease of use. These are recoended for iediate consideration by UNMIS and are to be included within the design plans for the two sites and for deployent in existing caps. Yellow: Initiatives categorized as yellow require further consideration as one or ore characteristics (costs, technical robustness or ease of use) were deeed to be unsuitable for the site. However they should be reassessed and selected easures should be adopted on a pilot basis. Red: Initiatives categorized as red are presently unsuitable in that they do not achieve the three criteria ease of use, technical robustness and financially acceptable. This does not preclude that they ay fulfil the criteria at a later date Step 3. Calculation of potential reductions Based on the traffic light syste, step 3 involved calculating the potential, water and waste reductions that could be achieved fro the adoption of the green ranked resource efficiency easures. A coparison of the baseline paraeters with the revised paraeters was conducted. 13

16 3 Baseline analysis 3.1. Overview Using inforation provided in the DFS cap provisions and specifications spreadsheet, the consuption levels for and water as well as the production levels for liquid waste were estiated. Furtherore consuption profiles have been split on the basis of residential occupation and office occupation using office types as advised by UNMIS Energy Residential Baseline Energy and Carbon Eissions The annual deand profile for the residential units has been deterined through theral odelling coputer software. The consuption figures and related carbon eissions are provided in the tables below. It is iportant to note that is provided as priary supply, which takes account of the efficiency of the diesel generator. Actual deand would therefore be 62 percent lower than these figures. Carbon eissions are calculated on the carbon eission factor of diesel (0.25kg CO 2 /kwh). Visual charts show the carbon eissions by end uses for the single residential and office units. Regardless of scaling the proportions reain the sae. 14

17 Table 3 Annual Energy Consuption for Residential Unit (1 unit- 3 roos) End Use Size (kw) Hours run Diesel Energy CO 2 (t) Notes (kwh) Lighting Manual 2, None Internal External control 14 hours daily Cooling As required Operation deterined by odel 11, Assued a BTUunit, however size is based on deand during occupied hours to eet 25 o C teperature in dynaic odel Hot Water Sized for 5, None -Sall Power Ventilation (fans) 30 l store 4.8 kw with 60% diversity. Within AC units. Total 32, , The odel being run during night tie assues stand by or sleep ode 75% reduction over full operational ode 4, None Fro this baseline odelling, cooling and sall power have the highest deand. Inforation relating to equipent consuption has to be added as a set value into theral odelling software. As a result the output consuption is ore dependent on the input data rather than the deand requireents and will not vary with the annual weather profile. As sall power generates heat, the level size and operation of these power loads within an accoodation unit also has a bearing on the chillers and fan loads. Chillers and fan loads are based on achieving an internal teperature of 25 0 C. With occupancy pattern set at 6p to 8a these loads will be relatively sall copared to the day tie office requireents. Using the calculated reduced consuption for one residential unit, siple ultiplication (by a factor of 358 which represents the nuber of single units on the asterplan) provides the overall consuption and carbon eissions fro these units. Table 4 Annual Energy Consuption for Residential Units (358 units) End Use Diesel Energy CO 2 (t) (kwh) Cooling 4,080,069 1,020 Fans 1,550, Lighting 779, Sall Power 3,249, Hot Water 1,851, Total 11,512,057 2,878 15

18 Offices Baseline Energy and Carbon Eissions As with the residential units, annual deand for a typical office on the site has been calculated using theral odelling software based on the assuptions and the standard weather profile for Juba. Deand figures and related carbon eissions are based on priary fro the diesel generators. Table 5 Annual Energy Consuption for Office (1 Office) Cooling End Use Size (kw) Variable depending on outside and inside teperature Priary Energy (kwh) CO 2 (t) 211, Notes Based on 28 units of BTU Ventilation (fans) - 80, Sall Power (accoodation) - 65, Lighting (internal) - 88, Hot Water - 6, Total 452, The largest deand in the base design of the office building is for cooling requireents:- this is followed by lighting, fans for ventilation and sall power requireents (coputers, printers etc). Doestic hot water deand for the office is sall as it is just required for hand washing. It is assued that no catering facilities are provided within the offices and that staff use the restaurants and cafeterias on the site. Energy reduction easures for the offices should therefore be targeted at the cooling, lighting and fans equipent to ake the ost savings. Table 6 Annual Energy Consuption for new offices (6 offices) End Use Diesel Energy (kwh) CO 2 (t) Cooling 1,269, Fans 482, Lighting 532, Sall Power 391, Hot Water 40, Total 2,715,

19 Figure 2. Energy and carbon footprints residential and office units Residential consuption profile Office consuption profile 28% 35% Cooling Lighting 18% 14% 47% Cooling Lighting 13% 16% 7% Hot water Fans Equipent 1.49% 20% Hot water Fans Equipent 3.3. Water The baseline estiates for water consuption based on an assessent of the consuption profile is presented in Tables 7 and 8. The associated water footprint is presented in Figure 3. The table takes into account principal water deand usages and utilizes standard volues of water consuption based on UK reference values 1. While the profile focuses on the residential aspect of cap occupation and incorporates issues such as washing, food preparation, laundry etc, the profile relating specifically to the use of offices has also been assessed (reflecting the ability to influence consuption at design stage). Table 7 Total Water Consuption residential units per year Use Litres Units Litres per person per day Usage per year - occupation 1000 Shower Toilets Handwashing Personal consuption Fixed usage counal Kitchen washing Food preparation Dishwashing Laundry External use Total (litres consued) Note: the third colun (units) represents the nuber of ties per day the usage of either that activity or process listed in colun 1 this is based on the following reference aterial -l UK Environent Agency - Conserving Water in Buildings,

20 Table 8 Total water consuption single office block per year Use Consuption Unit Consuption per person per day Usage per year for a single office block (occupancy 120 people) Male urinals 720 constant Male toilets 7 litres per bowl Male sinks 2 litres per wash Feale toilets 7 litres per bowl Feale sinks 2 litres per wash Total litres consued Figure 3. Water footprints residential and office coponents 3.4. Liquid Waste The volue of liquid waste requiring treatent before exiting the cap has been calculated at 84 litres of wastewater per person per day. Figure 4 presents the proportion of liquid waste disposed as black water (37 percent) and as grey water (63 percent). 18

21 Figure 4. Estiated liquid waste footprint 3.5. Greenhouse Gas Eissions The total estiated eissions for UN House in Juba once operating at full capacity is tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) per annu. Table 9 shows these eissions by source and type of GHG gas. Figure 5 shows the breakdown of these eission sources on a percentage basis, this provides a better feel for the share of eissions per activity and can assist in identifying areas where eission reductions can be ade in the future. 19

22 Table 9 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Eissions Source/ Activity Nitrous Oxide N 2 O (Tonnes) Carbon Dioxide CO 2 (Tonnes) Methane CH 4 (Tonnes) CFCs/ HFCs / HCFCs (Tonnes) Total CO 2 e (Tonnes) Electricity Generation SUV Vehicles Buses Helicopters Fugitive Eissions of Refrigerants Sewage Treatent TOTAL EMISSIONS (106.4 tco 2 e) (12.5 tco 2 e) (0.3 tco 2 e) (3.9 tco 2 e) 16,553 1, (55.5 tco 2 e) (6.6 tco 2 e) (0.2 tco 2 e) (2.0 tco 2 e) (123 tco 2 e) 19, (18.5 tco 2 e) (83 tco 2 e) - 16, of R- 134a (103 tco 2 e) of R- 134a (2.86 tco 2 e) R-134a (81.1 tco 2 e) 2, (177 tco 2 e) 19,521 Figure 5 Greenhouse Gas eissions (as percentages) 20

23 4 Resource efficiency easures 4.1. Overview A total of 97 potential resource efficiency easures for and water reduction were identified and reviewed for possible application in UN Cap at Juba. A traffic light categorisation syste was adopted to rank technologies based on three equally weighted criteria: practicality (ease of use), technical robustness and financial iplications. Measures ranked as green are those considered to be applicable in the iediate-ter and are detailed further within the following sections of this chapter. Table 10 - Nuber of resource efficiency easures considered and breakdown of ranking Resource Location Nuber of Resource Efficiency Options Assessed Green Ranked Yellow Ranked Energy Residential Office Water Site wide Red Ranked 4.2. Energy A total of thirty-three efficiency easures were identified for the residential units with seventeen ranked as green, twelve as yellow, and four as red. For the offices, forty-nine efficiency easures were identified with thirty-four ranked as green, thirteen as yellow, and two as red. These are a range of easures to reduce cooling deand, lighting consuption, to reduce hot water deand and, to generate fro low carbon technologies, to iprove controls, and to provide etering to reduce the consuption of the building. Where feasible deand ideas have been assessed individually using theral odelling coputer software against the baseline office or accoodation units to deterine the relative ipact on annual consuption. Fro this additional odelling, the ost effective reduction easures have been selected and an assessent ade of their collective positive ipact (i.e. the level of ipact that could be expected if all the easures were included into the building design). Due to the interaction of services within a building, when odelled collectively, reduction easures will not necessarily have the sae ipact as when odelling individually against the baseline building. For exaple, iproving insulation can reduce the overall cooling deand in a building. In addition to the odelled efficiencies of buildings, a brief assessent has been ade of three potentially iportant site-wide production easures. These options require further study and it is recoended that this should be undertaken in the context of the procureent currently underway. Cobined heat and power (CHP) with Absorption Cooling: Diesel generators produce electricity and heat. With this existing design only the electricity is captured and the heat is wasted. The process to produce electricity is only percent efficient. Significant savings at the site will be realised if the diesel generators can be ade to be ore efficient. 21

24 Cobined heat and power units (CHP) are like generators but enable the heat to be utilised as well as the electricity, increasing the overall efficiency of the unit. The waste heat can be used to generate cooling within an absorption (or adsorption) chillers. This can either be fro centralised chillers (fro one or two CHP units) or packaged absorption chillers available for each building. This option would require ore detailed investigation to assess the costs and cooling capacity (due to the high external teperatures and inial water available to dissipate internal heat); Biodiesel generators: Fuels using part or all biofuel can reduce eissions and be a costeffective ethod for electricity production. However, issues including over supply, sustainability of production, cost and carbon content need to be addressed at each site before the technology could be adopted. Wind Turbines: Wind could be transfored into electricity fro either roof-ounted or stand alone wind turbines. However, there is a need to ensure copatibility with the current electrical design of each site. Also, as the turbines provide interittent power, they will require back-up supplies. This technology can be used at off-peak hours or to generate hydrogen for a fuel cell. The threshold depends on wind speed, suitable location for siting turbine, security risk (height of turbine), and skills for installation. There is a need to consider the use of wind to ake hydrogen in off-peak hours for a fuel cell. Theral odelling Theral odelling has been used to evaluate deand fro various aspects of the operation (residential and office) that consue. Fro the odelling results the ost effective reduction easures have been selected to deterine their collective ipact; this represents a real life scenario in which the coposite benefits are realised. Energy deand ideas are separated for the residential and office designs in the sections below. Residential Energy Reduction Measures Tables 11 details the reduction easures considered that are applicable to residential units. Relative efficiency savings, or gains, have been odelled on the ajority of these easures. Those for which it was ipractical to odel have been assessed fro a qualitative basis. Individual assessents have been odelled together to develop a coposite odel to indicate the overall savings, as detailed in Table

25 Table 11 Potential resource efficiency easures assessed using theral odelling for residential units Model Description Energy Reduction (kwh) Percentage Saving Front door facing West % Front door facing North % Front door facing East % Wall - add 150 Rockwool insulation (or suitable other) % Roof - increase to 200 of insulation on under roof % Roof - Reflective coating on roof (SRI) above or = % Floor - Add 150 of insulation to floor % Elevated floor % Window - Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k? % Window - Solar tinted glass - Max SHGC of 0.3 (G value of 0.4?) % Internal Lighting - LED lights. Reduce to 7 W each for internal lights % Internal Lighting - Last an out switch % External Lighting - Occupancy Sensors % External Lighting - daylight sensors % Hot water - Solar theral % Air conditioning - increase efficiency to 3.5 COP % Ventilation - add extract fans to ceiling during occupied hours % Metering - add for property for ain services % Air infiltration to 10 3/2/hr at 50 Pa % Table 12 Coposite odel of savings for those easures odelled as having a significantly positive ipact- and that are therefore recoended Model Description Energy Reduction (kwh) Percentage Saving Front door facing North & West % Wall - add 150 Rockwool insulation (or suitable other) % Roof - Reflective coating on roof (SRI) above or = % Window - Solar tinted glass - Max SHGC % Internal Lighting - LED lights. Reduce to 7 W each for internal lights % Internal Lighting - Last an out switch % External Lighting - Occupancy Sensors % External Lighting - daylight sensors % Hot water - Solar theral % Air conditioning - increase efficiency to 3.5 COP % Metering - add for property for ain services % Overall Saving % 23

26 The odelling provided soe interesting results and identified soe key saving areas: Iproved efficiency of air-conditioning: Specifying air conditioning with seasonal efficiency of at least 3.5COP will have a significant ipact on consuption; Solar theral: Has a strong ipact on consuption; Orientation: With a prevailing North-Westerly wind and highest solar gains at the south elevation the ost efficient orientation was found with the front door facing north and west Insulation: Wall insulation appears to have a significant ipact on the perforance of the unit. Iproved roof theral perforance only has a inial ipact on the efficiency of the unit this could be due to the high heat levels at the top of the unit are being held in by higher levels of insulation. As with roof insulation, additional floor insulation sees little ipact on the consuption of the unit. Internal and external lighting: With occupancy and light detection externally and controls and low lights internally, these easures can reduce consuption. Metering: Theral odelling prograe assues that etering can save based on the education and change of behaviour through the inforation. Iproved glazing U-value (theral perforance): Interestingly, this easure did not have an ipact on the perforance of the unit. This is possibly due to low air tightness of building. It is likely that double glazing should be installed anyway as will assist with noise control and protect against harsh weather conditions that are not able to be odelled. Addition of solar glazing: Reduces solar gain - reduces consuption and is likely to be cost effective Reflective coating on roof: Reduces consuption and is likely to be cost effective; Elevated Floor: This easure does reduce consuption; however fro this odelling it does not have a significant effect. This easure has not been included in the group of easures as it ay have a large ipact on cost. However if the buildings need to be raised for other reasons such as flood defence, it would be an additional arguent to elevate the building; Fan ventilation in roof: This easure was added to assist in reoving heat gains fro the building. However this easure appears to increase consuption as additional for fans outweighs benefits fro the reduced cooling deand. A nuber of other easures that cannot be odelled are considered viable for the residential unit. In the table below the overall list of green easures fro the assessent is provided 24

27 Table 13 Green ranked technologies for efficiency for the Residential Units Lighting External Suggested iproveents Coents Occupancy sensors Lighting Internal Lights controlled by occupancy. Can be through Passive Infra-Red (PIR) (oveent) sensors, tiers, occupancy settings (only work if door closed or key installed). With lights for front door and veranda - as sall area will be served by occupancy control LED (reduced wattage) for bedroo and bathroo areas Last an out switch Deflectors Reducing cooling deand LED lights are higher efficiency than fluorescent tubes. Lights ay di with high current. Electrical design needs to take account of this. For lighting and can also be used for other sall power. All internal lights should be linked to one switch. Light deflectors can increase lighting levels whilst allow wattage to decrease Further details to follow on progress with LED technology and application with cap lighting Easy to install and as siple control to switch off lights Requires design to ensure it works effectively. As so few lights in roo assued will be undertaken - but no odelled reduction Orientation Wall Insulation Modelling units with the front door facing north and west have best ipact on consuption. Add 150 rockwool insulation (or suitable other). Orientation has a sall ipact on consuption - it is therefore a design decision to include the ost efficiency orientation into the design. Iproving insulation to the building will reduce heat gain. It is ost effective with good air tightness and control over ventilation. Iproved Glazing Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k. Modelled ipact is fairly low, possibly due to low air tightness of building. Elevate Floor Solar Tinted glass (Glazing Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) (SHGC) Elevated house floor can iprove reduce cooling deand for a hoe in hot conditions. Use coated glass that allows sunlight but reflects heat fro the building. Max SHGC of 0.3. Elevating the floor above the ground is considered a green ite if there is an additional reason, such as floor defence, for elevating the property. Otherwise it is likely that this would not be feasible. Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption. Shading Trees shrubbery to assist with shading. Should be considered for properties where feasible. Will also iprove aenity of area. Roof - reflective coating Reflective coating on roof will reduce heat build up and cooling load - Coating with Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) above or = 78. Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption. 25

28 Air tightness Increase seasonal efficiency of up to 3.5 COP Ventilation Miniise loss of treated air (and ingress of outside air) through good air tightness in the construction and airtight openings such as doors and windows. Ensure that air conditioning units are suited to the location and of high efficiency. With high levels of air tightness good controls are required and necessary levels of ventilation to ensure cofort conditions. May be difficult to achieve for odular units. With good specification iproved products can be purchased. Fans Fans to have a axiu fan power of 2.2. W/l/s Should be considered the within overall air conditioning package Doestic hot water Solar theral Use solar theral panels to produce hot water Potential change to current design Reduced water consuption Low flow toilets, taps, showers Worth ensuring all fittings enable low water consuption Equipent (Sall Power) A+ rated Appliances are highest efficiency appliances Last an out Instead of card key - last an out switch for nonessential power could be used switch/key card control Tiers on sall Tiers: Add tiers to link with occupancy power/light and recreation equipent Energy Generation Should use ost efficient equipent Reduce consuption CHP - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers Photovoltaic cells (also see solar cooling). Within draft specification Metering A diesel CHP could generate electricity with the waste heat utilised within an absorption chillers. Photovoltaic s (PV) systes convert fro the sun into electricity through sei-conductors cells, ost coonly ade of silicon. To be used in conjunction with battery back-up. Thin fil incorporated into roof. Could be integrated into roof at anufacture. CHP provides heat and power fro one unit increasing the efficiency. In this situation where generator is being used it ay be econoic to ensure heat is captured - this could be used for cooling. Need to ake sure this does not copete for deand PV cells produce electricity. Need to ensure they can link with current electrical design Meters on ain plant and across ain areas of site Measuring consuption helps to onitor consuption, benchark against siilar sites and develop targets for reduction Metering is essential to anageent 26

29 Office Energy Reduction Measures A nuber of reduction easures have been considered for the offices. The ajority of these easures have been assessed through the theral odelling software. As with the residential units individual efficiency easures have been odelled in Table 14 and then those considered to represent the ost effective odelled together and savings calculated, as shown in table 15. Table 14 Measures Assessed Using Theral Modelling for Offices Model Description Diesel Energy Reduction (kwh) Percentage Saving Baseline odel using above assuptions - Orientation - Entrance facing West 12, % Orientation - Entrance facing North 1, % Orientation - Entrance facing East 13, % Wall Rockwool insulation (or suitable other) U: 0.15W/2k -10, % Roof of insulation on under roof U: 0.18 W/2k -7, % Roof - Reflective coating on roof (SRI) above or = 78-6, % Floor - Add 150 of insulation to floor U: 0.11W/2k -1, % Window - Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k -5, % Window - Solar tinted glass - Max SHGC of 0.3 (G value of 0.4) -10, % Iprove air tightness to 10 3/h/2-83, % Solar shading - Assued 0.8 (horizontal) x 0.6 (vertical) external shading device, internal blinds -15, % Internal Lighting - LED lights. -60, % Internal Lighting - Occupancy detection to corridor lights, tiers and controls for office lighting -11, % Internal Lighting - Sun pipes. -18, % Central Chillers (VRF) COP 3.2 Centralised cooling -58, % Centralise Ventilation with SFP of 2.5W/l/s 54, % Centralise Ventilation with SFP of 2.5W/l/s & air pereability of 10 3/h/2-37, % BMS control -28, % Fan coil syste Assessed with COP , % Metering and onitoring -14, % Solar PV - Assue 502 on roof -22, % 27

30 Table 15 Coposite odel of savings for those easures odelled for offices as having a significantly positive ipact Model Description Diesel Energy Reduction (kwh) Percentage Saving Wall Rockwool insulation (or suitable other) U: 0.15W/2k -10, % Roof of insulation on under roof U: 0.18 W/2k -7, % Roof - Reflective coating on roof (SRI) above or = 78-6, % Floor - Add 150 of insulation to floor U: 0.11W/2k -1, % Window - Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k -5, % Window - Solar tinted glass - Max SHGC of 0.3 (G value of 0.4) -10, % Iprove air tightness to 10 3/h/2-83, % Solar shading - Assued 0.8 (horizontal) x 0.6 (vertical) external shading device, internal blinds -15, % Internal Lighting - LED lights. -60, % Internal Lighting - Occupancy detection to corridor lights, tiers and controls for office lighting -11, % Centralise Ventilation with SFP of 2.5W/l/s & air pereability of 10 3/h/2-37, % BMS control -28, % Metering and onitoring -14, % Solar PV - Assue 502 on roof - 22, % Total - 161,796 36% The odelling deonstrates a high saving (36 percent) fro the easures identified. Below is a discussion of the key savings with a discussion on the feasibility to include into existing designs. Ventilation and air tightness: Results fro the theral odelling show that the largest reduction on deand for the building is to iprove the air tightness. A key assuption in the developent of the odel is that the office buildings are leaky to outside air. If a building is leaky to air, through seals and joints in walls, windows or roof etc. it will require a higher cooling load than an air tight building (iagine a refrigerator its effectiveness increases as a consequence of its air tightness; the sae can be applied to the cooling of buildings). However the ore air tight a building the ore controlled echanical ventilation needs to be provided (either local or central) to allow for sufficient fresh air for the occupants. In the theral odel it is assued that ventilation is currently achieved through the passive introduction of air into the building augented by circulation fans within the local air conditioning units. The odel does not include sufficient fan power and to deliver five air changes an hour of fresh air for the offices which would have uch higher fan consuption. If the full fresh air requireent for ventilation is provided through central air handling units (or locally), there would be a significant increase in fan power. In Run 17 in the table above which assesses the full fresh air load fro a centralised air handling plant, there is a significant increase in fro fan power against the base odel. Air can either be provided locally or centrally. Central provision of fresh air would require distribution for the air, - usually through designed ductwork - and distributed through a terinal box or fan coil unit requires additional design, but allows for tighter control. Local or echanical ventilation is not proposed unless linked to a significant iproveent in the air tightness of the building. 28

31 Centralised cooling: Table 14 shows the odelling results for cooling provided with a Variable Refrigerant Volue (VRF) syste which requires internal refrigerant pipework within the ceiling void as well as internal eitters to distribute locally to the office areas. This syste has an iproved efficiency (as it balances the loads throughout the building with returning refrigerant teperatures), and control over local units, which needs to be balanced against the increased coplexity of distribution fro local units. The odel assues that ventilation is provided locally in through air ingress augented by the circulation fans in the local distribution units. For this option external plant would be required for the central chillers unit (s). A separate assuption odelled is that a centralised chiller distributes chilled water through chilled water pipework within the building ceiling voids with local fan coil units. For deonstration purposes we have not raised the efficiency against the base line case to deonstrate the additional pup required for this option; however it is likely that this central plant would be of siilar efficiency as a VRF syste. A significant benefit of using chilled water over refrigerated water is that the costly use of a refrigerant specialist and installer is reoved. However fro the perspective of overall sustainability the ain benefit of introducing a chilled water syste is that it could be ore copatible with low carbon technologies such as CHP with absorption cooling. Building Manageent Systes iproved controls, such a centralised Building Manageent Syste can liit significant waste within the buildings (which can be in excess of 10 percent efficiency savings) this is detailed further in Appendix 5. Orientation: The odelling results suggest that a south facing front door is the ost efficiency design. Insulation: As with the residential unit, adding insulation to the wall has higher ipact than the floor or roof. Iproved glazing: If iproved glazing is specified, the ipact on reduced cooling loads does not see to be significant. However additional benefits for cofort ay drive the introduction of this option. Addition of solar glazing: Reduces solar gain - reduces consuption and is likely to be cost effective. Shading: We have deonstrated that shading on the outside of the building is good easure to reduce deand. Reflective coating on roof: Reduces consuption and is likely to be cost effective. Internal lighting: With occupancy and light detection externally and controls and low lights internally, these easures can reduce consuption. The introduction of sun pipes was also assessed, however shallow layout of the office not considered viable for the building. Renewables: A notional area of 50 2 of PV array was odelled for the building, with a good reduction. PV can be expensive and cost benefit assessent should be undertaken. Solar theral has not been odelled although an reduction would be realised. Metering: Theral odelling prograe assues that etering can save based on the education and change of behaviour through inforation and by adapting buildings anageent. In suary, easures considered to be viable with the ost ipact on efficiency for an office have been collectively odelled and obtain a reduction in consuption by 36 percent. These included iproved air tightness with local or central echanical ventilation, iproved insulation, iproved lighting efficiency and controls, and centralised cooling using chilled water distribution (to allow for future connection with absorption cooling) and etering. A nuber of other easures that cannot be odelled are considered viable for the office unit. The table below provides a list of all the recoended (green) easures fro the assessent both 29

32 odelled and not odelled. Soe of these easures would only be viable with a centralised cooling and/or ventilation syste. Table 17 Green ranked technologies for efficiency for the offices Lighting Internal Suggested iproveents Coents LED (reduced wattage) Occupancy sensors Abient light sensors Reducing Cooling Deand LED lights are higher efficiency than fluorescent tubes. Lights ay di with high current. Electrical design needs to take account of this. Lights controlled by occupancy. Can be through Passive Infra-Red (PIR) (oveent) sensors Photo receptors respond to levels of light. Would be suitable for ground floor Further details to follow on progress with LED technology and application with cap lighting With parts of the cap used at different ties, occupancy control can save. Only odelled for the offices. Potential application on ground perieter lights. Soe areas would not be suitable Orientation Solar Tinted glass (Glazing Solar heat Gain Coefficient) (SHGC) Roof - reflective coating Orientate building so that high occupancy areas are in North of building (south in South Heisphere). Use coated glass that allows sunlight but reflects heat fro the building. Max SHGC of 0.3 Reflective coating on roof will reduce heat build up and cooling load - Coating with Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) above or = 78 Building shading Solar shading - Assued 0.8 (horizontal) x 0.6 (vertical) external shading device, internal blinds Best orientation needs to be deterined. Energy balance on which areas would benefit fro sun shading. Also ipact of east/west glare can be included in design Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption Shading device outlined in specification. Models deonstrate good reduction easure Tree shading Trees shrubbery to assist with shading Should be considered for buildings where feasible. Will also iprove aenity of area. Air tightness Roof insulation Wall insulation Iproved glazing Miniise loss of treated air (and ingress of outside air) through good air tightness in the construction and airtight openings such as doors and windows Roof - increase to 200 of insulation on under roof U: 0.18 W/2k Wall - add 150 rockwool insulation (or suitable other) U: 0.155W/2k Window - Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k With high levels of air tightness good controls are required and necessary levels of ventilation to ensure cofort conditions. Adding additional roof insulation appears to have a inial ipact on the reduction over the year. Iproving insulation to the building will reduce heat gain. Is ost effective with good air tightness and control over ventilation. Modelled ipact is fairly low, possibly due to low air tightness of building 30

33 Centralised syste Night cooling Free cooling Air recirculation Refrigerants Ventilation Centralised syste allows for increased control and greater efficiency. Design and Build contract being pursued Alongside use of appropriate aterials, night ventilation (cooling) to reuse theral ass in next day (Enthalpy Cooling) To reduce consuption, sensors detect cooling capacity of external air. Draws in ore than basic fresh air requireent, which reduces echanical cooling. Use recirculated and fresh air for 'free cooling' where possible before echanical cooling. Greater feasibility with centralised syste Carbon eissions associated with leakage of refrigerants Depending if ventilation is included will require significant design changes. Possible to find half way house with local or no air supply and centralised Variable Refrigerant Volue chillers (VRF). Carbon savings based on iproved efficiency and controls. - Further design consideration required. Higher savings if linked to building aterials with high theral ass Only possible with centralised ventilation. Requires control sensors to onitor inside and outside teperatures. May only be viable with centralised plant. Only viable with centralised ventilation plant that would benefit fro reduced cooling load. Refrigerant leakage contains GHG eissions. Ensuring good aintenance and choice of refrigerant will lower any cliate ipact. Low fans VSD on large fans if centralised ventilation plant Doestic hot water All fans should be specified to be below 2.2 W/l/s for central plant Large fans and pups should all be fitted with variable drives to reduce consuption If central ventilation is provided, fans should be low Variable speed drives atch power deand with load Solar theral Insulated theral and chilled iersions Reduced water consuption Server roos Use solar theral panels to produce hot water Ensure all hot water /chilled water stores and pipework have sufficient insulation Low flow taps, catering with pull taps, dishwashers Requires water store. Potential to increase deand and cost due to water store and distribution syste. Requires further investigation. Probably already included - but worth checking if any pipework insulation specification can be iproved Worth ensuring all fittings enable low water consuption Tep control and layout Sall power Use free-cooling where possible and do not overcool. Server roos are often cooled too uch and arranged to block cooling pathways. Clear design and guidance on teperature settings will reduce consuption A+ rated appliances Appliances are highest efficiency Should use ost efficient equipent 31

34 Tiers on printers/photocopiers and recreation equipent Sall PV charges for obiles and nonessential IT equipent Controls Add tiers to link with occupancy Use sall renewables to save on deand Reduce consuption Reduce consuption Centralise control. Building Manageent Systes. Local control Any large fans or pups should have a Variable Speed Drives Meters on ain plant and across ain areas of site Energy Generation Centralised control of cooling, lighting, ventilation. Centralise control (siple anageent syste). Ensure local controls have sufficient occupancy and teperature controls Ensure local controls have sufficient occupancy and teperature controls Large fans and pups should all be fitted with variable drives to reduce consuption Measuring consuption helps to onitor consuption, benchark against siilar sites and develop targets for reduction May only be suitable with ore centralised control If no central plant, local controls should be under regular review to ensure suitable set-up. Variable speed drives atch power deand with load. Metering is essential to anageent CHP - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers Photovoltaic cells. Modelled with 502 on roof A diesel CHP could generate electricity with the waste heat utilised within an absorption chillers. Will require all cap (or all residential units) to be served fro central chillers with distribution of chilled water. Photovoltaic s (PV) systes convert fro the sun into electricity through sei-conductors cells, ost coonly ade of silicon. To be used in conjunction with battery back-up. Thin fil incorporated into roof. Could be integrated into roof at anufacture. CHP provides heat and power fro one unit increasing the efficiency. In this situation where generator is being used it ay be econoic to ensure heat is captured - this could be used for cooling. Would require chilled water distribution fro a centralised generation plant. PV cells produce electricity. Need to ensure can link with current electrical design 4.3. Water A total of fifteen water saving features have been assessed and ranked for use. Ten were ranked as green and five as yellow. The easures which were ranked by the traffic light syste as green are presented in Table eighteen. These easures should be accopanied by awareness-raising efforts to reduce water consuption. The coplete traffic light analysis is available in Appendix 3. The ost significant potential savings coe fro the adoption of the following three resource efficiency easures: Single flush or waterless urinals: Constant flow urinals consue a significant aount of water and should be replaced with either single flush or waterless urinals to reduce water 32

35 consuption. Waterless urinals utilize a trap insert filled with a sealant liquid instead of water. The lighter-than-water sealant floats on top of the urine collected in the U-bend, preventing odours fro being released into the air. Although the cartridge and sealant ust be periodically replaced, the syste saves anywhere between 55,000 and 170,000 litres of water per urinal per year. This is particularly relevant in the context of saving water in the setting of an office occupancy profiles are confined generally to a axiu use of ten hours per day, five days per week. The use of non efficient urinals would result in water discharge into the urinals over a twenty-four hour period, seven days a week. High-efficiency toilets: Install water saving devices in the toilet cistern to reduce the aount of water used per flush. A high-efficiency toilet uses less than 6 litres per flush, which is 60 percent less water than conventional toilets, which use approxiately 13 litres. Coposting toilets, which are waterless and rely on natural bacteria to break down the organic waste, were not green ranked as they require daily attention as well as behavioural training and have not been widely tested in a peacekeeping context. However, they could be used on a trial basis to deterine future suitability. Aerated shower heads: Aerated shower heads aintain a strong strea of water by ixing in air with the water. The resulting flow feels just as invigorating as it would fro a noral shower head but uses 30 to 60 percent less water. Two potentially iportant resource efficiency easures could be used for on-site water production. However, they require further study before they can be adopted in a peacekeeping context. These include: Rainwater harvesting: At present, rainwater harvesting is believed to be practiced but on an ad hoc basis and no inforation is available regarding the efficiency of such systes. As a result, this option has been excluded fro ore detailed assessent within this study. Rainwater harvesting is an efficient process that provides an alternative source of water for cap use and is used in a variety of environental and social settings. However, engineering considerations such as volue capacity, storage and retention tie (to avoid degradation of the quality of the water and subsequent health risks), are iportant factors to be further considered. Grey water recycling: Grey water recycling reuses non-sensitive water, including water that is uncontainated by faecal or organic atter. Grey water is typically water derived fro hand washing, showers, bathing etc, which can be reused for flushing toilets and for the purposes of gardening. There is a capital outlay relating to infrastructure enhanceent but these costs are repaid through reduced water consuption and output for treatent. 33

36 Table 18 Green ranked technologies for water efficiency Use Suggested iproveents Coents Use of aerated shower heads Ensure provision of aerated shower heads within cap design and fit out Showers Toilets Install ixer valves to better control teperature regulation Reduce cistern capacity As above it is essential at provision stage (fit out) that the correct equipent is installed retrofitting at a later date will prove cost inefficient and could result in less water savings. Install water saving devices in toilet cistern to offset volue or procure dual flush cisterns Single flush urinals As above these are coon place and siple to procure Urinals Waterless urinals Odours are eliinated with 'odour blocks.' thought should be given to cultural issues relating to the use of waterless urinals however this could easily be overcoe through an appropriate level of education or targeted inforation. Hand washing Kitchen washing Dish washing Food preparation Air conditioning Laundry Metering Install flow regulators Install flow regulators Install A-rated achines Install flow regulators Review use of Coolerado Install A-rated achines Meters on locations within the coplex where water use is prevalent: ablution blocks, kitchen, toilets The use of spray taps or inserts (tap agic). The use of spray taps or inserts (tap agic). These can be easily obtained and should not prove difficult. Spray taps or inserts (tap agic). These can be easily obtained. Measuring water consuption helps to onitor consuption, benchark against siilar sites, and develop targets for reduction. 34

37 4.4. Liquid Waste Only two resource efficiency easures are considered to address liquid waste production and disposal. These include recycling systes for grey water and anaerobic digestion systes for blackwater. Recycled grey water (toilet flushing and outdoor use): Alternative disposal routes can be developed to effectively re-use the grey water for non-sensitive uses within the operation of the cap, such as toilet and urinal flushing and for outdoor uses such as gardening, vehicle wash down, etc. Such re-use would require soe capital cost outlay in the for of tanks, pipework and pups, and soe operational costs to aintain the infrastructure. However, the payback period of this investent should fall well within the lifetie of the caps. This could be accentuated with the use of photovoltaic panels to power the pups, creating a sustainable closed loop syste. Black water (anaerobic digestion): A study is being progressed on the efficiencies related to the use of black water for production as well as conversion of bioass into useful products such as soil conditioners. This study will be copleted in the near future. Initial assessents indicate that the cap is unlikely to be producing sufficient volues of organic waste to enable efficient production of electricity however gas (for use in cooking) could be produced in volues that ake its use effective. 35

38 5 Potential Reductions and Savings 5.1. Overview A suary of the potential reductions that could be achieved fro the application of green rank resource efficiency easures are presented in Table 11. The following sections provide ore detailed calculations and graphs coparing the baseline and revised figures Energy A coparison of the footprint for the baseline designs and for the revised design incorporating the green ranked resource efficiency easures for the residential units and office designs is provided in Tables 19 and 20 and Figures 6 and 7. The analysis fro theral odelling found that consuption could be reduced by 26 percent in the residential units and by 36 percent in the offices. The figures for both the baseline and the revised reduction figure only include green consuption and easures odelled within the theral odelling software. It is likely that additional savings could be realised with the green easures identified that could not be odelled within the software. Table 19 Potential Annual Energy and Carbon Reductions for Residential Units (358 units) End Use Baseline Energy Baseline Revised Revised Saving (%) (kwh) CO 2 (t) Energy (kwh) CO 2 (t) Cooling 4,080,069 1,020 2,364, Fans 1,550, ,325, Lighting 779, , Sall Power 3,249, ,249, Hot Water 1,851, ,007, Total 11,512,057 2,878 8,410,319 2,103 27% Table 20 Potential Annual Energy and Carbon Reductions for Offices (6 Type A Units) End Use Baseline Energy (kwh) Baseline CO 2 (t) Revised Energy (kwh) Revised CO 2 (t) Cooling 1,269, , Fans 482, , Lighting 532, , Sall Power 391, , Hot Water 40, , Saving (%) Total 2,715, ,744, % Note: The figures for both the baseline figure and the revised/reduced figure only include consuption and easures odelled within the theral odelling software. It is likely that additional savings could be realised with the easures identified that could not be odelled. This is especially true for equipent (sall power) in the residential units. 36

39 Figure 6. Potential Annual Energy and Carbon Reductions fro Energy Efficiency Measures fro residential units 3,500 3,000 tonnes of CO2 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Equipent Fans Hot water Lighting Cooling - Base Case Iproved Figure 7. Potential Annual Energy and Carbon Reductions fro Energy Efficiency Measures fro six Type A offices tonnes CO Equipent Fans Hot water Lighting Cooling - Base Case Iproved 5.3. Water A coparison of the water footprint for the baseline designs and for the revised design incorporating the green ranked resource efficiency easures is provided in Table 21 and 22 and Figure 8. The analysis found that water consuption could be reduced by 46 percent in the offices and 37 percent for the residential. 37

40 Table 21 Potential Annual Water Reductions for Residential units Usage Usage per year (litres) - occupation 1000 Revised usage after savings shower toilets Hand washing personal consuption kitchen washing food preparation dishwashing laundry external use Total (litres consued) Saving (%) 37 Table 22 Potential Annual Water Reductions for offices Usage Usage per year for a single office block (occupancy 120 people) Revised usage for sae occupancy ale urinals ale toilets ale sinks feale toilets feale sinks Total litres consued Saving 46% 38

41 Figure 8. Potential Annual Water Reductions fro Resource Efficiency Measures 5.4. Liquid Waste A coparison of the liquid waste footprint for the baseline design and for the revised design incorporating the green ranked reduction easures is provided in Table 23 and Figure 9. The analysis found grey water to soakaways could be reduced by 63 percent through recycling. Table 23 Liquid Waste Reduction Measures and Alternative Disposal Routes Liquid Waste Manageent Percentage of Total Measure baseline Revised Difference recycled grey water (toilet flushing) recycled grey water (external use) grey water (soakaways) black water (anaerobic digestion) black water (sewage treatent) TOTALS

42 Figure 9. Potential liquid waste reduction options 40

43 6 Suary of Findings and Recoendations 6.1 Findings This assessent has considered a total of forty eight different resource efficiency easures to achieve reductions in and water at the proposed UN cap. Significant resource reduction easures were identified through the use of green ranked technologies which could be ipleented prior to finalisation of the cap design and construction. In order for UNMIS to act on the four recoendations contained in this report, the following sections are divided into iediate actions for the design phase, ediu-ter recoendations for cap operations, and long-ter recoendations for further cap design. 6.2 Iediate recoendations for the design phase The recoendations offered below relate to the contractor negotiations and incorporation into the final design and are intended to be ipleented within the next three onths, prior to the construction of the reainder of the cap infrastructure. Recoendation Reasoning Responsibility 1. Review green ranked easures, select ites for iediate application and For axiu effectiveness to be realised it will be necessary to have ore detailed discussions on the UNMIS engineers and UNEP experts develop specifications for procureent. practical applicability of soe of the green ranked easures. 2. Incorporate recoendations arising fro the closed loop This is currently being copleted UNEP experts assessents. 3. Incorporate recoendations arising fro the environental ipact assessent (EIA) into the overall cap design and operation. It is understood that this is currently being coissioned DFS/Mission environental engineer with assistance fro FOI 41

44 6.3 Mediu-ter recoendations for cap operation The recoendations offered below relate to the operational phase of the UN House and are intended to be ipleented within the next three to six onths in parallel with the construction of the copound. Recoendation Reasoning Responsibility 6. Develop and ipleent an environental anageent plan (EMP) Based on the outcoes of an EIA, the EMP should address all aspects of resource use and reduction, as well as waste anageent. It should be developed in the early stages of the cap operation and identify specific operational targets for resource efficiency. It should be treated as a working docuent which can be updated as needed based on the outcoes of on-going data collection. DFS/Mission environental officer 42

45 Appendix 1 - Power deand profiles Conversion Factors Diesel 0.25 kg CO 2 /kwh Diesel 2.63 kg CO 2 /l Litres to kwh 10.9 litres to kwh Diesel 38% % efficient Gallons to litre 5 G Refrigerant COP = EER / effectiveness BTU to kw BTU kw ton cooling BTU Air conditioning units Units BTU Cooling

46 Appendix 2 Ranked reduction easures Residential Current design Potential re-design Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Modell ed Energ y/carb on saving ranking Modifications/threshol d required to ake viable Difficu lty of install ation Lighting - External Lighting - Internal Lighting - External Assued 2 X 36 W - anual controls Lighting - Internal Lighting - External Occupancy sensors Lighting - Internal Lights controlled by occupancy. Can be through Passive Infra- Red (PIR) (oveent) sensors, tiers, occupancy settings (only work if door closed or key installed) Lights will turn off if area not occupied Possible soe reduce user cofort With lights for front door and veranda - as sall area will be served by occupancy control Yes 0.5% High Design needs to include occupancy sensors Low 44

47 Reducin g Cooling Deand Assued 2 x fluorescent tubes per roo and 1 in bathroo to achieve 300 lux in each roo Reducing Cooling Deand AC Unit assued 7.03kW split with eitter in living roo and kitchen Efficiency of air con assued at 2.8 COP LED (reduced wattage) for bedroo and bathroo areas Use of natural lighting Last an out switch Deflectors Cooling Orientation LED lights are higher efficiency than fluorescent tubes. Lights ay di with high current. Electrical design needs to take account of this. Add roof lights to odule units For lighting and can also be used for other sall power. All internal lights linked to one switch Light deflectors can increase lighting levels whilst allow wattage to decrease Fro the odelling units with the front door facing north and west have best ipact on consuption Low Increased lighting. Will increase heat gain. Lights can all be switched off at one switch Increased light levels with lower wattage No cost saving solution May require dedicated fittings and odified electrical design Could increase heat and therefore cooling requireents Wring of roo will need to incorporate design Can cause glare Needs to be integrated at beginning of design process. Means that all units would need to be orientated in north/north-west or west anner - not preferred design Further details to follow on progress with LED technology and application with cap lighting Link with occupancy and light sensors Easy to install and as siple control to switch off lights Requires design to ensure works effectively. As so few lights in roo assued will be undertaken - but no odelled reduction Orientation has a sall ipact on consuption - it is therefore a design decision to include the ost efficiency orientation into the design Yes 2.7% High Further research on light quality and potential ipact of changes in current No Low Low Due to ipact on heat gain - not considered viable Low/ ediu Low Yes 3% Yes Low No Low High No size threshold Low Yes 0.6% High A clear benefit exists in north to west facing orientation, but has a sall ipact on consuption. Low 45

48 Roof Insulation Add to existing assued 50 of fibre glass roll to 200 of insulation. U Value 0.18 W/2k Reduces heat gain to the building Additional expense for roof insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Adding additional roof insulation appears to have a inial ipact on the reduction over the year. Yes -0.3% Mediu Will require additional insulation in the roof Low Wall Insulation Wall - add 150 rockwool insulation (or suitable other). U Value 0.15W/2k Reduces heat gain to the building Additional expense for wall insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Iproving insulation to the building will reduce heat gain. Is ost effective with good air tightness and control over ventilation. Yes 4.8% High Will require additional insulation in the wall Low/ ediu Floor Insulation Floor - Add 150 of insulation to floor. U Value 0.11 Reduces heat gain to the building Additional expense for floor insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Adding additional floor insulation appears to have a inial ipact on the reduction over the year. Yes -0.2% Mediu Likely that double glazing should be installed anyway as will assist with noise control and harsh weather condition not able to be odelled Low/ ediu Iproved Glazing Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k Reduces heat gain to the building Expensive and does not lead to particularly large carbon savings. Modelled ipact is fairly low, possibly due to low air tightness of building Yes -0.4% Mediu Likely that double glazing should be installed anyway as will assist with noise control and harsh weather condition not able to be odelled Low 46

49 Elevate Floor Solar Tinted glass (Glazing Solar heat Gain Coefficient) (SHGC) Elevated house floor can iprove reduce cooling deand for a hoe in hot conditions Use coated glass that allows sunlight but reflects heat fro the building. Max SHGC of 0.3 Soe reduction Low cost saving solution Expensive and sall savings May affect window design and has additional expense. Need to balance with light requireents If this easure had little ipact on construction (ay be required for other reasons such as flood defence anyway) then should be undertaken, but not otherwise Likely to be costeffective easure to reduce consuption Yes 1.1% High High Yes 0.7% High Already in draft specification. Use as appropriate Low Shading Trees shrubbery to assist with shading Reduces deand Space availability and water ay not be sufficient for all properties. Will take tie to develop Should be considered for properties where feasible. Will also iprove aenity of area. No Low High Depends of space and will take tie to develop Mediu Roof - reflective coating Reflective coating on roof will reduce heat build up and cooling load - Coating with Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) above or = 78 Reduce cooling loads Will increase costs slightly for coating Likely to be costeffective easure to reduce consuption Yes 0.6% High 47

50 Air tightness Ventilation fans in roof Phase Change aterials Wind Catchers Miniise loss of treated air (and ingress of outside air) through good air tightness in the construction and airtight openings such as doors and windows Additional fans in roof should reove hot air and reduce cooling deand Phase change used in cobination with conventional air con or wind catcher to reduce cooling loads Natural ventilation added by ventilation syste on roof Should save fro reduced cooling loss and enables greater tep control Reduce cooling loads Reduces consupti on as is stored during day and released at night with phase change Low solution Requires good ventilation and cooling control. If too airtight will heat too quickly. Therefore balance is required Increase in fan power and could draw in additional hot air fro leaky building Could be expensive and would not work if phase change aterial requires sufficient night tie cooling May not provide sufficient cooling requireents With high levels of air tightness good controls are required and necessary levels of ventilation to ensure cofort conditions. Appears to increase consuption as additional for fans outweighs benefits fro the reduced cooling deand Phase change aterials can be placed in walls or within ventilation/ac entry, Requires night teperature to drop below phase change aterial freezing teperature to work Worth experienting with design for future phases Yes -0.4% Low No threshold Low/ ediu Yes -0.3% Mediu No No Low/ ediu Mediu Mediu Mediu Experiental design - would need to have test case and easure ipact and theral cofort provided Will need to be carefully designed and tested to ensure sufficient cooling load Low/ ediu Mediu 48

51 Increase seasonal efficiency of to 3.5 COP Ensure that air con units are suited to the location and of high efficiency Minial cost for iprove ents None With good specification iproved products can be purchased Yes 9.6% High No ipact on design. Ventilati on Ventilation Doesti c hot water Assued no additional ventilation aside fro air drawn in fro leaky building and air-con circulation fan. Delivers 5 Air Changes per Hour Point of use heaters - spec to be confired Fans Doestic hot water Solar theral Fans to have a axiu fan power of 2.2. W/l/s Use solar theral panels to produce hot water Would reduce fan consupti on Low solution Difficult to specify if within air con unit Capital outlay. Will require store of hot water and therefore change to current design Worth considering within overall aircon package Potential change to current design No Low/ ediu High Could be dealt with within air-con specification Yes 5.3% High Requires water store. Therefore a nuber of separate systes or one large syste (which could be ore efficient with diversity) is required Low Mediu 49

52 Reduced water consuption Control Low flow toilets,, taps, showers Only allow hot water to be used at certain ties of day - put hot water units on tiers Miniise loss of Miniise loss of May be ore difficult to user Need to be careful that disease control is still taken account of. Users ay coplain Worth ensuring all fittings enable low water consuption Control when water can be used centrally to iniise losses No Low High Measures outlined with draft specification Low No Low Mediu Link with use Low/ ediu Equipe nt (Sall Power) Equipent (Sall Power) A+ rated appliances Appliances are highest efficiency Low Potential increase in capital cost Should use ost efficient equipent No Low High On all appliances Low Theral isolation Ensure fridges and freezers are therally isolated fro ovens Reduces deand of kitchen equipen t Space unlikely to be available in residential units Fridges and freezers have to work use ore in hotter environents - therefore is ore efficient to isolate No Low Low Where feasible. If necessary consider new odal design Low/ ediu Last an out switch/key card control Instead of card key - last an out switch for non-essential power could be used Reduces wastage when unit is unoccupie d soe additional cost and additional wiring coplexity No Mediu High Modification to wiring of electricity in roo May require essential and nonessential rings Low 50

53 Air con key/occupancy isolators Air con is occupancy controlled - like in hotels where air con only works with keys Ensures power only consue d when roo is occupied Requires additional electrical design. May not be suitable for roo where soe power is required. Cofort conditions ay take tie to achieve when occupied. Could break in hot environent and not have suitable technical expertise to fix or aintain No Mediu Would not provide steady state environental conditions. Threshold depends on soe theral isolation of units and acceptance of tie to cool. Cooling should be designed to keep roo at inial tep and work harder with detected occupancy. Assued part of centralised control Energy Generati on Tiers on sall power/light and recreation equipent Energy Generation CHP - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers Tiers: Add tiers to link with occupancy A diesel CHP could generate electricity with the waste heat utilised within an absorption chillers. Will require all cap (or all residential units) to be served fro central chillers with distribution of chilled water. Reduce consupti on Provides heat and poweriproves efficiency on current design where heat is wasted fro generator s None Need continual outlet for heat otherwise ay not be econoic in design. Hot water load will also copete with solar theral technology if installed. Large plant ay be difficult to deliver to site. Absorption chillers are also large plant. Will require centre and distribution network of chilled water to be viable. Reduce consuption CHP provides heat and power fro one unit increasing the efficiency. In this situation where generator is being used it ay be econoic to ensure heat is captured - this could be used for cooling. Would require chilled water distribution fro a centralised generation plant. No Low High On all appliances Low No High High Requires centralised syste and absorption chillers to ake use of waste heat (if hot water deand is not sufficient). Need to undertake detailed odelling to deterine viability. Need to consider size and transport feasibility of CHP and absorption chillers. CHP could be specified with heat store to ake ore efficient. Assued for now that cooling load not high enough for absorption chillers and solar theral ore suitable for hot water. Threshold for absorption cooling to be deterined Low/ ediu 51

54 Photovoltaic cells. Within draft specification Evaporative Cooling - Diabatic cooling Solar air conditioning Photovoltaic s (PV) systes convert fro the sun into electricity through seiconductors cells, ost coonly ade of silicon. To be used in conjunction with battery back-up. Thin fil incorporated into roof. Could be integrated into roof at anufacture. Mechanical process of lowering outside air teperature fro process of evaporating stored water. Utilises theral (fro solar collectors) to drive an absorption chillers. Reduced deand Cheaper to install, easier to aintain, consues less, can provide huidifica tion, increase air change rate Could provide low cost cooling Capital cost is high. Large area ay be required to deliver noticeable savings Works in cliates where air is hot and huidity is low. Less suitable for locations with high huidity. Requires a constant supply of water. Effectiveness depends of aount of heat available. Could require large solar theral syste to deliver. Plant can be expensive PV cells produce electricity. Need to ensure can link with current electrical design Cooling output ay not be sufficient for building loads. Potential to cobine with echanical chillers and use in evaporative ode to gain best efficiencies New technology. Cost effectiveness will depend on requireents for heat and power and whether solar theral can provide sufficient heat for cooling. Back-up generator would be required No No No Low/ ediu Mediu /hig h Mediu /hig h High Low Mediu Mediu Access to water required (specific quantity to be deterined fro size of cooling requireent). Therefore not suggested as viable at present. Further investigation required on the array size and appropriateness of application. Mediu Mediu /hig h 52

55 Use ground source heat pup Wind turbines Fuel Cells - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers Using open (aquifer) or closed (boreholes/buildi ng piles) efficiency of cooling can be iproved Either roof ounted or stand alone to provide electricity Like CHP fuel cells produce heat and power. Can run on fossil fuels, hydrogen Energy savings Reduces deand Provides heat and power in higher ratio of electricity: heat than CHP therefore potentially ore suitable. If using hydrogen fro wind, high savings Cost/ Requires drilling any boreholes or availability of aquifer water Rood ounted turbines provide liited. Stand alone will require careful siting and foundation. Will also need to link in with electricity generation fro site Expensive- still considered not coercially viable Significant construction required for either option that probably would not be possible unless peranent cap. Would require centralised syste. Wind turbines can provide free electricity. Need to link with current electrical design. Interittent power - will require back up supplies. Can be used at off peak hours or generate hydrogen for fuel cell An iportant technology to deonstrate. However expensive No No No Mediu Low/ ediu /hig h - depen ding on size Mediu /hig h Low Mediu Mediu Only suitable if borehole or suitable water body is available Threshold depends on wind speed, suitable location for siting turbine, security risk (height of turbine), and skills for installation. Need to consider use of wind to ake hydrogen in off-peak for fuel cell Further research into suitable type and fuel source required. Requires centralised syste and absorption chillers to ake use of waste heat (if hot water deand is not sufficient). Need to undertake detailed odelling to deterine viability High Low/ ediu Low/ ediu 53

56 Metering Assued diesel is onitored for consuption but further sub-etering Biodiesel Generators, CHP and transport fuels Meters on ain plant and across ain areas of site Fuels using part or all bio fuel can reduce eissions Measuring consuption helps to onitor consuption, benchark against siilar sites and develop targets for reduction Reduced eissions Allows plans to be foralise d to reduce consupti on Security and cost of fuel supply and use of engine ay be coproised unless expert is available Can be expensive to install eters and needs user interface and soeone who knows how to use it Bio fuels can realise significant carbon savings. But issues over supply, sustainability of production, cost and carbon content need to be resolved Metering is essential to anageent No High Mediu Threshold depends on access to fuel and suitable technology and skilled aintenance staff No zero direct saving s but useful tool to drive saving s High Metering should be provided for ain plant. Threshold size of cap and load would apply. Low/ ediu low 54

57 Offices Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Lightin g - Extern al Lightin g - Interna l Lighting - External Assued cap perieter and external lighting will be sourced fro solar lap stands - these have been purchased and are ready to be installed. Therefore not included in this analysis. Lighting - Internal Assuptions ade based on built adin buildings. Average of 15 W/2 in office areas and 18 W/2 in toilets. LED (reduced wattage) LED lights are higher efficiency than fluorescent tubes. Lights ay di with high current. Electrical design needs to take account of this. Low May require dedicated fittings and odified electrical design Further details to follow on progress with LED technology and application with cap lighting Yes 13% High Further research on light quality and potential ipact of changes in current Low/ ediu 55

58 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Occupancy sensors Abient light sensors Sun pipes Use of natural lighting Lights controlled by occupancy. Can be through Passive Infra- Red (PIR) (oveent) sensors Photo receptors respond to levels of light. Would be suitable for ground floor Allows sunlight into deep plan office areas and roos without natural light Add roof lights office block Lights will turn off if area not occupied Lights reduce in brightnes s in response to external lighting Reduces lighting load if eploye d with suitable controls and awarene ss Increase d lighting. May increase expense for additional windows Expensive technology. Soe areas not feasible for health and safety concerns. Could be expensive Need to be controlled with light sensor otherwise occupants will use usual lights without benefits of sun pipe Could increase heat and therefore cooling requireents. May not be technically feasible with double skin roof and vent stacks With parts of the cap used at different ties, occupancy control can save. Only odelled for the offices. Potential application on ground perieter lights. Soe areas would not be suitable Corridor areas are not exposed to natural light. Could be an option in these areas. Offices are shallow plan and would not need additional natural light Link with occupancy and light sensors Yes 3% High Soe areas of office (possibly on corridors and toilets) should be fitted with occupancy sensors No Low High Would only be suitable to lights with perieter widows No Low Mediu Only suitable in corridor areas - aybe prohibitively expensive No Low Low Overall likely to increase the cooling deand ore than decrease the lighting load. Low Low/ ediu Mediu Mediu 56

59 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Reduci ng Coolin g Dean d Reducing Cooling Deand 28 air con units (splits), BTU cooling COP 2.8, localalised units placed above windows (not through the window design) Deflectors/Diffus ers Orientation Solar Tinted glass (Glazing Solar heat Gain Coefficient) (SHGC) Light deflectors can increase lighting levels whilst allow wattage to decrease Orientate building so that high occupancy areas are in North of building (south in South Heisphere). Use coated glass that allows sunlight but reflects heat fro the building. Max SHGC of 0.3 Increase d light levels with lower wattage No cost saving solution Low cost saving solution Can cause glare Needs to be integrated at beginning of design process May affect window design and has additional expense. Need to balance with light requireents Requires design to ensure works effectively Best orientation needs to be deterined. Energy balance on which areas would benefit fro sun shading. Also ipactions of east/west glare can be included in design Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption No Low High No size threshold Low Yes n/a High Buildings should be orientated to benefit fro prevailing wind and iniise solar gain Yes High No threshold liit - however ust ensure design is balanced with sufficient light. Low Low 57

60 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Roof - reflective coating Building Shading Tree Shading Air tightness Reflective coating on roof will reduce heat build up and cooling load - Coating with Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) above or = 78 Solar shading - Assued 0.8 (horizontal) x 0.6 (vertical) external shading device, internal blinds Trees shrubbery to assist with shading Miniise loss of treated air (and ingress of outside air) through good air tightness in the construction and airtight openings such as doors and windows Reduce cooling loads Reduced solar gain and reduced cooling loads. Reduces deand Saves fro reduced cooling loss and enables greater tep control Will increase costs slightly for coating Needs to balance with sufficient light into the building Space availability and water ay not be sufficient for al buildings. Will take tie to develop Requires good ventilation and cooling control. If too airtight will heat too quickly. Therefore balance is required Likely to be cost-effective easure to reduce consuption Shading device outlined in specification. Models deonstrate good reduction easure Should be considered for buildings where feasible. Will also iprove aenity of area. With high levels of air tightness good controls are required and necessary levels of ventilation to ensure cofort conditions. Yes 1.5% High No threshold Yes 3.5% High No threshold Low No Low High Depends of space and will take tie to develop Yes 19% High Requires specification of building to include air tightness requireents - difficulty in assessing copliance Mediu Low/ ediu 58

61 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Roof Insulation Roof - increase to 200 of insulation on under roof U: 0.18 W/2k Wall Insulation Floor Insulation Iproved Glazing Wall - add 150 rockwool insulation (or suitable other) U: 0.155W/2k Floor - Add 150 of insulation to floor U: 0.11W/2k Window - Double glazing. U Value of 1.8W/2k Reduces heat gain to the building Reduces heat gain to the building Reduces heat gain to the building Reduces heat gain to the building Additional expense for roof insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Additional expense for wall insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Additional expense for floor insulation and needs to be installed well. Ipact is reduced with building that is not air tight. Expensive and does not lead to particularly large carbon savings. Adding additional roof insulation appears to have a inial ipact on the reduction over the year. Iproving insulation to the building will reduce heat gain. Is ost effective with good air tightness and control over ventilation. Adding additional floor insulation appears to have a inial ipact on the reduction over the year. Modelled ipact is fairly low, possibly due to low air tightness of building Yes 1.6% High Will require additional insulation in the roof Yes 2.4% High Will require additional insulation in the wall Yes 0.3% Mediu Likely that double glazing should be installed anyway as will assist with noise control and harsh weather condition not able to be odelled Yes 1.3% High Likely that double glazing should be installed anyway as will assist with noise control and harsh weather condition not able to be odelled Low Low/ ediu Low/ ediu Low 59

62 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Insulation on internal partitions Centralised syste Miniises cooling loads between separate units Centralised syste allows for increased control and greater efficiency. Design and Build contract being pursued Enables tighter zonal control Allows wider choice of technolo gies, greater efficiency and controls. With correct technolo gy will allow for connectio n of technolo gies such as CHP and absorptio n cooling. Areas cannot share services as shut off fro each other If ventilation also provided will require ductwork for air. Depending on the cooling distribution will require Fan Coil Units and if chilled water, pups and chilled water distribution. Will require additional plant secure area. Requires higher levels and cost of aintenance Need balance for theral insulation between spaces at difference teperatures and benefit of sharing services and teperature zones Depending if ventilation is included will require significant design changes. Possible to find half way house with local or no air supply and centralised Variable Refrigerant Volue chillers (VRF) or chilled water supply. Carbon savings based on iproved efficiency and controls. - Further design consideration required. No Low Low No threshold Low/ ediu Yes 13% High The larger the building the ore relevant to centralise cooling. High 60

63 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Materials Cool recovery Use aterials with high theral ass. Assist with night ventilation (cooling) to reuse theral ass in next day Siilar to heat recovery, air that is cooler than external air is recirculated or exchanged with incoing air to reduce cooling requireents. Energy savings/ ore coforta ble living and working environ ent Saves as reduces cooling load Usually ore expensive aterials. Only viable if cobined with central ventilation plant. Needs sufficient controls to ensure only used at suitable ties of day Materials such as concrete with high theral ass can be used to increase the theral ass and provide a ethod to assist with reducing daytie teperatures and cooling requireent. Already using concrete. Need to ake sure design allows for exposed there Can save if application can be found No No Low/ ediu Mediu Mediu High Materials ainly decided- appear ostly heavyweight with higher theral ass Will need to have centralised syste with recirculation and/or cool recovery on air handling units n/a Mediu 61

64 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Night cooling Free cooling Phase Change aterials Alongside use of appropriate aterials, night ventilation (cooling) to reuse theral ass in next day (Enthalpy Cooling) To reduce consuption, sensors detect cooling capacity of external air. Draws in ore than basic fresh air requireent which reduced echanical cooling Phase change used in cobination with conventional air con or wind catcher to reduce cooling loads Lowers cooling deand of the building Energy savings Reduces consupti on as is stored during day and released at night with phase change Needs integrated control with cooling and ventilation strategies. Need to balance used against cooling saved Will require centralised ventilation syste to enable free cooling. Could be expensive and would not work if phase change aterial requires sufficient night tie cooling Higher savings if linked to building aterials with high theral ass Only possible with centralised ventilation. Requires controls to onitor inside and outside teperatures and facility to increase ventilation without cooling May only be viable with centralised plant Phase change aterials can be placed in walls or within ventilation/ac entry, Requires night teperature to drop below phase change aterial freezing teperature to work No No No Low/ ediu Mediu Low/ ediu High High Mediu In draft specification. Would be essential with phase change aterials Threshold requires control over air and cooling - ore likely to be central control. Experiental design - would need to have test case and easure ipact and theral cofort provided Low Low/ ediu Low/ ediu 62

65 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Air recirculation Air ducts/earth tubes Refrigerants Use recalculated and fresh air for 'free cooling' where possible before echanical cooling. Greater feasibility with centralised syste Deliver air through a series of tunnels or ducts underneath the building. Lowers air teperature before use of chillers Carbon eissions associated with leakage of refrigerants Greater control over the volue and teperat ure of the supply air Reduce cooling load Part of good practice aintena nce regie Only viable if cobined with central ventilation plant. Needs sufficient controls to ensure only used at suitable ties of day Requires specific building design to include earth tubes. Expensive. Depth needs to be sufficient to benefit fro cooler teperatures. Surface area needs to be sufficient to provide cooling If replacing refrigerant need to ensure it can perfor to required standard Only viable with centralised ventilation plant that would benefit fro reduced cooling load. Would require further design to deterine depth and size of earth tubes and to calculate carbon savings. Would require a centralised ventilation syste (air handling syste) Refrigerant leakage contains GHG eissions. Ensuring good aintenance and choice of refrigerant will lower any cliate ipact No Low/ ediu No High Mediu High Low/ ediu Threshold depends on including central air conditioning No Low High Draft specification outlined use of zero ozone depleting substances in all air con units High Low 63

66 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Ventila tion Wind Catchers Solar desiccant technology Ventilation Ventilation Natural ventilation added by ventilation syste on roof Uses solar theral to dry a desiccant and air to lower huidity of air (aking it feel cooler). Will require new ventilation design with desiccation aterial Low solution Will lower cooling require ents May not provide sufficient cooling requireents Would require centralised ventilation. Will add cost and coplexity to design Worth experienting with design for future phases More detailed assessent of design ipactions and potential savings required No No Mediu Low/ ediu Mediu Mediu Will need to be carefully designed and tested to ensure sufficient cooling load Further research required to deterine cooling benefits and appropriateness to cliate Mediu Mediu /hig h 64

67 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Does tic hot water Assued no additional ventilation aside fro air drawn in fro leaky building and aircon circulation fan. Delivers 5 Air Changes per Hour Doestic hot water Low fans VSD on large fans if centralised ventilation plant Doestic hot water All fans should be specified to be below 2.2 W/l/s for central plant Large fans and pups should all be fitted with variable drives to reduce consuption Reduces consup tion Reduced deand None at this size of building May not be suitable for sall fans and pups. Most suitable for centralised syste or larger air handling units/distributio n systes. If central ventilation is provided, fans should be low Variable speed drives atch power deand with load No No Mediu Low/ ediu High Low High should be used on all large centralised pups and fans Low Assued point of use heaters - spec to be confired Solar theral Use solar theral panels to produce hot water Low solution. Toilets all in one area. May not require additional hot water supply. Capital outlay. Will require store of hot water and therefore change to current design. Losses fro store ay outweigh gains fro solar theral/. Requires water store. Potential to increase deand and cost due to water store and distribution syste. Requires further investigation. No Low High Would require large store and distribution syste Level of water deand. Mediu 65

68 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Server roos Insulated theral and chilled iersions Reduced water consuption Server roos Server roos Server roo design Tep control and layout Ensure all hot water /chilled water stores and pipework have sufficient insulation Low flow taps, catering with pull taps, dishwashers Use freecooling where possible and do not overcool. Server roos are often cooled too uch and arranged to block cooling pathways. Clear design and guidance on teperature settings will reduce consuption Miniise loss of Miniise loss of Miniise loss of Size of pipework increase May be ore difficult to user Need to ensure that server functions are not affected Probably already included - but worth checking if any pipework insulation specification can be iproved Worth ensuring all fittings enable low water consuption No Low High For all cooling and heating distribution systes No Low High Measures outlined with draft specification No Low High Design of all server roos should consider teperature requireent and guidance on placeent of servers Low Low Low/ ediu 66

69 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Sall power Sall power Sall power Assued standard PC/laptop with docking port. Assued no switching off Tiers Micro PV and battery A+ rated appliances Tiers on printers/photoco piers and recreation equipent Sall PV charges for obiles and non-essential IT equipent Appliances are highest efficiency Add tiers to link with occupancy Use sall renewables to save on deand Low Reduce consup tion Reduce consup tion Potential increase in capital cost None Capital cost Should use ost efficient equipent Reduce consuption Reduce consuption No Low High On all appliances Low No Low High On all appliances Low No Low High Where feasible and does not affect use Low 67

70 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Control s Controls Controls Assued all anual control of air con units, lights and equipent Centralise control. Building Manageent Systes. Local Control Centralised control of cooling, lighting, ventilation. Centralise control (siple anageent syste). Ensure local controls have sufficient occupancy and teperature controls Ensure local controls have sufficient occupancy and teperature controls Allows tiing to be set (relate to occupancy ), centrally set roo condition (and can liit occupancy changes) can easure consupti on, allow so for zoning. Can provide etering function. Reduced consup tion. Sipler to control than central BMS Expensive, will require dedicated staff to run, expertise required if alfunctions Local controls can easily be overridden with savings reduced May only be suitable with ore centralised control If no central plant, local controls should be under regular review to ensure suitable set-up. Yes 6% High Will require BMS designs to be integrated with building design and construction No Low/ Mediu High Ensure controls are specified with building equipent and training provided to staff Mediu Low 68

71 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Pups and fans Meteri ng Assued diesel is onitored for consuption but further subetering Any large fans or pups should have a Variable Speed Drives Meters on ain plant and across ain areas of site Large fans and pups should all be fitted with variable drives to reduce consuption Measuring consuption helps to onitor consuption, benchark against siilar sites and develop targets for reduction Reduced deand Allows plans to be foralise d to reduce consup tion May not be suitable for sall fans and pups Can be expensive to install eters and needs user interface and soeone who knows how to use it Variable speed drives atch power deand with load. Metering is essential to anageent No Low/ ediu High Threshold of large fans Yes 3% High Metering should be provided for ain plant. Threshold size of cap and load would apply. Low low 69

72 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Energy Genera tion Energy Generation Energy Generation CHP - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers A diesel CHP could generate electricity with the waste heat utilised within an absorption chillers. Will require all cap (or all residential units) to be served fro central chillers with distribution of chilled water. Provides heat and poweriproves efficiency on current design where heat is wasted fro generator s Need continual outlet for heat otherwise ay not be econoic in design. Hot water load will also copete with solar theral technology if installed. Large plant ay be difficult to deliver to site. Absorption chillers are also large plant. Will require centre and distribution network of chilled water to be viable. CHP provides heat and power fro one unit increasing the efficiency. In this situation where generator is being used it ay be econoic to ensure heat is captured - this could be used for cooling. Would require chilled water distribution fro a centralised generation plant. No High High Requires centralised syste and absorption chillers to ake use of waste heat (if hot water deand is not sufficient). Need to undertake detailed odelling to deterine viability. Need to consider size and transport feasibility of CHP and absorption chillers. CHP could be specified with heat store to ake ore efficient. Assued for now that cooling load not high enough for absorption chillers and solar theral ore suitable for hot water. Threshold for absorption cooling to be deterined Low/ ediu 70

73 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Photovoltaic cells. Modelled with 502 on roof Evaporative Cooling - Diabetic cooling Photovoltaic s (PV) systes convert fro the sun into electricity through seiconductors cells, ost coonly ade of silicon. To be used in conjunction with battery back-up. Thin fil incorporated into roof. Could be integrated into roof at anufacture. Mechanical process of lowering outside air teperature fro process of evaporating stored water. Reduced deand Cheaper to install, easier to aintain, consue s less, can provide huidific ation, increase air change rate Capital cost is high. Large area ay be required to deliver noticeable savings Works in cliates where air is hot and huidity is low. Less suitable for locations with high huidity. Requires a constant supply of water. PV cells produce electricity. Need to ensure can link with current electrical design Cooling output ay not be sufficient for building loads. Potential to cobine with echanical chillers and use in evaporative ode to gain best efficiencies Yes 5.0% High Low No Mediu /hig h ediu Access to water required (specific quantity to be deterined fro size of cooling requireent). Therefore not suggested as viable at present. Mediu 71

74 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Solar air conditioning Use ground source heat pup Wind turbines Utilises theral (fro solar collectors) to drive an absorption chillers. Using open (aquifer) or closed (boreholes/buil ding piles) efficiency of cooling can be iproved Either roof ounted or stand alone to provide electricity Could provide low cost cooling Energy savings Reduces deand Effectiveness depends of aount of heat available. Could require large solar theral syste to deliver. Plant can be expensive Cost/ Requires drilling any boreholes or availability of aquifer water Rood ounted turbines provide liited. Stand alone will require careful siting and foundation. Will also need to link in with electricity generation fro site New technology. Cost effectiveness will depend on requireents for heat and power and whether solar theral can provide sufficient heat for cooling. Back-up generator would be required Significant construction required for either option that probably would not be possible unless peranent cap. Would require centralised syste. Wind turbines can provide free electricity. Need to link with current electrical design. Interittent power - will require back up supplies. Can be used at off peak hours or generate hydrogen for fuel cell No No No Mediu /hig h Mediu Low/ ediu /hig h - depe nding on size Mediu Mediu Mediu Further investigation required on the array size and appropriateness of application. Only suitable if borehole or suitable water body is available Threshold depends on wind speed, suitable location for siting turbine, security risk (height of turbine), and skills for installation. Need to consider use of wind to ake hydrogen in offpeak for fuel cell Mediu /hig h High Low/ ediu 72

75 Current design Potential redesign Brief specification and design iplications pro's con's coentary Mode lled Ener gy/ca rbon savin g rankin g Modifications/thre shold required to ake viable Diffic ulty of instal lation Fuel Cells - with heating for hot water or cooling through absorption chillers Biodiesel Generators, CHP and transport fuels Like CHP fuel cells produce heat and power. Can run on fossil fuels, hydrogen Fuels using part or all biofuel can reduce eissions Provides heat and power in higher ratio of electricity : heat than CHP therefore potentiall y ore suitable. If using hydrogen fro wind, high savings Reduced eission s Expensive- still considered not coercially viable Security and cost of fuel supply and use of engine ay be coproised unless expert is available An iportant technology to deonstrate. However expensive Bio fuels can realise significant carbon savings. But issues over supply, sustainability of production, cost and carbon content need to be resolved No Mediu /hig h Mediu No High Mediu Further research into suitable type and fuel source required. Requires centralised syste and absorption chillers to ake use of waste heat (if hot water deand is not sufficient). Need to undertake detailed odelling to deterine viability Threshold depends on access to fuel and suitable technology and skilled aintenance staff Low/ ediu Low/ ediu 73

76 Appendix 3 Ranked water reduction easures Use Showers Current design nonregulated conventiona l showers running fro hot water tank at 30 litres per shower (average at 6 inutes per shower) Water consuption (litres - per person/day) 30 Potential re-design options use of aerated shower heads install ixer valves to better control teperature regulation Brief specification and design iplications Coents Strengths Weaknesses Water savings use of ixer valves reduces water deand by reducing water lag tie (i.e. residence tie of water in pipes) requires iniu of 1 bar to operate effectively 30% Difficulty of installation retrofitting for existing shower installation - alterations to the procureent specification will ensure roll out across DPKO. Puping ay be required to reach 1 bar retrofitting could be achieved although would require ore operational resource Ranking 74

77 Toilets Use Current design single cistern siphon flush Water consuption (litres - per person/day) 10 Potential re-design options dual flush toilets reduce cistern capacity variable flush copost toilets Brief specification and design iplications install water saving devices in toilet cistern (offsets volue) use of a knob rotated around the flush echanis copost toilets are waterless relying on natural bacteria to break down the organic waste - waste can be used as copost Coents Strengths Weaknesses Water savings this would involve installation of new cisterns or retrofit of existing single siphon flush this achieves high water savings but requires daily attention Users require education to use the correct function. Prone to leakage and breaking 40% low cost 20% effective at variable volues of water saving Saves 100% water. Organic waste can be used as copost once broken down. user requires education - not suitable for those lacking incentive Needs daily attention to ensure bacteria reain active. 40% 100% Difficulty of installation siple devices require iniu installation requireents copost toilets will require the developent of a new specification - it is felt that they are generally ipractical to the requireents of a peacekeepin g ission but could be used as a trial Ranking 75

78 Use Urinals Current design urinal continuous flushing syste i.e. no controls Water consuption (litres - per person/day) 180 (litres per urinal per day) Potential re-design options install flush controllers single flush urinals waterless urinals Brief specification and design iplications controllers often are dependent on the presence of people therefore requiring otion or light sensors each user activates a flush echanis no water is used - odours are eliinated with 'odour blocks' Coents Strengths Weaknesses Water savings if the flush echanis is not activated ore water will be saved the sae electrical circuit can be used as for the lighting controls This can save significant water volues. total water savings, avoids flooding and potential is-use A coplex syste copared to the two below with ore risks of leaks and/or failures. Does not deal with blockages as effectively as water - requires use of traps. Requires regular sluicing (weekly). Possible hygiene perception probles 50% 70% 100% Difficulty of installation installation of infra-red or otion sensors - either specified at procureent stage or extensive retro-fitting these are already coonplace and any supplier of toilet ware would be able to supply these procureent specifications will require revision Ranking 76

79 Use Hand washing Kitchen washing Dishwashing Current design use of conventiona l (nonefficient taps) use of conventiona l (nonefficient taps) use of conventiona l dishwasher Water consuption (litres - per person/day) (per achine per operation) Potential re-design options install flow regulators install flow regulators use of A rated achines Brief specification and design iplications spray taps or inserts (tapagic) sensor taps or tied push on - off spray taps or inserts (tapagic) or cartridges installed into single lever taps sensor taps or tied push on - off these can be easily obtained and should not prove difficult Coents Strengths Weaknesses Water savings flow regulators work by reducing the volue of flow used in handwashing, teeth brushing etc. available at a variety of settings including 8, 6 and 5 litres reoves the flow autoatically reduces water flow with the illusion of higher flow rates prevent flooding and iproves hygiene reduces water flow with the illusion of higher flow rates prevent flooding and iproves hygiene prone to blocking as a response of calciu build up increases the tie taken to fill a sink as copared to conventional taps slightly higher capital expenditure 80% 80% 80% 80% 20% Difficulty of installation use of spray taps would require retrofitting or changes to the procureent specification - siple retrofitting can achieve iediate results Ranking 77

80 Use Food preparation Air conditioning units Laundry Current design use of conventiona l (nonefficient taps) air conditioning is proposed to be 57 x 18000BTU (115volts/60 hz, window type units and 19 x 12000BTU and 114 x 24000, assued COP of 3.2 use of conventiona l washing achine Water consuption (litres - per person/day) per day - all AC units 35 (per achine per operation) Potential re-design options install flow regulators use of centralised syste use of A rated achines Brief specification and design iplications spray taps or inserts (tapagic) sensor taps or tied push on - off Coents Strengths Weaknesses Water savings reduces water flow with the illusion of higher flow rates prevent flooding and iproves hygiene further research is required on the relative savings of water against for closed or open loop centralised systes these can be easily obtained and should not prove difficult slightly higher capital expenditure 80% 80% 20 Difficulty of installation Ranking 78

81 Appendix 4 Ranked liquid waste reduction easures Type of waste Source Current design urinals sewerage syste Black water toilets sewerage syste showers soakaway/evaporation Handwashing soakaway/evaporation kitchen washing soakaway/evaporation food preparation soakaway/evaporation Grey water dishwashing soakaway/evaporation laundry soakaway/evaporation Potential redesign options anaerobic digestion syste (AD) - biosolids to agriculture recycling syste and reainder to soakaway or evaporation Brief specification and design iplications Strengths Weaknesses Ranking AD syste uses bacterial activity to reduce organic wastes to ethane and carbon dioxide - ethane can be used to generate the provision for grey water recycling will require the installation of tanks, pipework and pups AD systes can utilise solid as well as liquid waste and reduce greenhouse gas eissions with a potential for positive ipact, reduces disposal of organic waste to landfill - positive ipact on vector (verin) and nuisance probles obvious benefits in water reduction, increased perceptions of sustainability - use of photovoltaic s can ake the syste closed loop for intensity it is assued that Mobasa is a lower security risk than Mogadishu and therefore AD is ore applicable Potential 'cultural' conflict for water reuses. Initial capital outlay for tanks and pipework and pups. Ongoing operational requireent 79

82 Appendix 5 Building Manageent Syste and Metering UN House Juba - Building Manageent Syste and Metering Introduction The recently released report Assessent of Energy and Water Reduction Options for the proposed UN House Juba, South Sudan detailed that significant savings on building consuption could be saved through the use of a centralised anageent syste. This paper serves to introduce the concept of centralised or building anageent systes to enable UNMIS to undertake further evaluations with suppliers should such a syste be installed and used. Subsequently it is recoended that the following paper be read in conjunction with the above referenced report. It has been assessed that iproving the control of building services in all buildings on the UN House site in Juba, will significantly reduce consuption and therefore also reduce carbon eissions. At present liited controls have been specified for the ain services such as cooling and lighting, sall power and hot water consuption- which could lead to waste as equipent such as air conditioning (AC) units are left on during unoccupied ties. Centralised controls can also be used to onitor and optiise building services, raise alars when plant is not working properly, act as a fire alar syste and be linked to site security. Monitoring and reporting on consuption linked with awareness and reduction prograes can further enhance any savings. The capability to onitor consuption fro the site level down to different end users within a single residential unit can provide a powerful tool to identify wastage and reduce consuption. A nuber of products are available to provide iproved control, onitoring and etering of services within a building and across the site. These range fro a coprehensive building/site BMS syste to installation of building /site etering. Furtherore a nuber of strategies are available to ensure inforation is provided to building technicians and users to ebed reduction opportunities in their office Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and individual behavioural practices. This paper considers the benefits and disadvantages of these systes and identifies soe of the key issues to be delivered to any Contractor within a perforance specification. Building Manageent Syste The purpose of a Building Manageent Syste (BMS) is to autoate and take control of building services in the ost efficient way possible within the constraints of the installed plant. It can control, onitor and optiise building services, such as lighting; cooling; ventilation, huidity 80

83 (if any) security, CCTV and alar systes; access control. In soe circustance a BMS can be used for tie and attendance control and reporting (notably staff oveent and availability). BMS systes can also be linked to water eters to easure consuption and pressure sensors to raise the alar of potential water leaks in the pipe work. As a core function ost BMS systes control cooling and anage the systes that distribute air throughout the building (for exaple by operating fans or opening/closing dapers), and then locally controls the ixture of heating and cooling to achieve the desired roo teperature. The BMS is a stand-alone coputer syste that can calculate the pre-set requireents of the building and control the connected plant to eet those needs. Its inputs, such as teperature sensors, and outputs, such as on/off signals are connected into outstations around the building (s). Prograes within these outstations use this inforation to decide the necessary level of applied control. The outstations are linked together and inforation can be passed fro one to another. In addition a ode is also connected to the syste to allow reote access. The level of control via the BMS is dependent upon the inforation received fro its sensors and the way in which its prograes tell it to respond to that inforation. As well as offering a precise degree of control to its environent, it can be ade to warn if these are outside of specification and on individual ites of plant failure. Occupancy ties for different areas/buildings are prograed into the Building Manageent Syste such that the plant is brought on and off to eet the occupier requireents. These ties are often under optiu start control. This eans that the cooling plant is enabled, at a varying predeterined tie, to ensure that the cooled space is at the set desired teperature for the start of the day. A BMS is ade up of three key eleents. The first is the onitoring devices or sensors used to easure properties such as roo teperature. The second is the controlled devices or actuators, such as valves, which can be opened to increase the volue of hot water running through a heating syste and, in turn, waring a roo. These two eleents are connected or networked to the third eleent, the controller the BMS which is, in effect, a coputer syste with specialist software. The BMS receives data fro the sensor and, if the values are not within the acceptable thresholds, the BMS tells the controlled devices to adjust to achieve the desired conditions. BMS software can be relatively siple or very sophisticated, allowing reote operation. Figure 1 below provides an illustration fro Schneider Electric 2 of a BMS syste which is labelled to show the BMS control coputer, sensors and connections to the different systes. The figure shows that the syste can be connected across the internet networks within an office building and other counication systes

84 Figure 1: Illustrative BMS syste BMS Systes Benefits Provide coplete control, optiisation and onitoring of the building services within a building Monitor and adjust plant to provide required internal cofort conditions in ost efficient anner Provide warnings and alars for services outside of noral working paraeters Utility data onitoring and targeting Central and reote control for building services Reduced consuption Iproved plant reliability and life Effective response to heating/ventilation and air conditioning HVAC-related coplaints Save staff tie and oney during the aintenance by being able to focus on those areas of sub-optial perforance highlighted by the BMS Coputerized aintenance scheduling Early detection of probles and diagnostics BMS syste Potential Disadvantages Requires on-site knowledge and handling capacity Risk of access to BMS support absence of local service copanies Capital cost against potential savings Liited access to BMS engineers and software upgrades 82