Biomass Energy Associate Professor Mazen Abualtayef

Transcription

1 Biomass Energy Associate Professor Mazen Abualtayef Environmental Engineering Department Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine 1

2 Adapted from a presentation by Professor S.R. Lawrence Leeds School of Business, Environmental Studies University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 2

3 Biomass Agenda Bioenergy Overview Biomass Resources Creating Energy from Biomass Biomass Economics Biomass Environmental Issues Promise of Bioenergy Ethanol Production 3

4 BioEnergy Overview 4

5 Overview Biomass is biological material from living organisms. Biomass can either be used directly or converted into other energy products such as biofuel. Biomass is plant matter used to generate electricity with steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat, usually by direct combustion. Examples include forest residues (dead trees & branches), yard clippings, wood chips and municipal solid waste. Biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from switchgrass, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, or from eucalyptus,الكافور palm oil. 5

6 Global Energy Sources 2002 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004) 6

7 Renewable Energy Use 2001 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004) 7

8 Bioenergy Cycle 8

9 Bioenergy Cycle 9 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

10 Carbon Cycle 10 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

11 Commercial Carbon Cycle 11

12 Biomass Basic Data 12 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

13 Solar Energy Conversion 1 hectare = ~2.5 acres 13 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

14 Boiling 1L of Water 14 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

15 Bioenergy Technologies 15 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

16 Biomass Resources 16

17 Types of Biomass 17

18 Biomass Resources Energy Crops Woody crops Agricultural crops Waste Products Wood residues Temperate المعتدلة crop wastes Tropical االستوائية crop wastes Animal wastes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Commercial and industrial wastes 18

19 ذرة Corn 19

20 فول الصويا Soybeans 20

21 الذرة الرفيعة Sorghum 21

22 Sugar Cane Bagasse تفل قصب السكر 22

23 التبن Switchgrass 23

24 الجفت Olive Residue 24

25 حطب الذرة Corn Stover 25

26 Wood Chips & Sawdust

27 Tracy Biomass Plant Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California. 27

28 Municipal Solid Waste 28

29 Creating Energy from Biomass 29

30 Bioenergy Conversion 30 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

31 Biomass Direct Combustion 31 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

32 Heat Energy Content 1 GJ (gigajoule) = kwh (kilowatt hour) 32 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

33 MSW Power Plant Video 33 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

34 Composition of MSW Paper 8% Glass 2% Metals 3% Other 34% Plastics 18% Organics 35% 34 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

35 Integrated Waste Plant 35 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

36 EU MSW Incineration 36 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

37 Landfill Gasses 37 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

38 مصفاة حيوية Biorefinery biochemical conversion processes thermochemical conversion processes 38

39 Sugar Platform 1. Convert biomass to sugar or other مواد أولية مخمرة fermentation feedstock 2. Ferment biomass intermediates using تخمر الكتلة الحيوية بواسطة التحفيز البيولوجي biocatalysts Microorganisms including yeast and bacteria 3. Process fermentation product Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity 39

40 Thermochemical Platform Direct Combustion التحويل للغازGasification االنحالل الحراري Pyrolysis 40

41 Gasification Biomass heated with no oxygen Gasifies to mixture of CO and H 2 غاز اصطناعي Called Syngas for synthetic gas Mixes easily with oxygen Burned in turbines to generate electricity Like natural gas (methane, CH4) Can easily be converted to other fuels, chemicals, and valuable materials 41

42 Biomass Gasifier 200 tons of wood chips daily ;رقيق Forest thinnings wood pallets Converted to gas at ~1000 ºC Combined cycle gas turbine 8MW power output McNeil Generating Station biomass gasifier 8MW 42

43 االنحالل الحراري Pyrolysis Heat bio-material under pressure 500~1300 ºC 50~150 atmospheres Carefully controlled air supply Up to 75% of biomass converted to liquid Tested for use in engines, turbines, boilers 43

44 Pyrolysis Schmatic 44

45 Anaerobic Digestion Decompose تعفن biomass with microorganisms Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters Produces methane (natural gas) and CO 2 Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as a base chemical for biobased products Used in animal feedlots حظائر and elsewhere 45

46 Carbon Rich Platform Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm oils In wide use today for food and chemical applications Transesterification توزيع الجزيئيات التبادلي of vegetable oil or animal fat produces fatty acid methyl ester Commonly known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is an important commercial air-emission reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel مصافي البيولوجية could be platform chemical for biorefineries 46

47 BioFuels Ethanol Created by fermentation of starches النشويات /sugars US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005) Active research on cellulosic fermentation Biodiesel Organic oils combined with alcohols Creates ethyl or methyl esters SynGas Biofuels Syngas (H 2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel 47

48 Biodiesel Bus 48

49 Plant Products Platform Selective breeding and genetic engineering can develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of desirable feedstocks or chemicals or Even compounds that the plant does not naturally produce Get the biorefining done in the biological plant rather than the industrial plant. 49

50 Microbial electrolysis cell Biochemical conversion خلية التحليل الكهربائي الميكروبي 50

51 Biomass Economics 51

52 Economic Issues Sustainable Development Move toward sustainable energy production Energy Security Reduce dependence on imported oil Rural Economic Growth Provide new crops/markets for rural business Land Use Better balance of land use 52

53 Environmental Impacts 53

54 Environmental Issues Air Quality Reduce NO x (NO & NO 2 ) and SO 2 emissions Global Climate Change Low/no net increase in CO 2 Soil Conservation Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration,تنحية and stabilization of riverbanks. Water Conservation Better retention of water in watersheds Biodiversity and Habitat Positive and negative changes 54

55 Heat and CO 2 Content Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004) 1 gigajoule = kilowatt hour 1 gigajoule = 947, Btu 1,000,000 British thermal unit (Btu) = kilowatt hour 55

56 Net Life Cycle Emissions 56 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

57 Promise of Bioenergy 57

58 Biomass Infrastructure Biomass Production Improvements Genetics, breeding, remote sensing, GIS, analytic and evaluation techniques Biomass Material Handling Storage, handling, conveying, size reduction, cleaning, drying, feeding systems, systems Biomass Logistics and Infrastructure Harvesting, collecting, storing, transporting, other biomass supply chain elements 58

59 Benefits of Bioenergy Multiple benefits would accrue: Rural American farmers producing these fuel crops would see $5 billion of increased profits per year. Consumers would see future pump savings of $20 billion per year on fuel costs. Society would see CO2 emissions reduced by 6.2 billion tons per year, equal to 80% of U.S. transportation-related CO2 emissions in

60 Bioenergy Forecasts 60 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

61 One Scenario Semi-Efficient, Ambitious Renewable Energy Scenario 61 Michael Totten, Conservation International, January 27, 2006

62 Ethanol Production 62

63 Ethanol Yields 63 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

64 Ethanol Production Plant 64

65 Ethanol Production Corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis. Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration 65

66 Ethanol Production Energy content about 2/3 of gasoline So E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) will cause your gas mileage to decrease 3-4% Takes energy to create ethanol from starchy sugars 66

67 Corn Use for Ethanol 67

68 Cellulosic Ethanol Ethanol produced from agricultural residues, woody biomass, fibers, municipal solid waste, switchgrass Process converts lignocellulosic feedstock (LCF) into component sugars, which are then fermented to ethanol 68 Source: American Coalition for Ethanol (

69 Bioenergy Calculation Composition Percent % kj/kg Total Paper ,750 1,295 Plastic ,500 5,944 Food waste ,650 1,235 Wood and yard ,600 1,585 *Others ,000 2,238 Ferrous Aluminium Glass Sand/fine materials Other inorganics Total ,297 kj/kg kj --> kwh Throughput: 100 tons/day Thermal Power : 14.2 MW/hour Electricity Efficiency : 7.5 % 5-10% for a "normal" design Nomimal power gen : 1.1 MWe/hour [450 MWh/day] 69

70 Landfill Gas Costs 70 Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

71 71