Effectiveness Monitoring Progress Report. South Santiam, North Santiam and Calapooia Watershed Councils

Transcription

1 Effectiveness Monitoring Progress Report South Santiam, North Santiam and Calapooia Watershed Councils 211 Eric Andersen, Regional Monitoring Coordinator 4431 Highway 2, Sweet Home OR

2 Summary The North Santiam, South Santiam and the Calapooia River watersheds (NSCW) have experienced extensive anthropomorphic changes to their land base in recent decades (E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 2, E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 22, Primozich and Bastasch 24). As a result of this change, the quantity and quality of instream and adjacent riparian habitat for ESA listed salmonids has been degraded (NOAA 25). In light of this situation, NSCW Councils have voluntarily formed a unique regional team, which has been accepted into the Meyer Memorial Trust s (MMT) Willamette Model Watershed Program. An integral element of the MMT Willamette Model Watershed Program is a 1 year effectiveness monitoring program designed to measure the effectiveness of NSCW Council s restoration efforts and thus inform future management decisions. Restoration efforts are focused in seven priority subbasins. In 211, year 2 of the effectiveness monitoring program, 21 stream segments were surveyed to characterize instream physical habitat and adjacent riparian conditions. 2

3 Introduction The North Santiam, South Santiam and the Calapooia River watersheds (NSCW) have experienced extensive anthropomorphic changes to their land base in recent decades (E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 2, E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 22, Primozich and Bastasch 24). As a result of this change, the quantity and quality of instream and adjacent riparian habitat for ESA listed winter run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring run Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has been degraded (NOAA 25). In light of this situation, NSCW Councils have voluntarily formed a unique regional partnership. The NSCW Councils regional partnership is cost effective, as personnel and equipment are shared amongst the three separate watershed councils. Significant savings are transferred to granting entities as a result of the partnership. The NSCW regional partnership has been accepted into the Meyer Memorial Trust (MMT) Willamette Model Watershed Program. The Councils are also partnering with the Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF), the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), the USDA Farm Service Agency, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB), the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (OR DEQ), the Oregon Governors Fund for the Environment, and private landowners to address limiting factors to salmonids within the study area. This fosters communication between the partners, encourages data sharing and collaboration on projects. Many NSCW streams have a limited ability to support adult and juvenile salmonids due to the interruption of processes that create and sustain salmonid habitat (Primozich and Bastasch 24). Numerous waterways within the NSCW exceed stream temperature requirements and are listed by the OR DEQ as being 33d impaired. Tributary and mainstem rivers are often simplified, lack in-stream wood and have little or no off channel habitat for rearing juveniles. Riparian forests have been reduced or removed, thus increasing the amount of solar radiation reaching the water s surface and eliminating a source of future wood recruitment into streams. A restoration program designed to reestablish interrupted ecosystem processes within the NSCW has been initiated by local watershed councils. NSCW and BEF staff have identified seven priority subbasins to target restoration activity: Stout Creek, Valentine Creek, Bear Branch, Hamilton Creek, McDowell Creek, Courtney Creek and the Middle Reach section of the mainstem Calapooia River (see Figures 1 through 9). It is assumed that the scale of the study basins is conducive to detecting a change in ecological conditions due to the NSCW Council s restoration activities. An integral aspect of environmental restoration is the implementation of a monitoring strategy (Roni 22). A problem with many effectiveness monitoring projects in the Pacific Northwest is that the temporal scale is not adequate to answer key research (e.g. monitoring) questions (Roni et al 28). To account for an adequate time scale, an innovative 1 year monitoring program has been undertaken in the NSCW. The goal is to measure and establish environmental conditions prior to restoration treatments in priority subbasins and to follow up restoration actions with 1 years of effectiveness monitoring. The purpose is to determine if the restoration actions that have been implemented are achieving stated objectives. The 1 year timeframe of the project is at a 3

4 scale conducive to measuring change in the stated environmental parameters. By posing restoration actions in the form of a hypothesis we will be able to test our ability to accelerate environmental change in our study areas. The effectiveness monitoring that is occurring in the NSCW is part of a larger comprehensive effort occurring in four additional Willamette Model Watersheds; Long Tom Watershed, Luckiamute Watershed, Mary s River Watershed and Middle Fork Willamette Watershed. We sampled a total of 21 stream segments for in-channel habitat conditions (see Tables 1 and 2). We collected data on stream temperature, thalweg profile, substrate, wetted width, canopy coverage, riparian condition, invasive species presence and macroinvertebrates in order to characterize the conditions of the stream reach. The North Santiam had 4 stream segments sampled: 2 in Stout Creek, 1 in Valentine Creek and 1 in Bear Branch Creek. The South Santiam had 13 stream segments sampled: 7 in Hamilton Creek, 2 in Jack Creek and 4 in McDowell Creek. The Calapooia basin had 4 segments sampled, 2 in Courtney creek, 1 in an unnamed Courtney Creek tributary and 1 on the Middle Reach of the Calapooia River mainstem. We sampled 21 locations for water temperature data, both in and adjacent to treatment reaches. The North Santiam had 6 data loggers: 2 on Bear branch, 2 on Stout creek and 2 on Valentine creek. The South Santiam had 13 data loggers placed, 7 on Hamilton Creek and 6 on McDowell Creek. The Calapooia had 2 data loggers on Courtney Creek. There were 3 sites that had macroinvertebrate sampling, all located on Hamilton Creek. The majority of the data collected in 211 was the second year of pretreatment data at future restoration sites. Pretreatment data is a necessary, but often overlooked component to many restoration implementation projects (Roni 25). The Willamette Model Watershed Program provides essential funding for the collection of pretreatment, as well as post treatment data. 4

5 Table 1. Key to segment naming conventions. Stream segment CA-CC-S-211 would be interpreted as: Calapooia Watershed Courtney Creek Control Segment Year 211. Watershed CA Calapooia NS North Santiam SS South Santiam Waterbody CC Courtney Creek CT Courtney Creek tributary MC Middle Calapooia VC Valentine Creek ST Stout Creek BB Bear Branch MD McDowell Creek HT Hamilton Creek JK Jack Creek Segment S Control S1, S2 Treatment Reach #1, #2, etc Year 211 Year 211 5

6 Table 2. Stream segment and parameters collected in 211. Segment Code Length (m) Treatment Control Thalweg Depth Wetted Width BEHI Ratio Substrate Canopy Coverage Riparian Condition Temperature CA-CC-S 4 x x x x x x x CA-CC-S1 15 CA-CT-S1 6 x x x CA-MC-S1 8 x x NS-BB-S1 8 x x x x x x NS-ST-S1 12 x x x x x x x NS-ST-S2 45 x x x x x x NS-VT-S1 8 x x x x x x x SS-HT-S 8 x x x x x x x x SS-HT-S1 6 x x x x x x x x SS-HT-S2 1 x x x x x x SS-HT-S3 6 x x x x x x x SS-HT-S4 4 x x x x x x x SS-HT-S5 8 x x x x x x x SS-HT-S6 35 x x x x x x x x SS-JK-S 5 x x x x x x SS-JK-S1 6 x x x x x x SS-MD-S 6 x x x x x x x SS-MD-S1 6 x x x x x x x SS-MD-S2 1 x x x x x x x SS-MD-S3 6 x x x x x x x Macroinvertebrates 6

7 Methods Data collection methods were based on existing and widely accepted protocols. Key factors driving the decision to select parameters for monitoring included responsiveness, consistency, reliability and relevance (Cole 21). The restoration activity will determine which parameter is measured; while the frequency of parameter collection will be determined by the parameter s inherent variability (see Table 3). For example, a riparian planting will be assessed by stream temperature and canopy coverage. Stream temperature which has high annual variation is collected yearly, while the riparian condition is collected at years 5 and 1. Stream reaches were selected based on land owner permission and whether restoration activities will occur. The scale of the monitoring is at the stream segment level. The stream segment is determined by measuring the bankfull width of the stream and multiplying by 4 (Peck 26). No stream segment will be measured that is smaller than 35 meters. There is no upper limit for the length of a stream segment, however the majority of stream segments will not be >1,5 meters. As the stream segment increases the ability to capture representative elements of the reach becomes diluted. In some cases, the survey is length is adjusted to fit the landowner s property. Table 3. Sampling frequency for core parameters. Action Parameter Pre-project (years) Post-project (years) In-stream Wood/Boulders Thalweg Profile 1 1, 5, 1 & as needed Riparian Planting, Fencing Water Temperature Up to 4 Annual Riparian Planting, Fencing Canopy Coverage 1 5 and 1 Either activity Riparian Condition 1 5, 1 & as needed Either activity Macroinvertebrates Up to 4 Annual Either activity Substrate 1 5 and 1 Parameters Water Temperature Water temperature is a driving force within aquatic ecosystems (Allan and Castillo 27). Water temperature was measured continuously at 1 hour intervals during the summer flow period using Hobo data loggers and accompanying Hoboware software (Onset Computer Corporation). Hobo data loggers were calibrated to OR DEQ supplied NIST handheld digital thermometers. Calibration procedures were those outlined in Chapter 6 of the Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook (Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds 1999). Hobo data loggers were distributed within the creeks based on procedures outlined by Oregon Department of Forestry 23 RipStream study. Data loggers were anchored to streamside trees and held in place using 1/8 aircraft cable and 1 lb. 7

8 weights. The seven day average maximum temperature, average daily maximum, daily average, seven day average and were calculated and plotted. Data loggers were used to measure the change in temperature at a stream reach due to treatment actions. A temperature logger was placed at the beginning and end of a treatment reach to measure the change in temperature of stream water within the reach. Temperature loggers were also placed at control stream sections. In Hamilton and McDowell Creeks, additional loggers were placed outside of treatment reaches to measure the rate of warming of larger sections of those streams. Not all treatment reaches had a temperature logger. Thalweg A thalweg profile can be used as a method of assessing juvenile salmonid habitat (Mossop and Bradford 26). Thalweg measurements of stream segments were obtained following methods outlined in EMAP protocol (Peck et al. 26). Measurement intervals were approximately.5 to.25 wetted channel widths, ensuring the capture of a representative sample of pools and pool tail outs. One surveyor stands at point and the second surveyor walks directly up the middle of the channel to the established interval distance. The thalweg, which may not be in the center of the channel, is then measured and recorded. Points to measure thalweg were distributed longitudinally along the stream segment. Sites generally had at a minimum 11 points to record thalweg. Graphing thalweg measurements is used to visualize the thalweg profile. The standard deviation of the thalweg measurements was used as a means to determine the stream segment s complexity. Comparing the standard deviation of the stream reach over time is used to determine if the channel is becoming more complex. Thalweg profiles are expected to become more variable (e.g. complex) with placement of log structures. Substrate Steam substrate is widely recognized as an integral element of salmonid habitat (Keeley and Slaney 1996). Substrate particle size can influence spawning location preference and dissolved oxygen reaching salmon eggs and alevins (Bjornn and Reiser 1991). Substrate measurements were recorded and classified following the EMAP protocol to produce a general characterization of substrate within a reach. The percent of substrate in various size classes and substrate embeddedness was evaluated. Fifty one transects were established within the surveyed stream segment and scaled to the stream segment. At each transect five substrate measurements were recorded at %, 25%, 5%, 75% and 1% of the stream s wetted width. The water depth and wetted width at the location of substrate sampling was also recorded. In addition, substrate was examined for invasive New Zealand mud-snails. Canopy Coverage The percent of canopy coverage is an indicator of the amount of solar radiation reaching the water surface of the stream. Solar radiation is an important driver influencing water temperature. Many streams have been cleared of riparian vegetation, thus increasing the solar radiation reaching the stream. Measuring canopy coverage will follow the EMAP protocol (Peck et al. 26). At 51 transects, evenly distributed along the stream reach, 6 canopy measurements were taken at a distance of.3 meters above the surface of the water using a convex spherical densiometer. One measurement each on the right and left 8

9 edge of water and four measurements in the center of the channel (up, right, down and left). Canopy coverage is expected to increase as riparian reforestation occurs. Bank Stability Excessive sedimentation into streams is detrimental to water quality. The bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) can be calculated to identify areas for treatment (Rosgen 1996). The stream bank height to bankfull height, root depth to bank height, root density, bank angle and surface protection are quantified and combined, yielding a ranking of the erosion hazard. It is expected that the hazard value would decrease as restoration activities are implemented. Riparian The condition of riparian forests is important for determining the future recruitment of wood into streams. Riparian condition was assessed utilizing EMAP protocol (Peck et al. 26). Eleven transects were evenly distributed along the stream segment. At each transect, riparian condition was visually characterized within a 1 meter square plot extending inland from the stream s edge on the right and left stream bank. Vegetation type and percent aerial cover were recorded for three layers of vegetation: canopy >5 meters, mid-canopy < 5 to.5 meters and ground cover <.5 meters. Invasive plant species were also recorded when present. This widely used method of assessing riparian condition yields semi-quantitative information on the quantity and type of vegetation within the stream reaches. Macroinvertebrate Sampling The composition of the macroinvertebrate community is a widely used biological indicator for instream conditions. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected following Level 3 protocol outlined in the Chapter 12 of the Water Quality Monitoring Guidebook (Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds 1999). Macroinvertebrate kick samples were collected from one control site and two treatment sites during late summer of 212. Samples were collected from the lower portion of the treatment and control reaches. Each sample was composed of a composite of four subsamples taken from four different riffle habitat units. A 1ft D net with 5 micron mesh was used to obtain each kick sample. Aquatic invertebrates were preserved in one quart Nalgene bottles with 7% ethyl alcohol and sent to a qualified laboratory for identification. In the laboratory, experts identified a 5 organism subsample (e.g. occurred ) to genus and species. The predictive model PREDATOR was used to establish an expected list of macroinvertebrates. Two versions of the PREDATOR model were used to account for sampling occurring in two ecoregions: the Marine Western Coastal Forest (MWCF) and the Western Cordillera + Columbia Plateau (WCCP). The occurred macroinvertebrates (e.g. O) were compared to a list of expected macroinvertebrates (e.g. E) to produce an O/E ratio (e.g. score). The O/E score was then compared to reference site scores to generate a condition of the sampled sites. Score interpretation varies slightly between the models. The MWCF model scores describe the biological condition at the site as : >1.24 enriched, least disturbed, moderately disturbed, and <.85 most disturbed (Hubler 28). The WCCP model scores describe the biological condition at 9

10 the site as : >1.23 enriched, least disturbed, moderately disturbed, and <.78 most disturbed (Hubler 28). It is expected that the O/E scores will not decrease and will move toward reference site scores as restoration actions are completed. A Bray-Curtis value, between and 1, is also produced indicating the difference in the taxonomic assemblage of the observed and reference sites (Van Sickle 28). Additional Monitoring Fish Sampling Passive fish sampling will be accomplished using hoop traps (winter-spring) and/or daytime snorkeling (summer) to determine presence/absence and relative abundance, respectively. Hoop traps will be deployed and maintained by South Santiam Watershed Council staff and volunteers. Hoop traps also serve as a landowner outreach tool. Traps are placed in areas of stream flow and checked every 2 days. Species, abundance and length of fish that swim into the fyke are recorded. Fish are returned to the stream live. Traps are removed from the stream when winter flows make checking the trap difficult or could dislodge the trap. Sites are snorkeled once during summer low flow to determine relative abundance. The surveyor moves upstream, identifying fish species and counting individuals. Ages are estimated based on the length of the fish. The surveyor records fish in sections of the stream reach delineated by the riparian cover transect. This provides a coarse spatial arrangement of the relative number of fish species throughout the reach. In the office, the snorkeling results are divided into cold water and warm water species to provide an estimate of the proportion of warm vs. cold water species throughout the surveyed reach. Cold water species include sculpin, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, Chinook and Coho. Warm water species include dace, redside shiner, large scale sucker and introduced game fish (centrarchids). It is anticipated that the proportion of cold water community fishes will increase over time or stay the same. Fish sampling will provide needed relative abundance and presence/absence data in locations prior to habitat improvement projects. Sampling will occur under an existing permit obtained by local ODFW STEP biologist. Photo Points Photo points are a non-quantitative method of documenting change at a particular location (see OWEB methods). All stream segments have photographs taken at the beginning and end points of the survey. In addition, permanent photo points are established at different locations within project areas to document different treatments. 1

11 Results The data collected in 211 provided year 2 base line data for some projects and 1 year post survey for other projects in the priority subbasins (see Appendix A, B and C). Water Temperature All priority subbasins within the North Santiam Watershed and the South Santiam Watershed s Hamilton Creek are designated cold core water habitat by DEQ. The remaining priority subbasins are DEQ designated salmon and trout rearing and migration use. Streams with these designations should not exceed 6.8 F and 64.4 F, respectively, for the seven day average of maximum water temperature. Of the 13 temperature loggers located in cold core water habitat, all recorded temperatures were well above 6.8 F for a majority of the time the loggers were deployed. Of the 8 temperature loggers located in the salmon and trout rearing and migration use designated streams, four sites (e.g. control reaches on McDowell and Courtney creek) did not exceed the state recommended 64.4 F for the seven day average. The control reach with the highest seven day average maximum temperature (64.1 F) was SS-MD-S-211. The treatment segment with the highest maximum seven day average maximum temperature (75.5 F) was SS-HT-S Treatment segment SS-MD-S3-211 had the lowest maximum seven day average maximum temperature (65.5 F). Thalweg Stream segment NS-ST-S2-211 had the deepest average (mean=8cm) and second most variable (stdev=34) thalweg profile. Segment NS-ST-S1-211 had the second deepest average (mean=65cm) thalweg profile and the most variable thalweg (stdev=39) profile. Segment CA-CC-S-21 is a control reach and had the shallowest (mean=14cm) and the least variable (stdev=7cm) thalweg profile. Substrate Stream segment NS-BB-S1-211 had the highest percentage of substrate composed of cobble and coarse gravel (74.9%) and segment CA-CT-S1-211 had the second highest percentage of substrate composed of cobble and coarse gravel (69.4%). Stream segment NS-VT-S1-211 had the highest percentage of sand and fines (58.4%), while segment NS-ST-S1-211 had the second highest percentage of sand and fines (54.1%). Stream segment SS-MD-S-211 had the lowest percentage (8.6%) of fines and sands composing the reach. The embeddedness of substrate ranged from 16% to 71% for all reaches surveyed. Canopy Coverage Canopy coverage was highly variable overall, at stream banks and in mid-channel for all sites except the control reaches. Mean overall canopy cover was >34% in all stream segments. Mean canopy cover at the banks was >52% at all segments, with most segments >7%. Mean canopy cover at mid-channel was >21% at all segments. Control reach segments had the highest overall canopy coverage values (>85%). 11

12 Bank Stability Bank stability was not measured at any stream segment in 211. Riparian Stream segment SS-JK-S1-211 had the highest percentage (mean=66%) of the riparian area in large diameter trees (dbh >.3m), while segment SS-MD-S2-211 had the smallest (mean=11%). Stream segment SS-MD-S-211 had the highest percentage (mean=43%) of small trees (dbh<.3m) and segment SS-HT-S4-211 had the smallest (mean=3%). The percent of the reach with woody shrubs in the understory was highest at segment CA-CC-S-211 (mean=55%), while the lowest was at CA-CT-S1-211 (mean=1%). Herbs and grasses in the understory was highest at SS-HT-S3-211 (mean=62%) and lowest at CA-CT-S1-211 (mean=22%). Bare earth was highest at SS-MD-S2-211 (mean=22%), although most sites were much less. All segments had three vegetation layers in the canopy. Invasive vegetation was found at all sites in both the understory and the ground cover. Only three sites had very low amounts of invasive plants. Macroinvertebrate Sampling None of the three locations sampled for macroinvertebrates were considered impaired. The most disturbed site and lowest score (O/E =.82) was found at segment SS-HT-S The sites SS-HT-S-211 and SS-HT-S5-211 both had an O/E = 1.8 and were considered least disturbed. Bray Curtis values ranged from.24 to.26 for all sites, indicating taxonomic macroinvertebrate assemblages were similar between observed sites and reference (e.g. expected) sites (Van Sickle 28). Fish Sampling No treatment or control sites had passive fish traps during 211. Fish Sampling -Snorkeling All sites in the North Santiam and South Santiam were snorkeled. The Calapooia streams were not snorkeled because sites had been previously surveyed or had other sampling methods. Valentine and Bear Branch creeks were 1% and 98%, respectively, warm water species. Stout Creek was >8% warm water fish species. Hamilton creek was between 92% and 1% warm water species. Jack creek, a tributary to Hamilton creek, was >85% cold water species. McDowell Creek ranged from 6% to 96% cool water species. The proportion of cool water species increased from lower in the basin to higher in the basin. The trend was most pronounced for McDowell creek. Some fish species were not seen during the survey (e.g. large scale sucker and sculpin), but are known to exist in all the surveyed creeks. In addition, it was sometimes difficult to differentiate young resident rainbow from young cutthroat trout. Fish Sampling -Electrofishing One site (CA-CC-S-211) was electrofished by local contractor Dynamac for a separate research project being carried out by the EPA s Western Ecology Division. The Councils were able to utilize this data. All fishes captured at the site were considered 12

13 cold water species by the Council s Staff. The majority of the fishes captured were reticulated sculpin (86%). Cutthroat trout (9.3%) and an unknown lamprey species (4.6%) were also captured. Site CA-MC-S1-S1-211 on the main stem of the Calapooia River, sampled by AOI llc., yielded all warm water fish. Redside shiner and norther pikeminnow each accounted for 41% of the fish captured, with the remainder composed mainly of dace, sculpin, largescale sucker and yellow bullhead. Temperature Logger Summary: Logger Watershed SubBasin Start Date End Date Avg Daily Mean n1 Avg Daily Max n2 Avg 7day Avg Max n3 Max 7day Avg Max n Calapooia Courtney Creek 6/25/211 1/4/ Calapooia Courtney Creek 6/25/211 1/4/ N. Santiam Stout Creek 6/24/211 1/2/ N. Santiam Bear Branch 6/24/211 1/2/ N. Santiam Bear Branch 6/23/211 1/2/ N. Santiam Stout Creek 6/24/211 1/2/ N. Santiam Valentine Creek 6/24/211 1/2/ N. Santiam Valentine Creek 6/24/211 1/2/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/21/211 1/4/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/17/211 1/4/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/17/211 9/19/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/21/211 1/3/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/21/211 1/3/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/16/211 1/5/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/21/211 1/3/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/21/211 1/4/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/17/211 9/19/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/28/211 1/11/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/23/211 1/3/ S. Santiam McDowell Creek 6/23/211 1/4/ S. Santiam Hamilton Creek 6/23/211 1/3/

14 Discussion General Data collection efforts during 211 continued to establish conditions at sites prior to restoration work. After restoration activity is completed, return surveys will document any changes at the site. It is expected that as restoration efforts progress the conditions at treatment segments will change over time. In general, the change in the conditions at various stream segments will be compared by graphing the mean values of the parameters at treatment and control sites, before and after treatment. A difference in the mean values over time will indicate a change. For example, it is expected that the seven day average maximum stream temperature of a control will remain consistent in the coming years. However, the seven day average maximum stream temperatures should decrease at downstream treatment segments as riparian plantings become established. While many factors influence stream temperature, the amount of solar radiation reaching the water s surface is a driving factor. It is expected that a reduction in stream temperature at the treatment segments would occur because we are planting riparian vegetation which will increase the amount of streamside shade. The selection of control sites has been a challenge in the monitoring program. Our control sites are least disturbed areas upstream of treatment sites, with as similar physical conditions to treatment segments as practical. The priority subbasins have been heavily altered from industrial timber production, agriculture and urbanization, as in much of the Willamette Basin. Monitoring efforts can only occur where landowners grant permission. While landowner participation is increasing, nonparticipants present a bottleneck to monitoring efforts. In addition, even though the establishment of control reaches is crucial to the program some landowners feel slighted in not having a project occur on their property. Communicating the importance of the control sites is essential in the monitoring program. Discussion of Results Numerous factors affect summer stream temperature; however it is expected that summer stream temperature will decrease over time as streamside plantings increase the riparian canopy. It may take several years to detect a change in stream temperature and directly attributing it to streamside vegetation is difficult. The amount of riparian woody vegetation should increase as riparian plantings continue and become established. In addition, it is expected that the percent of invasive plants will decrease as treatment segments undergo site preparation, which includes invasive plant removal. Splash dams, stream channel straightening and stream cleaning (e.g. removal of wood from streams) have contributed to a decrease in channel complexity at many sites. The decrease in channel complexity can be seen in a stream s thalweg profile. Thalweg profiles should become more variable (e.g. more complex) after placement of instream structures. Increasing stream complexity within model watershed subbasin streams will diffuse stream velocities, promote sorting and retention of substrate particles, increase river length and provide habitat for numerous aquatic organisms. 14

15 Macroinvertebrate O/E scores are expected to remain the same or increase as treatments progress. Increased shade from riparian plantings will reduce solar radiation reaching the creek surface. In addition, placement of instream log structures will help retain stream gravels and promote hyporheic water exchange. It is expected that cooling of the stream temperatures will benefit macroinvertebrates. Acknowledgements The Watershed Councils are grateful to the many private landowners who granted access to their properties. Bonneville Environmental Foundation, in addition to several others, provided technical guidance in the development of the monitoring plan. This project was funded by the Meyer Memorial Trust and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board. 15

16 Bibliography Allan, J. D., and M. M. Castillo. 27. Stream Ecology, Second edition. Springer. Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. Pages in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management of salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Cole, M., J. Lemke, and R. Blaha. 21. Regional monitoring framework and implementation strategy. E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 2. South Santiam Watershed Assessment. E&S Environmental Chemistry Inc. 22. North Santiam Watershed Assessment. Hubler, S. 28. PREDATOR: Development and use of RIVPACS-type macroinvertebrate models to assess the biotic condition of wadeable Oregon streams. Oregon department of Environmental Quality.DEQ8-LAB-48-TR. Keeley, E. R., and P. A. Slaney Quantitative measures of rearing and spawning habitat characteristics for stream-dwelling salmonids: guidelines for habitat restoration. Mossop, B., and M. J. Bradford. 26. Using thalweg profiling to assess and monitor juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat in small streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63: NOAA. 25. ESA Recovery Planning for Salmon and Steelhead in the Willamette and Lower Columbia River Basins - Status of Planning Effort and Strategy for Completing Plans. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW) Water quality monitoring, technical guidebook. Version 2. Corvallis, OR. Peck, D. V., and coauthors. 26. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program- Surface Waters Western Pilot Study: Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams. EPA/62/R-6/3. Primozich, D., and R. Bastasch. 24. Draft Willamette Subbasin Plan. Willamette Restoration Initiative. Roni, P., editor. 25. Monitoring stream and watershed restoration. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md. Roni, P., and coauthors. 22. A Review of Stream Restoration Techniques and a Hierarchical Strategy for Prioritizing Restoration in Pacific Northwest Watersheds. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22(1):1-2. Roni, P., K. Hanson, and T. Beechie. 28. Global Review of the Physical and Biological Effectiveness of Stream Habitat Rehabilitation Techniques. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28(3): Van Sickle, J. 28. An index of compositional dissimilarity between observed and expected assemblages. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27(2):

17 Figure 1. Map of the North Santiam Watershed Council s priority subbasins and monitoring locations. 17

18 Figure 2. Detail map of Bear Branch Creek, illustrating monitoring locations. 18

19 Figure 3. Detail map of Stout Creek, illustrating monitoring locations. 19

20 Figure 4. Detail map of Valentine Creek, illustrating monitoring locations. 2

21 Figure 5. Map of the South Santiam Watershed Council s priority subbasins and monitoring locations. 21

22 Figure 6. Detail map of Hamiliton Creek, illustrating monitoring locations. 22

23 Figure 7. Detail map of McDowell Creek, illustrating monitoring locations. 23

24 Figure 8. Map of the Calapooia Watershed Council s priority subbasins and monitoring locations. 24

25 Figure 9. Detail map of the Calapooia River and Courtney Creek monitoring locations. 25

26 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) Appendix A Results of individual temperature loggers for years 211. Not all treatment segments had temperature loggers placed in the stream. The actual number of days that recorded water temperture varied amongst loggers. See Figures 1-9 for locations day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Courtney Creek, upper control Logger o 5 4 Date 8 7 Courtney Creek, lower control Logger day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F 64.4 o F Date 26

27 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) 8 Stout Creek,upper Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 8 Stout Creek, lower Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 27

28 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) 8 Bear Branch, upper Logger day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F 6.8 o F Date 8 Bear Branch, lower Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 28

29 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) 8 Valentine Creek, upper Logger day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F 6.8 o Date 8 Valentine Creek, lower Logger day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F 6.8 o Date 29

30 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Hamilton Creek, control upper Logger o 5 4 Date day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Hamilton Creek, control lower Logger o 5 4 Date 3

31 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Hamilton Creek, upper Logger o F Date 8 Hamilton Creek, upper middle Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 31

32 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) 8 Hamilton Creek, lower middle Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 8 Hamilton Creek, lower Logger F day avg Max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 32

33 Temperature (F) 8 Hamilton Creek, mouth Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 33

34 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F McDowell Creek, control upper Logger o F Date day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F McDowell Creek, control lower Logger o F 5 4 Date 34

35 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F McDowell Creek, upper middle Logger o F Date day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F McDowell Creek, upper middle 2 Logger o F Date 35

36 Temperature (F) Temperature (F) 8 McDowell Creek, lower middle Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 8 McDowell Creek, mouth Logger o F day avg max Average of Temp, F Max of Temp, F Date 36

37 Percent Depth (cm) Appendix B Summary data for all stream segments. Error bars denote one standard deviation. Thalweg profile all sites: 25 Thalweg, All Stream Segments MEAN MIN MAX Overall Substrate Composition: 1 Stream Segment Substrate Composition: Coarse vs Fine Sand and Fines Coarse Substrate Stream Segment 37

38 Percent Substrate characterization for stream segments: 1 Substrate, All Sites Other Concrete/Asphalt Wood Hardpan Bedrock Large Boulder Small Boulder Cobble Gravel Coarse Gravel Fine Sand Fines Site 38

39 Width (m) Proportion Average embeddedness of substrate: 1 Average Embeddedness Stream Segment Wetted width all sites: 2 Wetted Width MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment 39

40 Percent Percent Overall canopy coverage: 1 Canopy Coverage: Overall MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment Canopy coverage of river banks: 1 Canopy Coverage: Banks MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment 4

41 Percent Percent Canopy coverage at streams mid channel: 1 Canopy Coverage: Mid-channel MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment Riparian condition, percent large trees: 1 Riparian Canopy: Trees >12" dbh MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment 41

42 Percent Percent Riparian condition, small trees: 1 Riparian Canopy: Trees <12" dbh MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment Riparian condition, percent woody shrubs: 1 Riparian Understory: Woody Shrubs MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment 42

43 Percent Percent Riparian condition, percent herbs and grasses: 1 Riparian Understory: Herbs and Grasses MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment Riparian condition, percent bare earth: 1 Riparian Ground Cover: Bare Earth MEAN MIN MAX Stream Segment 43

44 Proportion Proportion Proportion of riparian with three vegetation layers: 1 Proportion of Riparian Zone with all Three Layers Stream Segment Riparian condtion, proportion of invasive plants in the ground cover: 1 Proportion of Riparian Zone with Invasives in Ground Cover Stream Segment 44

45 Percent Proportion Riparian condition, proportion of invasives in mid canopy: 1 Proportion of Riparian Zone with Invasives in Understory Stream Segment Riparian condition, percent of ground layer in invasives: 1 Percent Ground Cover in Invasives Stream Segment 45

46 Percent Riparian condition, percent mid-canopy in invasives: 1 Percent Understory in Invasives Stream Segment Macroinvertebrate Observed/Expected scores: P >.5 Site MODEL O E O/E BC SS-HT-S-211 WCCP SS-HT-S1-211 MWCF SS-HT-S5-211 WCCP

47 Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Hamilton Creek stream segments. Stream reaches proceed upstream: Warm vs. Cold Fish Species: HT-S1 Cold 1% Warm vs. Cold Fish Species: HT-S2 Cold % Warm 99% Warm 1% Warm vs. Cold Fish Species: HT-S3 Cold 2% Warm vs. Cold Fish Species: HT-S4 Cold 7% Warm 98% Warm 93% Warm vs. Cold Fish Species: HT-S5 Cold 8% Warm water fish species were not recorded for HTS or HT-S6 Warm 92% 47

48 Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Jack Creek stream segments: Warm 12% Warm vs. Cold Fish Jack Creek-S1 Warm vs. Cold Fish Jack Creek-S Warm 15% Cold 88% Cold 85% Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in McDowell Creek stream segments. Stream reaches proceed upstream: Warm vs. Cold Fish McDowell Creek-S1 Cold 6% Warm vs. Cold Fish McDowell Creek-S2 Cold 5% Warm 94% Warm 95% Warm vs. Cold Fish McDowell Creek-S3 Warm vs. Cold Fish McDowell Creek-S Warm 4% Cold 31% Warm 69% Cold 96% 48

49 Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Valentine Creek stream segment. Start of snorkeled segment is within.3 km of Valentine Creek mouth. Warm vs. Cold Fish Valentine Creek-S1 Cold % Warm 1% Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Bear Branch Creek stream segment. Start of snorkeled segment is within.6 km of Bear Branch Creek mouth. Warm vs. Cold Fish Bear Branch-S1 Cold 2% Warm 98% 49

50 Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Stout Creek stream segment. Start of snorkeled segment is within 5 m of Stout Creek mouth. Warm vs. Cold Fish Stout Creek-S1 Cold 11% Warm vs. Cold Fish Stout Creek-S2 Cold 17% Warm 89% Warm 83% Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in Courtney Creek stream segment. Site was electrofished and is approximately 21 km from the mouth of the Courtney creek. Warm vs. Cold Fish Courtney Creek-S cold 1% Percentage of warm water vs cold water fish species in the middle reach Calapooia River stream segment. Site was electrofished and is approximately 55 km from the mouth. Warm vs. Cold Fish Middle Calapooia -S1 Cold 5% Warm 95% 5

51 Percent Depth (cm) Appendix C Details for stream segment thalweg profile, substrate characterization and habitat units. Stream Segment: CA-CC-S-211 Thalweg Profile: CA-CC-S-211 Distance (m) StDev = 7 45 Substrate Composition: CA-CC-S-211 Habitat Units: CA-CC-S Cascade 1% Pool 12% Glide 26% Riffle 61% Substrate Type 51

52 Depth (cm) Stream Segment: CA-MC-S1-211 Thalweg Depth: CA-MC-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 73 4 Habitat Units: CC-MC-S1-211 Substrate composition not recorded for this segment. Riffle 19% Pool 32% Glide 49% 52

53 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: CA-CC-S1-211 Thalweg Profile: CA-CC-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 21 Substrate Composition: CA-CC-S1-211 Habitat Units: CA-CC-S Riffle 34% Pool 22% Glide 44% Substrate Type 53

54 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: NS-ST-S1-211 Thalweg Profile: NS-ST-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 39 2 Substrate Compsition: NS-ST-S1-211 Habitat Units: NS-ST-S Glide 2% Riffle 19% Pool 61% Substrate Type 54

55 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-ST-S2-211 Thalweg Depth: NS-ST-S2-211 Distance (m) StDev = 34 2 Substrate Composition: NS-ST-S2-211 Habitat Units: NS-ST-S Riffle 6% Glide 3% Pool 64% Substrate Type 55

56 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: NS-BB-S1-211 Thalweg profile: NS-BB-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 23 Substrate Compositon: NS-BB-S1-211 Habitat Units: NS-BB-S Pool 15% Riffle 47% Glide 38% Substrate Type 56

57 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-VT-S1-211 Thalweg Depth: NS-VT-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 33 Substrate Compsition: NS-VT-S1-211 Habitat Units: NS-VT-S Riffle 16% Pool 44% Glide 4% Substrate Type 57

58 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-HT-S-211 Thalweg Profile SS-HT-S-211 Distance StDev = 17 Substrate Compsition: SS-HT-S-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Rapid 1% Pool 19% Riffle 47% Glide 33% Substrate Type 58

59 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-HT-S1-211 Thalweg Profile: SS-HT-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = 23 Substrate Compsition: SS-HT-S1-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Riffle 27% Pool 3% Glide 43% Substrate Type 59

60 Percent Stream Segment: SS-HT-S2-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-HT-S StDev = 26 1 Substrate Composition: SS-HT-S2-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S2-211 Rapid 2% Riffle 28% Pool 17% Glide 53% Substrate Type 6

61 Percent Stream Segment: SS-HT-S3-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-HT-S StDev = 21 1 Substrate Compsition: SS-HT-S3-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Riffle 35% Pool 14% Glide 51% Substrate Type 61

62 Percent Stream Segment: SS-HT-S4-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-HT-S StDev = 25 1 Substrate CompositionSS-HT-S4-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Riffle 4% Pool 4% Substrate Type Glide 2% 62

63 Percent Stream Segment: SS-HT-S5-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-HT-S StDev = 25 1 Substrate Composition: SS-HT-S5-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Riffle 41% Pool 26% Glide 33% Substrate Type 63

64 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-HT-S6-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-HT-S6-211 Distance (m) StDev = Substrate Compsition: SS-HT-S6-211 Habitat Units: SS-HT-S Riffle 39% Pool 2% Glide 41% Substrate Type 64

65 Percent Stream Segment: SS-JK-S-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-JK-S StDev = 8 1 Substrate Compsition: SS-JK-S-211 Habitat Units: SS-JK-S Riffle 53% Pool 16% Glide 31% Substrate Type 65

66 Percent Depth (cm) Stream Segment: SS-JK-S1-211 Thalweg Profile: SS-JK-S1-211 Distance (m) StDev = Substrate Compsition: SS-JK-S1-211 Habitat Units: SS-JK-S RIFFLE 6% POOL 9% GLIDE 31% Substrate Type 66

67 Percent Stream Segment: SS-MD-S-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-MD-S StDev = 2 15 Substrate Composition: SS-MD-S-211 Habitat Units: SS-MD-S Rapid 1% Riffle 56% Pool 9% Cascade 1% Glide 33% Substrate Type 67

68 Percent Stream Segment: SS-MD-S1-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-MD-S StDev = Substrate Compsition: SS-MD-S Habitat Units: SS-MD-S1-211 Riffle 24% Pool 29% Substrate Type Glide 47% 68

69 Percent Stream Segment: SS-MD-S2-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-MD-S StDev = 31 Substrate Compsition: SS-MD-S2-211 Habitat Units: SS-MD-S Riffle 33% Pool 25% Glide 42% Substrate Type 69

70 Percent Stream Segment: SS-MD-S3-211 Thalweg Depth: SS-MD-S StDev = Substrate Compsition: SS-MD-S3-211 Habitat Units: SS-MD-S Riffle 4% Pool 15% Glide 45% Substrate Type 7