Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

Transcription

1 ICTP Experts Meeting on "Science & Renewable Energy" January 15-18, 2007 Venue: ICTP Adriatico Guest House - Lundqvist Lecture Hall 310/1905 "Concentrating Solar Power Technologies " M. Falchetta ENEA - Centro Richerche Enea della Casaccia Rome, Italy

2 Concentrating Solar Power Technologies January 16, 2007 ICTP - Trieste presented by: Massimo Falchetta

3 Overview of Presentation Basics of CSP Technology Perspectives of CSP Technologies ENEA R&D effort ENEA/ENEL demonstration plans

4 Basics of CSP technologies CSP stands for Concentrating Solar Power A series of technologies that permit to convert sun s energy to electric power by means of: Concentration of solar irradiation by a series of mirrors or optical devices exploits only the direct part of irradiation Production of high temperature heat, normally transferred to a Heat Transfer Fluid (air, diathermic oil, salt mixtures, steam ) Generation of electricity by means of thermodynamic conversion

5 Basics of CSP technologies Concentrating device High temperature steam ( C ) Electric grid Electric Generator Steam tubine

6 Basics of CSP technologies Parabolic Trough Systems Source: solarpaces.org Source: CSP-GMI Initiative

7 Basics of CSP technologies Central receiver or Power Tower systems Source: solarpaces.org Source: Sandia Solar Two plant

8 Basics of CSP technologies Paraboloic Dish systems Source: solarpaces.org Source: CESI - Eurodish

9 Some more images Parabolic Troughs Source: Sandia Kramer Junction

10 Some more images Power Towers Source: Sandia Solar Two

11 Some more images Dish prototypes Source: Sandia - SunLab Source: Sandia

12 Some more images Dish prototypes H2 production from natural gas. source: CSIRO (Australia) Source: web downloads

13 Basics of CSP technologies CSP technology joins together three subsystems Solar equipment for high temperature heat production: similar to systems for process heat, but normally more demanding in terms of temperature ( C) Heat transfer (and storage) equipment: similar to petrochemical plants Conversion equipment: often similar to conventional fuel fired plants

14 CSP perspective CSP technology is technologically different with respect to photovoltaic thecnology (PV) Similarities are found with respect to concentrating PV e.g. mirrors and solar tracking equipment; both exploit only the Direct component of the Solar Beam (Direct Normal Irradiation DNI) Other links exist in underlying technologies (e.g. materials for mirrors and selective coatings)

15 Solar share of CSP From the market point of view CSP technology and PV techology could be seen as competitors : but a deeper insight will show that: PV plants are fit for a number of diffused industrial, residential and energy applications at most of the latitudes CSP plants are fit to high DNI (e.g. arid or desert like ) situations for bulk electric energy production Therefore the two markets are not overlapping; a solar alliance can be more productive than a solar competition

16 Comparison of CSP technologies Parabolic trough Tower Dish Applications Grid connected Grid connected Stand alone Process heat H2 production H2 production Max size (to date) 80 MWe 10 MWe 25 kwe Temp (proven) 400 C 565 C 700 C Temp (target) 550 C 1000 C > 1000 C El.efficiency % 15-20% 30 % Status Commercially Prototype Experimental proven

17 LEC Assessment - CSP technologies Source: Sargent & Lundy Cost Assessment for NREL NREL/SR

18 LEC targets - CSP technologies

19 Proven Technolgy: : SEGS plants SEGS: Solar Electric Generating System 9 plants at three locations (Daggett, Kramer Junction, Harper Lake), Mojave desert (CA) Individual unit size: 14 to 80 MWe Installed between 1984 and 1990 Total size: 354 Mwe Still operating: actual operator of units III to IX is FPL Energy; electricity customer is SCE

20 Recent developments and launched projects APS Saguaro 1 MWe with oil filled parabolic trough and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Temperature. 300 C Developer: Solargenix (USA), customer Arizona Public Service Company (APS) completed april 2006 Nevada Solar One: 64 MWe parabolic trough, oil filled, 390 C, steam rankine cycle Developer: Solargenix (USA). Construction started february 2006 AndaSol: MWe units, oil parabolic trough and molten salt storage Temp. 390 C Location: Spain. Developer: SolarMillennium/ACS-Cobra (Germany/Spain) Construction of unit 1 started on June 19 th 2006.

21 Further Projects in Spain Spain is the most promising short term market for CSP Feed in law for solar 2004: cent/kwh for CSP, 20 year 2010 Target: 500 MWe Iberdrola, Solucar, Solar Millennium have announced projects totalling over 1000 MWe Most projects are parabolic troughs; two projects are solar towers A number of projects will use molten salt Heat storage

22 CSP with Thermal storage Example of time shifting with 6 hour storage source: U. Hermann, P. Nava Flagsol Trough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006

23 CSP with Thermal storage Example of production with 12 hour storage source: U. Hermann, P. Nava Flagsol Trough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006

24 Molten salt Heat storage for CSP Introduced at first in the 10 MWe Solar Two Power Tower ( ). Advantages: Temperatures up to 565 C Low cost energy storage Challenge Need of a additional Heat trace system for circuit priming and maintenance due to high melting temperature of the salt

25 Molten salts vs. diathermic oil source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop

26 Molten salts vs. diathermic oil cost of storage source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop

27 Integrated solar-combined cycle source: Solar Thermal Power Now ESTIA/greenpeace

28 Long term development of a EUMENA Renewable network Solar Hydro Wind Geothermal Source: DLR

29 Long term development: Trans-CSP study Focus: Interconnection of electricity grids of Europe, Middle East, North Africa (EUMENA) region Scenario CSP to supply firm capacity for base, intermediate and peak load in MENA CSP to supply 700 TWh/year to Europe (15% of european electricity demand at 2050 Transmission losses evaluated as 15% using HVDC lines; overcompensated by the high solar irradiance in MENA (300% than average Europe) Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR

30 Long term development: Trans-CSP study Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR

31 Long term development: Trans-CSP study Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR

32 ENEA R&D effort on High Temperature Solar In 2001 ENEA launched a programme on High Temperature solar thermal technology with two main goals: 1. Heat collection and storage for electricity production, using medium temperature (about 550 C) CSP technology 2. Heat collection for direct hydrogen production, using high temperature (higher than 850 C). o 75 researchers are involved in this program o the R&D budget until now has been 17 Ml.

33 ENEA development effort on CSP R&D on components and new concepts for CSP Experimental set-up for prototype evaluation Demonstration plant (Archimede)

34 Financing of CSP development The following laws allow 100 % funding for the R&D and 40 % for the demonstration. The residual 60 % for demonstration will be supplied by the national electric utilitiy ENEL. Law 388/2000 Law 273/2002 DPCM 7 marzo k k R&D Archimede Power Plant 40%

35 R&D activities ENEA design introduces major improvements to the current technology: Molten salt (KNO3 NaNO3 solar salt ) as Heat Transfer Fluid and for Heat storage A new solar collector design An innovative receiving tube design Solar collector Heat storage 550 C Hot fluid Heat transfer fluid Receiving tube Storage tanks 290 C Cold fluid Steam generator Power block

36 R&D activities The use of molten salt as Heat Transfer Fluid AND as heat storage medium permits the following advantages: Higher steam temperature (540 C instead of 390 C) No oil to salt heat exchanger Much lower storage cost (half volume for the same size). Challenge: the entire network of pipes is filled with molten salt

37 New supporting structure ENEA Eurotrough USA-Kramer Junction

38 New Tracking system Hydraulic system Piston Contractor: Duplomatic

39 New receiver tube New coating New bellow COMPENSATION BELLOW Steel pipe with spectrally selective coating 2. External glass pipe wit anti-reflective treatment 3. Absorbing material (getter) for void maintenance Metal-glass junction Involved enterprises: STEEL PIPE CERAMIC LAYER Metallic layer ITIV (MI), STEROGLASS (PG), ANGELANTONI (PG), POLO (FI), SAES GETTER (MI), NUOVA STEIM (TR), COMVAT (Switzerland) Components and assembly CETEV (AQ), Galileo Avionica (AQ), G.EMI. (RM), TFE (MI), CTS (TR) Selective coating ENEA CERMET SELECTIVE COATING: 1. High absorptance of solar spectrum (α > 94 %) 2. Low emittance in the infrared spectrum at high operating temperature (ε max < C ) Budget: 2,80 M

40 New receiver tube Designed for 550 C operating temperature Bellows Lab tests

41 Sputtering machine for coating of receiver tube Contractor: Angelantoni Installed October Commissioning December Full operation March 2006 Budget: 3,54 M

42 Solar Collector Assembly Test Loop (PCS) Involved enterprises : ALSTOM Power (MI), GECOP (RM) Construction Krohne Italia (MI), Friatec (Germania) Components Thermo Engineering (CR), Parcol (MI) Inox Impianti (MI), Eurochemicals (MI), Pompe Gabbioneta (MI) TECNOCOOP (PO), Nuova STEIM (TR) Maintenance Budget: 5,43 M Italian experience using molten salt in parabolic trough

43 ENEA-ENEL ENEL Archimede solar power plant A traditional oil electric generation plant was recently converted into a modern gas fired combined cycle plant at Priolo - Sicily Nominal electric power 760 MWe

44 Archimede project The plant is located nearby Siracusa, one of the most insolated Sicilians areas: 1725 kwh/m 2 year of DNI kwh/m

45 Archimede project Integration between: Combined cycle Solar system

46 Archimede solar project: first module Solar field Budget is 21 M Measured DNI is 1725 kwh/m2 year Equivalent capacity: 5 MWe Expected production: 10,8 GWhe Energy saving: TEP/year Avoided CO 2 emission : 7250 t/year Number of collectors: 72 Combined cycle

47 Archimede solar project: final stage Number of collectors: 318 Solar field area: 37.6 ha Equivalent Capacity: 28 MWe Peak Solar Thermal Power: 136 MW Thermal storage: 500 MWh Net yearly production: 54.2 Gwhe Net design total efficiency: 17.3% Primary energy saving: 11,835 tep/y Avoided CO2 emissions: 36,306 t/y

48 ITALIAN SOLAR ROADMAP Start-up Archimede power plant Design and construction Archimede power plant Agreement with ENEL (Italian electricity utilities) 2006 Experimental phase new components Start-up of the test facility (PCS) Building test facility and main components Design components and test facility (PCS) Start-up of the project 2001

49 2020 prospects Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kwh/m2 year), for each square km Plant with molten salt HTF and storage Peak capacity 75 MWe (*) Electric energy production 275 GWh/(km 2 year) Equivalent hours 3660 Primary energy saved t/(km 2 year) Avoided CO2 emision t/(km 2 year) (*) Low specific peak capacity due to the presence of storage.

50 2020 prospects Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kwh/m2 year) target - for 100 MWe unit LEC evaluation 2020 target Specific Investment cost: 1600 /kwe Operative life: Interest rate: 7% Yearly O&M: 25 years LEC: 4,5 cent/kwh (*) 2% of investment cost (*) This numbere is in agreement with data calculated in Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecast - Sargent&Lundy LLC Consulting Group per NREL - NREL/SR Oct staing a LEC in the range of 4.3 US cent/kwh(sunlab estimate) to 6.2 US cent/kwh (S&L estimate)

51 CSP on the web For a deeper insight a nuber of docìuements can be retrieved from the following sites: