Meet the environmental regulations for safe and sustainable disposal of desalination brine.

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2 Meet the environmental regulations for safe and sustainable disposal of desalination brine.

3 Sequestration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere.

4 Aquaculture poultry Food supplement

5 Successful research stories for biological utilization of brine

6 The aim of this work Evaluation of laboratory cultivation of Spirulina In desalination brine medium Supplied with flue gas Supplemented with nutrients

7 Photosynthetic cyanobacteria Spirulina Spiral Spirulina cells Charactristics of Spirulina Tolerant to salinity Protein enrich Tolerant to high temperature Valuable components Source of Spirulina: Shrimp research center, Bushehr, Iran

8 Experimental setup

9 devices value unit notes Photobioreactor Glass vessel 4 L Cylindrical Lighting Fluorescent lamp 40 µe /m 2 s Both sides Aeration Air pump, mass flow rate 0.5 L /min Temperature Automatic control 28 ºC LabView software Cultivation period 15 days

10 Plan of experiments Run No. 1 (control) %v/v %v/v %v/v %v/v %v/v %v/v %v/v %v/v Zarrouk Brine Distilled water

11 Analysis Parameter Device unit EC TDS Salinity EC -470L, ISTEK EC -470L, ISTEK EC -470L, ISTEK ph ph meter 1-14 Biomass production Centrifuge, supernatant removal, cell washing, OD measurement at 560 nm with spectrophotometer 5000 r/min

12 Statistical validation of results Experiments performed in triplicate (Mean ± SD) ANOVA for growth, confidence level of 95% ANOVA for nutrient removal, confidence level of 95%

13 Composition of influent, effluent and produced water Brine Produced water Raw water % of reduction ph EC µs cm Cl mg L Ca mg L Mg mg L CaCO3 mg L SO4 mg L Na mg L K mg L F mg L CO3 mg L HCO3 mg L NO2 mg L NO3 mg L Al mg L B mg L Fe mg L Mn mg L Si mg L Bandar Lengeh Desalination plant

14 The salinity of desalination discharge of Bandar Lengeht Salinity, ppt Time, d

15 Results of EC reduction EC, µs cm Time, d

16 Cell growth The high concentrations of Spirulina were obtained with concentrated brine supplemented with main components of Zarrouk culture medium with the ratio of 50:50. During the study period, the highest biomass value was recorded in the 13 th days of cultivation. The cell mass has been reached to 0.6-g L-1in culture medium supplemented with Zarrouk. Very high concentrations of Spirulina were observed at cultures with electrical conductivities above approximately 45 ms.cm -1. Such high concentrations may result from reduced contamination, elevated nutrient levels or a combination of both.

17 The findings showed that cyanobacteria Spirulina was able to grow well in desalination brine with the variety of salinity. The difference of biomass production was significant in various cultures (p 0.05). The difference of salinity removal was significant (p 0.05) among treatments.

18 Recommendations More studies are required to find tolerant species from local sites. Supplements the influent feeds may improve biomass production. Middle east countries have more potential and needs to develop microalgae related technologies. More studies are required for development of continuous treatment of brine with photosynthetic microorganisms

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20 Challenges

21 Motivations and challenges Meet the environmental regulations for safe desalination brine disposal. Capturing the carbon dioxide and reduction of flue gas emission. Production of cyanobacteria Spirulina biomass. Safe dischargeable treated brine Brine Produced microalga biomass

22 Successful research stories of biological utilization of brine New Zealand United State Australia In November 2009, five acres at the 230-acre Christchurch wastewater treatment plant in Bromely, New Zealand, were cordoned off into high-rate algal ponds that are used to make bio-crude oil. The demonstration project combines NIWA s scientific expertise on advanced wastewater treatment and algal production pond technology with Solray s biocrude oil conversion technology. Adding CO2 into the ponds enhances wastewater treatment and doubles algal production. The algae are then collected and pumped into a reactor, where heat and pressure turn the biomass into bio-crude oil a form easy to convert to a range of conventional fuels Florida, Cal Poly is using nine ponds at San Luis Obispo s wastewater treatment plant to test the viability of using algae to treat sewage. Algae feed on pollutants in the wastewater. It consists of nine algae-rich ponds that circulate wastewater. The project is called Reclamation of Nutrients, Energy and Water, or RNEW ISARDI (the SA R&D Institute) has just started a 3 year, $1m project in collaboration with ARF (Aust Renewable Fuels) with an emphasis on photobioreactor work to identify suitable algae to grow in saline water, such as in the Riverland salt interception area.

23 Materials and methods Air in 20 ml Preculture

24 Previous related publications Lababpour A. (2013) Simultaneous microalga biomass production and wastewater treatment in various pond geometries, ISHS. Lababpour A. (2013) Bioremediation of municipal wastewater using macroalga genus Gracilaria, ISHS. Lababpour A. (2013) Cultivation of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in municipal wastewater for biomass production, National Bioremediation Symposium. Lababpour A. (2014) Model-based dynamic optimization of flue gas supply to cultures of microalga Chlorella vulgaris, NAOIII, SQU, Oman.