An Overview of Studies and Monitoring Programs. Yousef Rashidi (PhD), Managing Director Air Quality Control Company (

Transcription

1 An Overview of Studies and Monitoring Programs Yousef Rashidi (PhD), Managing Director Air Quality Control Company ( Urban air pollution program University of California, Irvine, CA September 3, 2013

2 Outline Laws and regulations An overview of international study Air quality standards and related issues Air quality monitoring system Transboundary air quality episodes Asbestos and heavy metals Fuel quality analysis Vehicle emission standards Noise monitoring & meteorological observations Challenges

3 Air Pollution in Tehran

4 Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) ( Air & Noise Pollution Measurements Ambient Vehicle Industrial Mathematical Modeling (Airviro, Predictor, SoundPlan)

5 Tehran Characteristics Area : 780 km 2 Population: 0.7 million in 1941 to 12 million in 2011 Petrol Consumption: 10 ~ 13 Million liters per day

6 Framework of Air Quality Laws and Regulations in Iran Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Article 50: Protection of the Environment: The protection of the environment, in which the present as well as the future generations have a right to flourishing social existence, is regarded as a public duty in the Islamic Republic. Economic and other activities that inevitably involve pollution of the environment or cause irreparable damage to it are therefore forbidden. Act to prevent air pollution (1995) Second, Third, fourth and fifth development plan laws ( ) The government should take into account actions in order to meet WHO Guidelines in big cities in Iran Governmental action plans(2000,2012)

7 Annual Air Pollution Damage Cost in Iran World Bank Report(2005): 1810 Million US$ (due to PM-10) Report No IR ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN COST ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION June 30, 2005, Rural Development, Water and Environment Department Middle East and North Africa Region, The World Bank

8 International Projects Tehran Transport Emission Reduction Project (1997, GEF, Swedish joint venture and AQCC) ( An Integrated Master Plan in Air pollution Control in GTA (1997, JICA, JWA, UNICO and AQCC) Strengthening and Improvement of Air Pollution Management in Tehran (2004, JICA and DOE)

9 Air Quality Standards in Iran US-EPA Air Quality Index for daily public awareness WHO Guideline as National Air Quality Standards(2009) CO SO 2 1 hr 35 ppm 8 hr 9 daily 37 ppb (140) yearly 7 (30) NO 2 yearly 21 ppb (53) PM10 PM2.5 daily 50 µg/m 3 (150) yearly 20 daily 25 µg/m 3 (35) Yealy 10 (15) O 3 8 hr 50 ppb (75)

10 Air Quality Monitoring Network

11 Air Quality Monitoring Stations

12 Air Quality Analyzer Spec. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Principle: Pulsed UV fluorescent Ability: Microprocessor controlled analyzer with automatic calibration using an external gas dilution calibrator and calibration gas standards. Comply with USEPA Automated Reference/Equivalent Method Designation. Specifications: Ranges: Auto-ranging ppm, resolution ppm or 0.1% reading Noise (at zero): Less than 0.25 ppb or 1% reading whichever is less Lower Detectable Limit: Less than 0.50 ppb or 0.2% of concentration reading Total Interference Equivalent: Less than 12 ppb Zero Drift: Less than 1 ppb/7 days and Less than 1 ppb/24 hours Span Drift: Less than 0.5%/24 hours Lag Time: Less than 10 sec Rise Time: Less than 60 sec to 95% Fall Time: Less than 120 sec to 95% Precision: 1 ppb or 1% reading Sample Flow Rate: 0.5 lpm (nominal) Temperature Range: 5 to 45 deg C Digital Outputs: DB50 status and multi-drop RS-232 ports. Power: 220 VAC 50 HZ Chassis: Rack mounted, 19 inch.

13 Trend of Air Quality Index PM HAZARDOUS VERY UNHEALTHY UNHEALTHY MEDIUM GOOD HAZARDOUS VERY UNHEALTHY UNHEALTHY MEDIUM GOOD

14 Annual Average of Particulates in Tehran PM-10 PM-2.5

15 Concentration Transboundary Air Pollution Episode in Tehran

16 Trajectory of Particulates over Iran NASA Picture July 4

17 Asbestos Measurements YEAR Average concentrations of asbestos (fib/ml)

18 Heavy Metals Elements Concentration 2010 (ng/m 3 ) Concentration 1999 (ng/m 3 ) Arsenic 1.36 Vanadium 5.17 Manganese 7.96 lead Cadmium Nickel Mercury 0.3

19 Vehicle Emissions (CO+HC+NOx) Emission (gr/km) Peykan ECE15.04 Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro

20 (ppm) Sulfur Content in Gas Oil (before 2012)

21 Diesel fuel Quality ( )

22 Diesel fuel Quality (refineries development )

23 Diesel fuel Quality (refineries development )

24 PM-2.5: role of atmospheric chemical reactions Chow, et al. (1992) PM10 source apportionment in California's San Joaquin Valley, Atmos. Environ. 26A,

25 Noise pollution monitoring in Tehran

26 تابلو و ایستگاه سنجش گر صدا

27 L eq (db) Example of noise pollution data

28 AQCC Noise Monitoring Department 28

29 Air Quality meteorological masts

30 Field experiments Location of met. towers

31 Field experiments Technical description of met. sensors

32 Wind Rose

33 Mean wind speed in each direction Tehransar Resalat

34 Diurnal variation of Temprature difference

35 Pasquill-Gifford Stability Classes F 17% A 1% B 15% A 6% E 9% C 15% F 39% B 22% C 8% D 43% 3500 E 5% D 20% Tehransar Resalat A B C D E F Resalat Tehransar

36 Conclusion: Air Quality Progresses in Iran Lead phase out from 2003 Development of refineries to produce petrol and gas oil according to EURO IV and EURO V (70% progress) Public Transportation Development (BRT, Subway) Subway: 6 lines, 88 stations and 152 km BRT: 7 lines, 114 Km Implementation of vehicle emission standards Scrappage of 2 million old vehicles Scrappage of all 2-stroke motorcycles

37 Conclusion: Air Quality Challenges in Iran Lack of reliable local and national emission database (Department of Environment) Inconsistency between AQI and approved ambient standards (Department of Environment, Ministry of Health) Lack of certified and reference air quality monitoring laboratory in Iran (Department of Environment, Iran Standard organization) Difficulty to prepare spare parts, calibration gas, due to sanctions

38 Acknowledgement Sharif University of Technology American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) The National Academy of Sciences World Learning International Visitor Leadership Program