Hydrological Interactions Between Atmosphere, Soil and Vegetation

Transcription

1 Hydrological Interactions Between Atmosphere, Soil and Vegetation Edited by G. KIENITZ WrUKI, Pf27, H-1453 Budapest, Hungary P. C. D. MILLY US Geological Survey, Geophysical Fuild Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, PO Box 308, Princeton, New Jersey 08542, USA M. Th. VAN GENUCHTEN US Salinity Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, California 92501, USA D. ROSBJERG Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering, JSVA, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark W. J. SHUTTLEWORTH Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK Proceedings of an international symposium held during the XXth General Assembly of the the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Vienna, August The symposium was organized jointly by IAHS, UNESCO and WMO IAHS Publication No. 204

2 Published by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK. IAHS Publication No ISBN The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IAHS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The use of trade, firm, or corporate names in the publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by IAHS of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The camera-ready copy (CRC) for the papers was prepared mostly by the authors. Some papers were retyped at VITUKI, Budapest. The CRC was assembled/finished at IAHS Press by Penny Kisby. Printed in Great Britain by Galliard (Printers) Ltd, Great Yarmouth

3 PMEFAŒ The international community of hydrologists, whose scientific activities are coordinated by IAHS through its international commissions and committees which specialize in the different branches of hydrology, has increasingly felt that a gap, viz. a lack of interdisciplinary coordination among some closely related scientific fields, existed in an area which was not adequately covered by IAHS. This was the "border area" of atmosphere, soil and vegetation where events concerning the former are basic factors in shaping hydrological phenomena. Although the scientific study of this subject lies within the competence both of various IAHS commissions and of other international scientific associations covering the disciplines related to atmosphere, soil and vegetation, hydrologists have recognized the importance for their own discipline of studying water-related aspects of this subject and making use of the results attained in other disciplines. It was this recognition that induced the IAHS Bureau at its meeting in 1987 in Vancouver to initiate the formation of an International Committee on Atmosphere- Soil-Vegetation Relations (ICASVR) on a trial basis in order to sound out the interest of the international scientific community in the hydrology of this multidisciplinary "border area". Since its formation, the Committee has been engaged in various activities which have revealed strong interest in its endeavours, but the real testing case was considered to be the international response to its initiation of organizing an IAHS symposium on atmosphere-soil-vegetation relations, for which the XXth IUGG General Assembly in August 1991 in Vienna offered an excellent forum. Symposium H4 on Hydrological Interactions Between Atmosphere, Soil and Vegetation has been organized with the intentions described above, and has been divided into four topics selected to cover the main fields of interest for hydrologists. These are: (a) moisture, radiation and temperature fluxes at the atmosphere, soil and vegetation interfaces; (b) modelling of water movement and chemicals in the soil; (c) physiological behaviour of plants in relation to water and chemicals; and (d) case studies and field investigations at plot and catchment scales. The interest expressed by the international scientific community was beyond all expectations. In response to the call for papers, over one hundred abstracts were received in 1990 followed by about 20 late abstracts in The meeting time available has limited the number of papers admissable for oral presentation, and a significant number of authors were requested to bring their material to poster sessions. Forty-five of the papers selected for oral presentation are included in this volume, while another 26 papers are expected to be presented at poster sessions. Fifteen of the poster papers will also appear in printed form, thanks to the editors of the Journal of the Austrian Hydrological Service (Mitteilungsblatt des Hydrographischen Dienstes in Osterreich). The importance of the subject has also been fully recognized by the International Hydrological Programme (MP) of UNESCO which included it under project H-l-1 "Water transport through the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system" in its research programme beginning in IAHS, being entrusted with the execution of this project, regards symposium H4 in Vienna as an important step in realizing IHP project H-l-1. With the ultimate aim of compiling a State-of-the-Art Report on Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Relations, keynote papers were invited to precede and to present the scope of all four topics, and they, as well as all the papers presented at the Symposium and the ideas expressed during the meeting, will form the basis of this Report. Contributors to and participants at the Symposium are requested to bear in mind the aims described above, and their efforts in helping to realize these aims will be highly appreciated. Dr Gâbor Kienitz Chairman ICASVR Budapest, May 1991 V

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5 CONTENTS Preface Gûbor Kienitz 1 MOISTURE, RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE FLUXES AT THE ATMOSPHERE, SOIL AND VEGETATION INTERFACES Some current themes in physical hydrology of the land-atmosphere interface (keynote paper) P. C. D. Milfy 3 "Incorporating" vegetation and soil schemes into atmospheric general circulation climate models A. Henderson-Sellers 11 Integrated modeling of hydrologie and atmospheric processes at regional scale M. L. Kavvas, S. T. Soong, M. N. Saquib, Z. Chen, K. Ishizaki, F. Yoshino, S. Aoki, K Masukura & J. Yoshitani 21 A concept for hydrological process studies from local to global scales S. Dyck & H. Baumert 31 Evaporative conditions across a grass-forest boundary: A comment on the strategy for regionalizing evaporation A. W. L. Veen, R. W. A. Hutjes, W. Klaassen, B. Kruijt & H. J. M. Lankreijer 43 Comparison of an alternative land surface parameterization with the GFDL high resolution climate model Eric F. Wood, Dennis P. Lettenmaier & James R. Wallis 53 The parameterization of sub-grid scale processes in climate models A. J. Pitman 65 Predicting near-surface meteorological variations over different vegetation types R. W. A. Hutjes, W. Klaassen, B. Kruijt & A. W. L. Veen 75 A spectral reflectance index of developing crops largely independent of cloud cover and soil surface wetness C. T. Petersen 85 Derivation of areal soil physical data from satellite measurements W. G. M. Bastiaanssen 95 Heat and momentum fluxes near a forest edge B. Kruijt, W, Klaassen, R. W. A. Hutjes &A.W.L. Veen 107 Interaction between snow cover and atmosphere O. S. R. U. Bhanu Kumar 117 Interactions between forest dynamics, climate changes and hydrology Ph. Martin 127 Theoretical and experimental analysis of the relationship between crop canopy air temperature and vapour pressure deficit under temperate humid conditions H. E. Jensen, H. Svendsen, S. E. Jensen & V. O. Mogensen 137 Enhancement of évapotranspiration by advection in arid regions L. W. Gay & Ch. Bemhofer 147 vii

6 Contents vm Chemical composition and temporal variation of bulk precipitation at Visakhapatnam, India A. Narayana Swamy MODELLING OF WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICALS IN THE SOIL Recent progress in modelling water flow and chemical transport in the unsaturated zone (keynote paper) M. Th. van Genuchten 169 Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in the soil-plant system using the Danish simulation model DAISY S. Hansen, H. E. Jensen, N. E. Nielsen & H. Svendsen 185 DISNIT2, a root zone water and nitrogen management model /. Fehér, M. Th. van Genuchten, G. Kienitz, T. Németh, Gy. Biczôk & G. J. Kovâcs 197 A soil-based process-conceptual model for Hortonian overland flow and infiltration /. Lee, K. Musiake & K. Oka 207 A numerical model for water and solute movement in forest soils and its application to CI" transport in microlysimeters N. Ohte, N. Tokuchi, M. Suzuki & G. Iwatsubo 217 Modelling moisture transfer in the "soil-canopy-atmosphere" system L. S. Kuchment & Z. P. Startseva 227 Modelling water transfer in soils during the winter-spring period E. M. Gusev 235 Field investigations of preferential flow behaviour K. Vûlholth, K. H. Jensen & J. Fredericia 245 Comparison of unsaturated transfer models with experimental results A. Mermoud & G. Gaillard 263 The effect of data accuracy on the results of soil moisture modelling M. W. Ostrowski 271 A gravity-drainage/scaling method for estimating the hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soils P. J. Shouse, M. Th. van Genuchten & J. B. Sisson PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO WATER AND CHEMICALS Plant water relationships and évapotranspiration (keynote paper) H. E. Jensen, K, E. Jensen & D. Rosbjerg 295 Assessment of diffusive crop cover resistance in évapotranspiration simulations by means of mathematical models /. Jaworski 309 Transpiration model associated with sap flow and meteorological data M. Hashino & H. Yoshida 317 Measurement of évapotranspiration from a forest planted with cryptomeria using the eddy correlation method Kanzi Mizutani, Takefumi Ikeda & Akira Shimizu 329

7 IX Contents Plant physiological behaviour in relation to water in a semiarid environment in southeast Spain F. Domingo, J. Puigdefabregas, S. C. Clark, L. D. Incoll & J. G. Lockwood 335 Studies on the utility of forest hydrology using a catchment model Chen Zu-Ming & He Min CASE STUDIES AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS AT PLOT AND CATCHMENT SCALES The role of hydrology in global science (keynote paper) W. J. Shuttleworth 361 The water balances of two small upland catchments in Highland Scotland with different vegetation covers R. C. Johnson & J. T. Law 377 Comparison of water storage variations inside a soil profile in different soil and vegetation types S. M. Tattari & K. A. Granlund 387 Prise en compte du type d'occupation des sols dans une modélisation pluie-débit en savane soudanaise E. Servat & A. Dezetter 401 Natural and anthropogenic changes of heat and water budgets of the central Caucasus A. N. Krenke, G. M. Nikolaeva & A. B. Shmakin 411 Groundwater, thermal and solute transport between pine forest and pastureland M. Taniguchi 425 Field investigations of moisture and temperature fluxes at atmosphere, soil and vegetation interfaces G. Peschke, J. Scholz & C. Seidler 433 Hydrochemical budgets for experimental watersheds affected by nitrogen and sulphur treatments G. Brahmer & K, H. Feger 443 Biochemical modifications of snowpack runoff in an alpine basin Mark Williams, Aaron Brown & John Melack 457 Herbicide, nutrient and drainage from irrigated fields W. Nicholaichuk, K. Best, R. Grover&J. Whiting 467 Water yield control in beech forest. A paired watershed study in the Krofdorf forest research area Horst-Michael Brechtel & Hans-Werner Filhrer All Forest decline and soil acidification as biospheric aspects of the hydrological cycle H. J. Caspary 485

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