Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV/WT Energy System Using Super-Capacitor

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1 OR Journal of Engineering (ORJE) (e): , (p): PP Modeling and imulation of Grid Connected PV/WT Energy ytem Uing uper-capacitor V.Alexpandian 1,.hahid 2,.Revantha Krinaa 3, A.Arun Kumar 4, D.Karthikeyan 5 5 (Aitant Profeor, Department Of EEE, Achariya College Of Engineering Technology, Pondicherry) 1, 2, 3, 4 (Final Yearb.Tech, Department Of EEE, Achariya College Of Engineering Technology, Pondicherry) Correponding author:v.alexpandian Abtract-The development of olar photovoltaic and wind energy ytem for producing electricity i mot needed facility for the human being. Baically thi ytem ha to integrate the two energy ytem that will give every time continuou power.thi model conit for annexation of induction generator, controller, converter. The efficiency of electricity output i improve the reliability and integration of renewable power into the grid. The model i implemented uing Matlab imulink oftware package.thi paper deal with grid connected energy ytem have uing of uper-capacitor and the Dcupplycan be tored in the dc battery a well a the Ac ource i connected to the grid. The MPPT and hytereicontroller get the controlled upply. Keyword: Dc to Dc power converion, Hybrid power ytem, Modeling, Photovoltaic ytem, uper capacitor, Grid, Wind power generation.. ntroduction Renewable energy i the energy which come from natural reource uch a unlight, wind, rain, tide and geothermal heat. Thee reource are renewable and can be naturally replenied. Therefore, for all practical purpoe, thee reource can be conidered to be inexhautible, unlike dwindling conventional foil fuel. The global energy crunch ha provided a renewed impetu to the growth and development of Clean and Renewable Energy ource. Clean Development Mechanim (CDM) are being adopted by organization all acro the globe. Apart from the rapidly decreaing reerve of foil fuel in the world, another major factor working againt foil fuel i the pollution aociated with their combution. Contratingly, renewable energy ource are known to be much cleaner and produce energy without the harmful effect of pollution unlike their Conventional counterpart. Renewable energy i energy that i generated from natural procee that are continuouly replenied. Thi include unlight, geothermal heat, wind, tide, water and variou form of bioma. Thi energy cannot be exhauted and i contantly renewed. Wind and olar energy are reliable ource of electricity that can diverify our nation' energy portfolio. t' a clean fuel ource. Wind energy doen't pollute the air like power plant that rely on combution of foil fuel, uch a coal or natural ga. Wind turbine don't produce atmopheric emiion that caue acid rain or greenhoue gae. Wind i a form of olar energy. Due to the uneven heating of the atmophere by the un wind flow. Due to the earth terrain, bodie of water and vegetation the wind flow pattern are modified. Wind turbine convert the kinetic energy in the wind in to mechanical then to electrical by rotating the generator which i connected internally. Due to thi concept of wind energy it i an unreliable one and le ued. o it i better to ue hybrid generation ytem which i better than individual wind or individual PV generation ytem. o it i overcome the demerit of individual ytem. Grid interface of hybrid generation ytem improve the ytem reliability. The major advantage of olar / wind hybrid ytem i that when olar and wind power production are ued together, the reliability of the ytem i enhancedthe major advantage of olar / wind hybrid ytem i that when olar and wind power production are ued together, the reliability of the ytem i enhanced. 1 Page

2 Fig. 1Grid Connected PV/WT Energy ytem Uing uper-capacito A. uper Capacitor uper capacitor alo known a Electric double-layer capacitor, or electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC), or ultra-capacitor, are electrochemical capacitor that have an unuually high energy denity when compared to common capacitor, typically on the order of thouand of time greater than a high capacity electrolytic capacitor. For intance, a typical electrolytic capacitor will have a capacitance in the range of ten of mill farad. We focu then our tudy of the reduction in battery tree by the ue of C. We aim at invetigating the optimal C/battery combination with repect to the cot price of uper capacitor. Thi invetigation i threefold; firt, uper capacitor and battery model are developed then validated uing MATLAB/imulink oftware. n a econd tage, the architecture and the imulation of the deigned ytem combining the two type of torage device are own. The tudy emphaize on UP autonomou running for grid fault lating few minute, the uper capacitor upply the tranient demand of power and the battery i reponible for the moothne requirement for energy. By allowing the battery to charge up the uper capacitor pack at a uitable rate, the energy tored in the C would be available to atify the maximum of the pulating load power demand. The ame ize uper capacitor would have a capacitance of everal farad, an improvement of about two or three order of magnitude in capacitance but uually at a lower working voltage. Larger, commercial electric double layer capacitor have capacitie a high. The ame ize uper capacitor would have a capacitance of everal farad, an improvement of about two or three order of magnitude in capacitance but uually at a lower working voltage.thi charge eparation create a potential between the two plate, which can be harneed in an external circuit. The total energy tored in thi faion increae with both the amount of charge tored and the Potential between the plate. The control ytem preented in thi ection i deigned to benefit the fat charge and dicharge capability of the uper capacitor in order to reduce the battery tree due to intantaneou power demand. The purpoe of the combination between C and the battery i to make the C upply the power tranient and to mooth the high-power demand applied to the battery during autonomou operationedlc [1]. Do not have a conventional dielectric. Rather than two eparate plate eparated by an intervening ubtance, thee capacitor ue "plate" that are in fact two layer of the ame ubtrate, and their electrical propertie, the ocalled "electrical double layer", reult in the effective eparation of charge depite the vaniingly thin (on the order of nanometer) phyical eparation of the layer.. mplementation of the Controller Controller i the heart of the ytem, a device which force the controlled variable of the plant or proce to behave in a deired manner. There are two type of controller ued in order to make the hybrid ytem to work in an efficient manner namely, 2 Page

3 MPPT controller A.Maximum Power Point Tracking The efficiency of a olar PV module i meaured to be not more than 30%. A een from the Power V Voltage curve the module ha to operate at a pecific range of voltage value in order to extract maximum power thu improving the efficiency. The Maximum power tranfer theory ay that maximum power can be extracted from a ource when the load impedance matche the ource impedance (Thevenin equivalent impedance). Hence our problem of tracking the maximum power point reduce to an impedance matching problem. B. Flow chart of perturb & oberve technique The P&O method i claimed to have low dynamic repone and high teady tate error. n fact, the dynamic repone i low when a mall increment value and a low ampling rate are employed. To decreae the teady tate error low increment are eential becaue the P&O alway make the operating point ocillate near the MPP, but never at the MPP exactly. When the increment i lower, the ytem will be cloer to the array MPP. n cae of greater increment, the algorithm will work fater, but the teady tate error will be increaed. Where, D = Duty cycle Vpv = PV voltage pv = PV current Fig. 2 Block diagram of olar array with MPPT controller. Photovoltaic ytem A. Photovoltaic ytem The photoelectric effect wa firt noted by French phyicit Edmund Becquerel in He propoed that certain material have property of producing mall amount of electric current when expoed to unlight A photovoltaic ytem make ue of one or more olar panel electricity. t conit of variou component which include the photovoltaic module, mechanical and electrical connection and mounting and mean of regulating and/or modifying the electrical output. B. Modeling Of A olar Cell PV array are formed by combine no of olar cell in erie and in parallel. A imple olar cell equivalent circuit model i own in figure. To enhance the performance or rating no of cell are combine. olar cell are connected in erie to provide greater output voltage and combined in parallel to increae the current. Hence a particular PV array i the combination of everal PV module connected in erie and parallel. A module i the combination of no of olar cell connected in erie andparallel. The governing equation for thi equivalent circuit i formulated uing Kirchhoff current law for current : 3 Page

4 Fig.3 Circuit diagram of a ingle PV cell.. (4.1) L D Here, L repreent the light-generated current in the cell, D repreent the voltage-dependent current lot to recombination, and repreent the current lot due to unt reitance. n thi ingle diode model, D i modeled uing the hockley equation for an ideal diode V R exp 1 0. (4.2) D nv T Where n the diode ideality i factor (unit le, uually between 1 and 2 for a ingle junction cell), o i the aturation current, and V T i the thermal voltage given by: Fig. 4 imulation for olar model Fig. 5 Output current of olar model Fig. 6 Output voltage of olar model 4 Page

5 Fig. 7 imulation for wind model kt C V (4.3) T q Boltzmann contant ( J / K ) and q i the elementary charge ( C ). Writing the unt current a ( V R ) / R and combining thi and the above equation reult in the complete governing equation for the ingle diode model, V R V R L exp 1 0 nv R T (4.4)The five parameter in thi equation are primary to all ingle diode equivalent circuit model: L : light current (A) o : diode revere aturation current (A) R : erie reitance (Ohm) R : unt reitance (Ohm) n : diode ideality factor (unit le) For a photovoltaic module or array compriing cell in erie, and auming all cell are identical and under uniform and equal irradiance and temperature (i.e., generate equal current and voltage), and mod ule V cell The ingle diode equation for a module or array become mod ule Fig.1.5imulation diagram MPPT (P&O Technique) cell M V R V M M L exp 1 0 n V T a nkt q C M (4.5) M R R V. imulation The imulation of following olar and wind model will be conit of following block, PV panel MPPT controller DC-DC converter Wind turbine 5 Page

6 Fig. 8 Output voltage of wind model The above Fig. 5 ow the output current waveform. n thi waveform the maximum current attain 9A. Fig. 9 Output current of wind model The above Fig. 9 ow the output current waveform. n thi waveform the maximum voltage attain 30A. V. Grid Connected Hybrid ytem The imulation reult for different type of load i dicued, Grid connected hybrid PV and Wind tand-alone wind tand-alone olar Fig. 10 Output for Hybrid ytem of olar and wind The above Fig.10 ow the output voltage of hybrid ytem waveform. n thi waveform the maximum voltage and current i attain 400V and 92A. V. Concluion The controller current harmonic are minimized and it i almot inuoidal irrepective of the load current will be controlled, it ha been etablied through imulation that the two controller are MPPT controller and hyterei-current-controller which are deigned pecifically for the propoed ytem have exactly tracked the maximum power from both the ource.and finally upercacitor energy will goe to battery and the tore power given to the appliance. The variou waveform of thi ytem were obtained by uing the oftware Matlab/imulink. The imulation reult owed excellent performance from the Wind PV hybrid ytem. 6 Page

7 Reference [1] Amine Lahyani, Pacal Venet, Abdeattar Guermazi, and Alaeddine Troudi Battery/uper-capacitor Combination in Uninterruptible Power upply (UP), EEE Tranaction on Power Electronic, vol. 28, no. 4, April [2] Critian, Carlo Ocampo-Martinez&María né Valla Modeling, Diagnoi, and Control of Fuel-Cell-Baed Technologie and Their ntegration in mart Grid and Automotive ytem, EEE Tranaction On ndutrial Electronic, VOL. 62, O. 8, AUGUT [3] Hania E-Kanj Baitie and Tarek elmi Review of mart Grid ytem' Requirement, 2015 Tenth nternational Conference on Ecological Vehicle and Renewable Energie (EVER) [4] H.L Tai, nolation-oriented model of photovoltaic module uing Matlab/imulink, olar Energy, vol. 84, pp , July [5] J.P. Reichling, and F.A. Kulacki, Utility cale hybrid wind-olar thermal electrical generation a cae tudy for Minneota, Energy, vol. 33, pp , April [6] M.G. Villalva, J.R. Gazoli, and E.R. Filho, Comprehenive approach to modeling and imulation of photovoltaic array, EEE Tranaction on Power Electronic, vol. 24, pp , May [7] OrhanEkren a, Banu Y. Ekren b, BariOzerdem c Break-even analyi and ize optimization of a PV/wind hybrid energy converion ytem with battery torage A cae tudy, Applied Energy 86 (2009) [8]. Dihrab, and K. opian, Electricity generation of hybrid PV/wind ytem in raq, Renewable Energy, vol. 35, pp , Jun Page