Experimental Study of The Diameter and Depth Pore Hole Influence Over Infiltration In Order Sustainable Drainage Channels Planning

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1 Experimental Study of The Diameter and Depth Pore Hole Influence Over Infiltration In Order Sustainable Drainage Channels Planning Fenti Daud 1, Mary Selintung 2, Saleh Pallu 3, dan Arsyad Thaha 4 1 Student of Doctoral Program in civil engineering of Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp ABSTRACT The countermeasure of flood drainage requires effective and insightful environmental design that functioning caught and flow water from a road, water absorption into its soil layer below. A laboratory scale research is needed to know: the diameter and depth of the effective hole pore to absorb water from the drainage channels into the soil below. This research was conducted with experimental studies using porous drainage channel model. The testing was conducted in two stages, namely static and dynamic condition flows. Each stage is performed by observations with 3 variations in diameter holes, 2 soil texture variation modeled based on soil samples taken at the 3 point locations that are often experienced floods or inundation, 3 variations of height water in the funnel. From observations and laboratory tests are expected to generate porous hole dimensions that appropriate with drainage channel soil conditions. Keyword:- drainage, pore 1. INTRODUCTION The flooding that hit Makassar city on Saturday (26/1/2013) at WITA after washed down by heavy rain resulting that almost the whole town flooded as high as 50 centimeters especially in citizen settlements (Kompas, 2013). The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) of Makassar city has evacuated at least 1,500 residents who are domiciled in Manggala Sub-district especially in Perumnas Antang (Tempo, 2013). The flooding that hit the city caused by inadequate drainage so that less capability of accommodating the discharge of water, the lack of open green space as the area of water absorption. Other causes are the citizens change the function of drainages as a landfill, so they clogged the channel of water (Tribune Timur, 2013), bad drainage all over 3,000 kilometers and the rapid growth of residential property in water bags that ignore the drainages (Antara, 2013). One of the problems that frequently arise are flooding either in urban, residential areas, as well as in rural areas (agricultural area) which requires the technically handling with big funding which must be implemented by the Government and the role of the community either in rural, urban, in the upper Watersheds (DAS) as well as downstream, rich or poor, academic or non academic, even all the people who have a relationship with the water. (Sobriyah and Wignyosukarto, 2001). From a physical aspect, several factors that cause flooding among others are; a). the reducing protected forest land area "conservation" as a result to be converted into residential development area of the city, b). The reducing water catchment area or catchment area, c). the reducing of water absorption is partly due to the growing number of ground surface are compacted or covered with asphalt and other road roughness, d). Less open drainage network conditions due to the superficiality so that it is not functioning optimally, and e). The occurring sedimentation and coastal or estuary superficiality (Busro, 1990). Until now, the drainage design is based on the philosophy that water flows and floods as minimum as possible the service areas. But with more unstable the equalization of water (usage and availability) the more philosophical drainage designs is required, not only are they safe against inundation but also at once based on water conservation (Sunjoto Muttaqin in 2007, 1987). Wasrif, at all, (2010) developed the concept of absorbing porous pipe (PPR) that combines the functionality of the well hole, biopori absorbing hole and absorbing composter pipe. PPR is highly possible to be applied in areas of dense population because Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 1

2 it is made of pvc pipe with a 1-3 cm diameter which essentially adopts the absorbing concept of the use of gravel as the foundation, so it is not caused a threat that can collapse for the region around absorbing pipe pore. Absorbing wells also serves to prevent soil degradation, reducing flooding and inundation of water flow on the surface of the soil, reducing the widespread of infiltration/instrution of sea water in to the main land, and increased the soil water potential (Suharta K, et all, 2008). Biopori absorbing hole is a water absorbing method by increasing the power of soil water absorption in soil. Biopori is pores that shaped like a orifice (small tunnel) created by the activity of the fauna of the soil or the plant's roots. Biopori absorbing hole is a cylindrical hole that made vertically into the ground with a cm diameter and approximately 100 cm depth or in the case of soil with shallow groundwater level, it is not to exceed the inner face of the groundwater. Absorbing holes then filled with organic waste that is deposited in the hole so that it could support land fauna which in turn is able to create biopori (Dinolefty, 2010). LRB technology is considered effective and environment-friendly because it uses animal services in the ground like a worm and termites as well as organic waste to help form the natural pores in the soil so that water can be absorbed by the soil and the structure can be repaired (Wahyudi et al, 2008). According to Suharta, et al, 2008, that the infiltration is the movement of water from the surface into the surface of the ground water (water table) caused by the force of gravity and capillarity. Factors that affect infiltration on a landform are; 1.) The depth of flooded area on ground level, 2). Moisture content in the soil, 3). Saturated thick layer, 4). Hardening by precipitation, 5). Clogging by fine materials, 6). Compression by humans and animals, and 7). Vegetation. 2.MATERIALS Drainage Models For laboratory test carried out by using the model of the container as a means of testing infiltration as in Figure 1 which has porous holes. Infiltration test is conducted with 3 diameter variation and the depth of the hole. Figure 1. Static Condition Flow Model Soil Texture Soil samples that have a texture based on land texture on 3 flood inundation location point are used for absorbing media which is considered to represent the texture of the ground flood inundation locations that exist in urban areas. Determining soil texture is performed through the laboratory examination. To see the absorbing ability, an initial experiment was conducted that is test of permeability and compaction soil to determine the density of the soil base. 3.METHODS This research was conducted with Experimental method with testing in the laboratory as well as descriptive methods which literally meant to make an overview of the situation, condition, or event that more lead to data base gathering activity. This method is more generally referred to as Survey Method. According to Nasir, 1988, that a study was carried out to obtain the facts from the symptoms that factually exist. To see the influence parameters to infiltration, preferably observations are made through two stages, namely the static and dynamic conditions. For absorbing media used soil samples with texture that are taken based on the land texture at 3 locations that are considered to represent the location of the regional flood inundation. The soil texture of research location is revealed through laboratory test. Soil texture samples are made appropriate to soil texture in the field. In this study, data retrieval is performed in static conditions using the 3 diameter variations and depth of the pore hole and 3 variations of high water surface. The procedure of this research, you can check on the flowchart (Figure 2) Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 2

3 4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION Figure 2. Flowchart Procedure of this research The laboratory examination results for soil texture of 3 location sample are shown in Table 1, where classified as clay is a material that has diameter mm, dust that has diameter ( ) mm and materials sand that has diameter (0.05-2) mm. Table 1. The Soil Texture at Inundation Location No. Inundation Location Soil Texture Clay (%) Dust (%) Sand (%) 1. Perintis Kemerdekaan Pettarani Ahmad Yani Based on the soil texture at 3 location of flood inundation point, soil samples are made with 2 texture variations as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Time to Absorb Water Soil Sample Soil Texture Sand Dust Clay I II From laboratory test results in the static conditions retrieved infiltration discharge result for various variations, as shown in the following table: Table 3 Major Infiltration in Soil Samples for Three High Water Surface Variations with 3 Variations in Diameter and Depth of Holes Hole Diameter (cm) 8 Hole Depth (cm) Soil I High Water Surface (cm) Soil II ,94 4,45 4,9 56,33 58, ,67 44, ,94 44, ,6 141,6 12,13 12,33 11, ,16 3,55 6,06 6,91 13,05 19, ,4 12,65 14,33 6,16 8,63 12, ,36 3,8 3,37 7,03 3,94 8, ,6 2,1 1,08 4,67 4, ,52 3,5 6,28 10,78 16,33 22,1 20 2,26 2,33 2,67 10,45 15,36 19,17 Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 3

4 The influence of diameter and depth pore hole through infiltrated water discharge into absorbing media for soil samples with sand texture75%, dust 15% and clay 10% is presented through the graph in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. For soil samples with the sand texture 50%, dust 30% and clay 20%, the amount of infiltration discharge are revealed on the graph in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. Figure. 3 Graph of The Relationship between The Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 15 cm (soil sample 1) Figure 4. Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 20 cm (soil sample 1) Figure 5 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 25 cm (soil sample 1) Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 4

5 Figure 6 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 15 cm (soil sample 2) Figure 7 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 20 cm (soil sample 2) Figure 8 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth of hole in High Water Surface 25 cm (soil sample 2) Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 5

6 5.CONCLUSION From the initial results of the study it can be concluded that the pored drainage system can be applied on porous soil conditions at the site of flood inundation due to all the locations have sand content that is able to absorb water but with different speeds according to the percentage of sand. From observation through a laboratory test using a drainage model which is equipped with pore holes obtained the results of the influences of diameter and depth of the pores against the infiltration discharge that is the ratio of the width of hole porous against the width of land area is recommend a minimum of 3.14%, it is known that: the influence of the hole pore dimension against the amount of water that absorbs into the ground, the influence of soil texture on the speed of the water inundated without the flowing (static water) and with flowing (dynamic conditions). Hole pore depth which will be inserted into ground and how will it affect to the amount of water that absorbed both at static and flowing water (dynamic) The influence of high water flooding both on the static and on the high of flowing dynamic water toward the amount of water that absorbed into the ground. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was a preliminary research of my dissertation and supported by Ministry of Education and Culture Scholarship of Indonesia. The second, the third, the fourth and the fifth authors were also grateful for helpful discussion. References [1] Bidang Perencanaan Teknis dan Tata Bangunan Dinas Kimpraswil Kota Malang. Malang, April 2006, Overflow Mitigation Effort by Increasing People Role. [2] Busro, 1990 dalam Sucipto dan Agung Sutarto, 2007, Analysis of Drainage system Pond Capacityof Beringin River for Overflow Mitigation in Drainage Area of West Semarang semarang t. [3] Dinolefty, 2010, System Module of Water Absorption, Pore Hole, Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan, Nomor 1 Volume 9 Januari 2007, hal [4] Kodoatie, Robert J. dan Sugiyanto, Overflow, Several Causes and Control Methods in Environmental Perspective, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. [5] Linsley, R.K. and Franzini, J.B Water Resource Engineering.edisi ke dua,erlangga. [6] CIFOR, 2002, Policy Bulletin, Ford Foundation and ADB. [7] Michal Sněhota *a, Milena Císlerováa, M.H. Gao Aminb and Lawrence D. Hallb, (2010), Tracing the Entrapped (menangkap) Air in Heterogeneous Soil by Means of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, VZJ journal, doi: /vzj Vol. 9 No. 2, p , [8] Nasir, M Research Methods. Darussalam: Ghalia Indonesia. [9] Suripin., 2004, Sustainable Urban Drainage System, Penerbit andi Jogyakarta. [10] Sunarto Paleogeomorphology in Environmnetal Alteration Analysis of Karst Cave Complex in Maros. Majalah Geogafi Indonesia, (11) 19, [11] Sosrodarsono, S. and Takeda, K Hydrology for Irrigation, Cetakan ke lima, Jakarta. [12] Sobriyah dan Wignyasukarto, Budi. (2001), People Roles in Overflow Mitigation to Support Region Otonomy. Makalah pada Kongres VII dan PIT VIII Himpunan Ahli Teknik Hidraulik, Indonesia (HATHI), Malang [13] Sumur resapan, Overflow Solution.Post dateicon Rabu, Pikiran-rakyat.com & kompas.com, 21 Maret [14] Sunjoto.S. 2011, Comparison of Recharge System Formulas from Point of View of Dimension Analysis, Mathematical Logic and Flow Condition, Proceedings of the 4 th ASEAN Civil Engineering Conference, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. [15] Wasrif, Taufan Kurniawan, dan Friski Cahya N, 2010, Inovation of Absorption Pore Pipe for Overflow Mitigation in High Dense Area., Jurusan Teknik Sipil UGM. AUTHOR Fenti Daud Student of Doctoral Program in Civil Engineering of Hasanuddin University Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014 Page 6