Year: IV. Unit 1: Environmental Governance

Transcription

1 Year: IV Course Title: Pollution Control and Environmental Governance Lecture hours: 150 Course Code: Env. 403 Full marks: 100 Nature of Course: Theory (Compulsory-II) Pass marks: 35 Objectives The broad objective of the course is to produce competent professionals on environmental pollution control. The specific objectives of the course are as follows To familiarize students with fundamental pollution control of air, water, noise and land pollution To provide knowledge of Integrated solid waste management approaches To provide basic concept of regulatory mechanism to control pollution To acquaint the concept of environment governance and its role to pollution controls To familiarize students on guiding principles of environment governance to pollution controls Unit 1: Environmental Governance 15 hrs Introduction: Concept, scope and importance of environmental governance; Environmental governance in Nepal; National legislative framework: Environment Protection Act (EPA), Environment Protection Rule (EPR); Sectoral environmental legislations: National strategy, plans and polices, guidelines, manuals and standards; Legislative framework; International convention and treaties; Major International conventions adopted by Nepal; Environmental justice; Good governance. Environmental Governance: global evolution of concept of environmental governance, scope and importance; Environmental governance in Nepal: need and evolution of environmental governance in Nepal; National legislative framework: Environment Protection Act (EPA), Environment Protection Rule (EPR); Sectoral environmental legislations: National strategy, periodic and other plans and polices, guidelines, manuals and environmental standards; national legislative framework; International convention and treaties: Major international conventions and treaties (environmental) adopted by Nepal; Environmental justice: concept and significance; Good governance: meaning, components and significance of good governance Unit 2: Governance and Pollution Control 10 hrs Environmental pollution and phases of pollution abatement technology development; Sustainable requirement of environmental governance; Environmental governance: principle and practices; Role of environment governance to pollution control; Capacities of EG (Legal and institutional frame work decision taking knowledge, enforcement and incentives, integration mechanism); Concept of EG models (Concept of UNEP, Compliance, Cleaner production)

2 Environmental pollution and phases of pollution abatement technology development: Basic concepts on different types of environmental pollution (air, water, soil, noise, radiation, thermal) need and development of abatement technologies including their phases in development; Sustainable requirement of environmental governance: need and sustainability study of environmental governance; Environmental governance: principle and practices; Role of environment governance to pollution control; Capacities of EG: Legal and institutional frame work, decision making, enforcement and incentives, integration mechanism; Concept of EG models: concept of UNEP model of EG, compliance of the model, basic concept of cleaner production Unit 3: Air Pollution Control 25 hrs Air pollution control strategies: Factors, fundamental approaches (pre combustion control, combustion modification, post combustion control, new industrial processes, energy conservation), Guiding principles (long-term & short-term); Control technologies: atmospheric cleansing processes, equipment selection, Best Available Technology (BAT), preventive and control technology, better fuel counter measures, combustion control and energy saving, specific control devices for particulates and gaseous pollutants; Aircraft emission measures: regulatory, technical, operational & economic measures; Transportation pollution control: fuel additive, road infrastructure, air fuel ratio, traffic management, alternative / blended fuel; Indoor air pollution control: ICS, Building design, building code, air pollution control philosophy & regulatory approaches; National vehicular mass emission control; Legal and regulatory tools for air pollution control in Nepal; Specific case assessment: general and advance control technologies for cement and brick kiln industries. Air pollution control strategies: Factors, fundamental approaches (pre combustion control, combustion modification, post combustion control, new industrial processes, energy conservation) and guiding principles (long-term & short-term) of air pollution control; Control technologies: atmospheric cleansing processes, equipment selection, Best Available Technology (BAT), preventive and control technology, better fuel counter measures, combustion control and energy saving, specific control devices for particulates and gaseous pollutants; Aircraft emission measures: regulatory, technical, operational & economic measures; Transportation pollution control: concept and roles of fuel additive, road infrastructure, air fuel ratio, traffic management, alternative / blended fuel in transportation pollution control; Indoor air pollution control: methods of indoor air pollution control including ICS, Building design, building code, Air pollution control philosophy & regulatory approaches: national; National vehicular mass emission control; Legal and regulatory tools for air pollution control in Nepal: legal legislations, guidelines and standards for air pollution control; Specific case assessment: general and advance control technologies for cement and brick kiln industries.

3 Unit 4: Water Pollution Control 25 hrs Water Pollution Consequences: Nutrient enrichment, sedimentation, aquatic toxicity, groundwater contamination; Ecological impacts of water pollutants: Heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Zinc), Manmade Organics; Bioaccumulation & bio magnification (specific case with mercury), storm water runoff pollution (Diversification, Sedimentation & Nutrient Enrichment); Sampling: Ingredients of sampling protocol, Sampling type (Grab, Composite, Depth and area representative); Monitoring frequency for surface & ground water, and industrial effluent; Sampling equipment, General sampling techniques for microbiological and physical/ chemical water quality; Guidelines, Standards and Water quality Legacy: Water quality criteria & guidelines; Fundamentals of criteria selection for health based drinking water contaminants (microbial, inorganic and organic substances, treatment/construction chemicals & design), lake trophic criteria; Glimpses in water legislative tools in Nepal; Drinking water production & treatment: Drinking water treatment steps, RWH, HH drinking water treatment methods; Wastewater treatment: General approach on screening, grit removal, flow equalization; settling; Design parameters, sludge processing - storage and disposal; Principles of biological treatment (Biooxidation, nitrification and denitrification mechanisms); Glimpses on advance WW treatment; Disinfection, constructive wetland approach examples of wastewater treatment system in municipalities & urban centers. Water Pollution Consequences: Consequences of water pollution especially in nutrient enrichment, sedimentation, aquatic toxicity and groundwater contamination; Ecological impacts of water pollutants: Impacts of heavy metals viz. Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Zinc in aquatic ecology; Manmade Organics: different synthetic organic compounds and their impact in aquatic ecology; Bioaccumulation & bio magnification: Concepts with specific case of mercury; Storm water runoff pollution: Diversification, Sedimentation & Nutrient Enrichment; Sampling: Ingredients of sampling protocol, Sampling types: Grab, Composite, Depth and area representative; Monitoring frequency for surface & ground water, and industrial effluent; Sampling equipment: General sampling techniques for microbiological and physical/ chemical water quality; Guidelines, Standards and Water quality Legacy: Water quality criteria & guidelines, national and international standards and legislations; Fundamentals of criteria selection for health based drinking water contaminants: criteria for microbial, inorganic and organic substances, treatment/construction chemicals & design, lake trophic criteria: stratification and trophic structure of lentic systems; Glimpses in water legislative tools in Nepal; Drinking water production & treatment: Rain Water Harvesting, House Holds drinking water treatment methods and steps,; Wastewater treatment: General approach on screening, grit removal, flow equalization, settling, design parameters, sludge processing - storage and disposal; Principles of biological treatment: concepts and mechanisms of bio-oxidation, nitrification and denitrification in waste water treatment; Glimpses on advance WW treatment: Basic concept of advance WW treatment; Constructed wetland approach: examples of wastewater treatment system in municipalities & urban centers. Unit 5: Noise Pollution Control 20 hrs

4 CB analysis of noise pollution control (approach on direct and indirect cost, CB ratio for standards and control) - problems in performing CB analysis, cost effectiveness, risk analysis, key components of cost and benefits; Aspects of noise pollution control; Concept; Anechoic chamber, dampening and vibration control methods; Examples of noise barriers and absorbers; Design modification; Receiver control - ear plugs and ear muffs; Traffic noise abatements - noise barriers, alternatives to noise barriers; Noise control strategies: standards and guidelines; Endorsement of standards (National) and guidelines (WHO); Approach on noise abatement measures - ISO, ILO, American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), OSHA, etc.; Provision of national labor and industrial enterprises acts Nepal. CB analysis of noise pollution control: concept of CB analysis in noise pollution control, key components of costs and benefits, approach on direct and indirect cost, CB ratio for standards and control, cost effectiveness, risk analysis and problems in performing CB analysis; Aspects of noise pollution control: Concept, anechoic chamber, dampening and vibration control methods; Examples of noise barriers and absorbers: Design modification, Receiver control - ear plugs and ear muffs; Traffic noise abatements: noise barriers, alternatives to noise barriers; Noise control strategies: standards and guidelines, endorsement of standards (National) and guidelines (WHO); Approach on noise abatement measures: Basic insights on ISO, ILO, American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and OSHA; Provision of national labor and industrial enterprises acts Nepal: provisions of National Labor Act and Industrial Enterprises Act relating to noise and its associated occupational safety measures Unit 6: Land Pollution Control 20 hrs Importance of soil; Role of soil in natural (environmental) purification; Changes in soil chemical characteristics: Hazardous waste dumping, Chemicals contamination; Soil health indictors & functions: biological, chemical, physical, and interpretation framework for soil health indicators; Concept of soil quality index and soil health: Introduction of SQI, soil quality index values and associated soil property threshold values and interpretation; Sustainable soil management techniques; SSMP in mid-hills of Nepal; Farmer to farmer diffusion model, strength, challenges & opportunities of F-F; Soil conservation and watershed management modules: low cost soil and water conservation, integrated soil conservation, watershed management activities, strategies and promotion scale up; Remediation and reclamation strategies: site assessment and mapping, excavation and dredging, pump and treat, solidification and stabilization, oxidation, tillage practices, soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation and land farming, policy and legislative framework: policies, legislation (Act), regulatory framework.

5 Importance of soil: Soil and its importance including its role in environmental purification; Changes in soil chemical characteristics: changes brought about by hazardous waste dumping and chemicals contamination; Soil health indictors & functions: Physical, chemical and biological indicators and interpretation framework for soil health indicators; Concept of soil quality index and soil health: Introduction of SQI, soil quality index values and associated soil health properties, threshold values and interpretation; Sustainable soil management techniques: introduction and methods of sustainable soil management; SSMP in mid-hills of Nepal: Need for SSM in mid-hills, Farmer to farmer diffusion model: strength, challenges & opportunities of F-F diffusion model; Soil conservation and watershed management modules: low cost soil and water conservation, integrated soil conservation, watershed management activities, strategies and promotion scale up; Remediation and reclamation strategies: site assessment and mapping, excavation and dredging, pump and treat, solidification and stabilization, oxidation, tillage practices, soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, phyto-remediation and land farming, policy and legislative framework: policies, legislation (Act) and regulatory framework for soil conservation Unit 7: Solid Waste Management 25hrs Principles of Solid waste management; Municipal solid waste management: Sanitary land filling, treatment of leachate; Alternative methods of SWM: Waste volume growth trends, waste to energy (pyrolysis/gasification, biogas), ecofriendly technologies in SWM: Composting, vermi-composting; Hazardous SWM: Secure land filling, radioactive waste management; integrated solid waste management; municipal SWM problems and opportunities; ECOSAN and Biosolids technologies: Concept, advantages / disadvantages; ECOSAN activities in Nepal; Solid waste management act and regulations in Nepal: SWM act 2011 and SWMR Principles of Solid waste management: Basic principles and approaches of solid waste management; Municipal solid waste management: Process of sanitary land filling, issues and challenges and treatment of leachate; Alternative methods of SWM: Insights on waste volume growth trends, need of alternative methods, mechanisms of waste to energy: pyrolysis/gasification, biogas; Eco-friendly technologies in SWM: scope and importance of composting and vermi-composting as eco-friendly technologies in Nepal; Hazardous SWM: Basic practices of hazardous and radioactive waste management, environmental challenges and secure land filling; Integrated solid waste management: Components and principles of ISWM; Municipal SWM problems and opportunities; ECOSAN and Biosolids technologies: Concept, advantages / disadvantages, ECOSAN activities in Nepal; Solid waste management act and regulations in Nepal: Basic features of SWM Act 2011 and SWMR 2013 and other relevant legislations

6 Unit 8: Analytical Techniques in Environmental Quality Assessment 10 hrs Air: monitoring techniques, criteria and standards; Water: monitoring techniques, quality criteria and standards, water quality impact analysis; Noise: mapping, abatement of noise, control techniques; Soil: Monitoring techniques, criteria and standards. Air: monitoring techniques, criteria and standards; Water: monitoring techniques, quality criteria and standards, water quality impact analysis; Noise: mapping, abatement of noise, control techniques; Soil: Monitoring techniques, criteria and standards.