Low-Energy Production of Fresh Water from the Sea - Manipulated Reverse Osmosis

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1 Low-Energy Production of Fresh Water from the Sea - Manipulated Reverse Osmosis Adel Sharif University of Surrey & Modern Water plc, UK a.sharif@surrey.ac.uk Network Young Membranes 14, September 2012, Imperial College, London Bringing new technology to the water industry 1

2 The Centre for Osmosis Research & Application (CORA) CORA at University of Surrey Since it was founded in 2003 it has been leading a rapidly expanding portfolio of research activities in: Desalination (Membrane & Thermal Processes) Renewable Energy (e.g. Solar Pond and Hydro Osmotic Power) Low cost & climate neutral water treatment (electrical, chemical & mechanical) processes The long-term mission of CORA is to become a leading centre of excellence in low carbon footprint (sustainable) desalination and renewable energy technologies. Bringing new technology to the water industry 2

3 Global Challenges Water, Food & Energy the most important commodities for our existence and the survival of our society and our civilization. Energy + Water = Food Food Shortages A Sleeping Tsunami Food, Energy and Water Perfect Storm by 2030 CC = GW + GH Highest global priority -Ensuring an adequate, safe, sustainable and secure supply of Food, Water and Energy. Bringing new technology to the water industry 3 Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

4 The Perfect Storm? Population growth 20% Increased demand 50% by 2030 (IEA) Energy Climate Change Food Increased demand 50% by 2030 (FAO) Water Increased demand 30% by 2030 (IFPRI) Source: UK Government Office for Science. Prof. Sir John Peddington Bringing new technology to the water industry 4 Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

5 Forecast Water Stress Index in 2015

6 Climate Change & Water Challenge 25,000 people die every day from hunger and water-related diseases 1.2 billion people, which accounts for approximately 20% of the world s population, do not have access to safe drinking water 50% of the world's population lack sufficient water purification systems Water is likely to become a growing source of tension and fierce competition between nations, if present trends continue, but it can also be a catalyst for co-operation Kofi Anan (2003) Bringing new technology to the water industry 6 Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL

7 Good Ambitions for Water Engineers By 2020, desalination and water purification technologies will contribute significantly to ensuring a safe, sustainable, affordable, and adequate water supply. Safe: Meet drinking water standards Meet agriculture and industry standards Enhance water security Sustainable: Meet today s need without compromising our future supplies Affordable: Provide future water at a cost comparable to today s Adequate: Assure local and regional availability through periods of episodic shortages (droughts) Sustainable water, energy and food for ALL 7

8 Desalination Processes Thermal Desalination Membrane Freezing Ion Exchange Solar Humidification Multi Stage Flash Reverse Osmosis Direct Freezing MED Electrodialysis Secondary Refrigerant Freezing Vapour Compression Bringing new technology to the water industry 8 Bringing new technology to the water industry

9 Desalination Capacity by Technology Bringing new technology to the water industry 9

10 Worldwide Capacity of Desalination Plants by Region Africa 5.1% Caribbean 3.5% Asia 11.2% Europe 13.3% Middle East 50.0 % North America 16.2% The market size is limited by the cost of the current desalination methods. A huge expansion is expected when affordable desalination methods become available Bringing new technology to the water industry 10

11 Desalination top ten trends to watch in water due to RO and FO developments Global desalination capacity grows from 68.3 million m3/day at the beginning of 2011 to almost 130 million m3/day by the end of 2016 Bringing new technology to the water industry 11

12 Forward and Reverse Osmosis Forward Osmosis Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pressure Membrane Water Flow Water Flow Water diffuses naturally through membrane from low concentration side to high concentration side Pressure is applied to concentrated solution to overcome osmotic pressure and force water through the membrane from the high concentration side to the low concentration side Bringing new technology to the water industry 12 Bringing new technology to the water industry 12

13 Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process Pre-treatment Sea Water HPP Post treatment Energy Recovery System Discharge Clean Water Bringing new technology to the water industry 13 Bringing new technology to the water industry 13

14 Cost Structure for a Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Seawater Membrane replacement 5% Supervision and Labour 4% Consumables 3% Maintenance and Parts 7% Electric power 44% Fixed charges 37% Current seawater RO plants operate at about 5 kwh/m 3 with ERS. Bringing new technology to the water industry 14 Bringing new technology to the water industry 14

15 Energy consumption of different RO process stages Abstraction, 4.50% Pre-treatment, 2.60% Various, 1.80% Product transfer pump, 6.70% High-pressure pump, 84.40% Source: M. Wilf, Int. Conf. on Desalination Costing, Limassol, Bringing new technology to the water industry 15

16 Development of achievable energy consumption in RO desalination processes Energy consumption [kwh/m 3 ] Historical time line Sources.: Fritzmann, et. al, Desalination 216 (2007) 1 76 MacHarg and R. Truby, Desalination & Water Reuse Q., 14(3) (2004) Bringing new technology to the water industry 16 Bringing new technology to the water industry 16

17 The Trade-off Between Capital Cost and Energy Consumption for Practical Desalination System Bringing new technology to the water industry 17 Bringing new technology to the water industry 17

18 UK Move to Desalination UK s first large-scale desalination plant at Beckton, East London. (opened in 2010) 150 million liters per day and supply 1 million people. Powered by Renewable Energy (Biodiesel and future by Wind power Since 1970, Jersey has had a desalination plant that provides an alternative water source for the island South East Water also conducted a desalination trial at Newhaven, East Sussex. Plans to build a full-scale plant at Newhaven were deemed too expensive and environmentallyproblematic at the end of the pilot scheme. Bringing new technology to the water industry 18

19 Negative views: Desalination for the UK Consumes a lot of energy; Makes no sense in a country that often drowns in rain; Too expensive and costly; Produces concentrated brine that is pumped back into the sea, this damages marine life and could destroy fish stocks.. Positive views: Provides a reliable and sustainable source of water; The process is becoming more efficient; In areas that are particularly water stressed it may be the only option. Bringing new technology to the water industry 19

20 UK Future Desalination Plans The UK Government plans to build 500,000 new homes in the South East of England area, which would further increase the stress on the existing water resources. Thames Water s 25 year resources plan identifies provision for a second desalination plant in the 2020s. Southern Water propose the development of a desalination plant in the 2020s. Bringing new technology to the water industry 20

21 Alternative Approaches Power Usage All Water Sources Feed Conv. Act Sludge Pre-treatment RO System Total Treatment kwhr/m3 Surface water Wastewater Wastewater MBR Brackish ( ppm) Brackish - Tidal Estuary Seawater (medium salinity) Bringing new technology to the water industry 21

22 Desalination for London Average normal water consumption 8 million people 167 litres per person per day 1,336,000 m3/day Beckton Desalination plant capacity: = 150,000 m3/day less than 10 per cent of the city's requirements, Enough for 1 million people Bringing new technology to the water industry 22

23 Desalination Energy Cost per Person Energy cost for Desalination per person per year 167 litres per person per day Required energy for treatment & Operation = 5 kwh/m3 1 kwh / person/ day A kilowatt-hour, purchased 12 pence or less 12 Pence per person per day 35 per person annually Bringing new technology to the water industry 23

24 Est. Desalination Capital Cost for London Beckton Desalination Plant Capital Cost Enough for 1 million people 270m for 150,000 m3/day New Desalination Plant Capital Cost The worse Case for 7 million People New Technology, 1500 per m3 /day 8 million people cost approximately 1.75 bn an investment of about 220 per each person living in the city Bringing new technology to the water industry 24

25 Supply Management Solutions Summarised The Environment Agency & The National River Authority (Dr David Lloyd Owen, Managing Director, Envisager) Proposals Cost ( billion) million per ml/day Pennines Transfer - Full Pennines Transfer - Partial Wales Transfer - Pipe Wales Transfer - River New Resources Conventional Desalination Technologies to 121 Extra for each household bill for supply-led water security. Bringing new technology to the water industry 25

26 The Modern Water Story Research developed at CORA, University of Surrey with eight key inventions & patent applications The Royal Society Brian Mercer Award for Innovation, 2005 IPO raised GBP 30m (US$ 60m) Listed on UK AIM in June 2007 First pan-european Academic Enterprise Award, 2008 Sustainability Award 2009 Institute of Chemical Engineers Water Award, 2011 The Queen s Anniversary Prize, 2011 Development and commercialisation of technologies Build, Own and Operate Plant sales 1st desal proving plant, Gibraltar, nd desal and first commercial plant, Oman, rd evaporative cooling proving plant Oman, st world s FO commercial plants (Oman 2011) Bringing new technology to the water industry 26 Bringing new technology to the water industry 26

27 Two stage process Platform Technology: Manipulated Osmosis (MO) Desalination Forward Osmosis Water molecules NaCl ions Stage 1 Other ions Osmotic agent Stage 1: create a clean intermediary solution Regeneration Water molecules Osmotic agent Stage 2 Stage 2: extract water and recover agent for reuse Bringing new technology to the water industry 27 Bringing new technology to the water industry

28 Forward Osmosis Desalination Seawater or brackish water feed Reject from manipulated osmosis system Manipulated Osmosis System Diluted Osmotic Agent Concentrated Osmotic Agent Regeneration Membranes Product Water Bringing new technology to the water industry 28 Bringing new technology to the water industry 28

29 Energy Consumption of RO Desalination Specific energy consumption (kwh/m3) or (KJ/Kg) is usually estimated by The flow rate of water through a control element of RO membrane, Q P as a function of the pump pressure is given by Q p = K f ( P - Π ) R P Q Q P E f p f f s η η = =. + + = f f p s Π R R K Q R E ) (1 2 α η Sharif et al, Desalination and Water Treatment, 1, (2009)

30 Theoretical SEC of RO Process (32 g/l NaCl solution at 50% recovery rate) 18 Sepecific Energy Consumption (kw.h/m 3 ) CRO MO Osmotic Barrier Membrane Element Permeate flow rate (m 3 /h) Bringing new technology to the water industry 30

31 Benefits of MO Technology Significant energy savings (up to 50%) Minimizes discharges back to the environment Eliminating scaling and reducing fouling Membrane self-cleaning and Clean In Place (CIP) systems Cheaper and longer lifetime membranes, valves and pumps Lower levels of boron without additional treatment Reduced chemical consumption Design Scalability and retrofit is possible Reduced carbon footprint Reduced OPEX and CAPEX More sustainable and cost effective alternative to traditional systems Bringing new technology to the water industry 31 Bringing new technology to the water industry 31

32 Production Facility Located in Al Khaluf, Oman Commissioned November 2009 Fabricated in UK Housed in a 40 High-cube ISO shipping container Design capacity 100m 3 /d Bringing new technology to the water industry 32

33 Operating Comparison Data Bringing new technology to the water industry 33

34 Normalised Flow FO Normalised Flow (m3/h) FO Plant Jan-2010 Feb-2010 Mar-2010 Apr-2010 May-2010 Jun-2010 Jul-2010 Aug-2010 Sep-2010 Oct-2010 Nov-2010 Dec-2010 Normalised Permeate Flow (m 3 /h) Membranes Installed August 2009, 4.2 m 3 /h RO Plant New Membranes Installed Cleaning Activity on New Membranes 30% Decline in Output Over Just Five Months 0.0 Jan-2010 Feb-2010 Mar-2010 Apr-2010 May-2010 Jun-2010 Jul-2010 Aug-2010 Sep-2010 Oct-2010 Nov-2010 Dec-2010 Bringing new technology to the water industry 34

35 Desalination Technologies Coefficient of Desalination Reality scores Source: Water Desalination Report from Global Water Intelligence

36 Concluding words Desalination has the undeniable potential to create much-needed secure water supplies for many water-stressed areas around the world, including the UK. Manipulated Osmosis technology is a novel process borne out of original research conducted by the University of Surrey This process offers a significant reduction in capital and operating costs, and also has a positive impact on the environment On the humanitarian side, if just a small proportion of the 3 million lives lost each year because of water related diseases can be prevented, then something special will have been achieved Bringing new technology to the water industry 36

37 Acknowledgments Thanks to: The University of Surrey The UK Royal Society Modern Water plc The Qatar Foundation The Medicor Foundation BP Oman Electricity and Water Authority The CORA Team Members Our thanks also to The Research & Enterprise Support Team of the University of Surrey CORA

38 Affordable water for all Bringing new technology to the water industry 38 Basra-Iraq