Severe Air Pollution in Lanzhou China

Transcription

1 AQM 2005, September 2005, Istanbul, Turkey Severe Air Pollution in Lanzhou China Peter C Chu, Naval Postgraduate School Yuchun Chen and Shihua Lu, Institute of Cold & Arid Environment & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences

2 Central China Geography and isobaths o N o N 42 o N 40 o N 38 o N 36 o N T I A N Terim Basin Urumqi S A N Dunhuang Jiuquan Qinghaiu QILIAN SAN o+ Zhangye o+ Lanzhou River Yellow Yellow River o N QING ZANG PLATEAU Yangtse River o N 30 o N 28 o N Lhasa Yangtse River o E 85 o E 90 o E 95 o E 100 o E 105 o E 110 o E 115 o E 500

3 Topography around Langzhou, China

4 Lanzhou One of the Most Polluted Cites in China

5 LANDSAT-TM imagery representing air pollution on 3 January 2001.

6 Location of observational stations and mean concentrations (mg m -3 ) Site Longitude E Latitude N eight (m) Region SO 2 NO x TSP St Chengguan (District-1) St Chengguan (District-1) St Qilihe (District-3) St Xigu (District-2) St Yuzhong County St Chengguan (District-1) St Anning (District-4) St Xigu (District-2)

7 m 2500m 1500m 50 o N 45 o N 40 o N 35 o N 30 o N 25 o N 20 o N a Junggar Basin M O N G O L I A G1 G2 C3 C1 G3 C2 BEIJING Terim Basin Taklamakan o N o N o N 36.0 o N Qinghai Tibet Plateau LANZOU 80 o E 90 o E 100 o E 110 o E 120 o E 130 o E Geography and isobaths (unit: m) b III E 4 L 8 IV 3 II 7 Baita 2 L 1 Gaolan o E o E o E o E o E o E I L 6 L

8 SO 2 (mg.m 3 ) st 1 NO x (mg.m 3 ) st 1 TSP(mg.m 3 ) st Daily Mean Concentration SO 2 (mg.m 3 ) st 3 NO x (mg.m 3 ) st 3 TSP(mg.m 3 ) st SO 2 (mg.m 3 ) st 4 NO x (mg.m 3 ) st 4 TSP(mg.m 3 ) st SO 2 (mg.m 3 ) st 7 NO x (mg.m 3 ) st 7 TSP(mg.m 3 ) st

9 Max Mean st Max Mean st 5 Monthly mean( ) and maximum( ) Concentrations (mg m-3) of TSP at St-1 to St-8. TSP(mg.m 3 ) TSP(mg.m 3 ) TSP(mg.m 3 ) Max Mean st 2 Max Mean st 3 TSP(mg.m 3 ) TSP(mg.m 3 ) TSP(mg.m 3 ) Max Mean st 6 Max Mean st Max Mean st Max Mean st 8 TSP(mg.m 3 ) TSP(mg.m 3 )

10 Air Quality Management Air Pollution Index Air Quality Classification Air Quality Description and Management < 50 I Clean No action is needed II Good No action is needed III 1 Low-level pollution Persons should be careful in outdoor activities. III IV 1 IV 2 Mid-level pollution Persons with existing heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities. >300 V igh-level pollution Air pollution is severe; The general public is advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.

11 st 1 TSP SO 2 NO x st 5 TSP SO 2 NO x Monthly mean API at St-1 to St st 2 TSP SO 2 NO x st 6 TSP SO 2 NO x st 3 TSP SO 2 NO x st 7 TSP SO 2 NO x st 4 TSP SO 2 NO x st 8 TSP SO 2 NO x

12 Dust Storms and (TSP, PM 10 ) in January 2001 January S S S S S S S S S a #5 7Sts TSP(mg.m 3 ) / S S S S S S S S S 2.4 b 2.1 PM 10 (mg.m 3 ) /2001

13 Factors Affecting Air Quality Meteorological Conditions Stable stratification especially Inversion Low Winds Valley Wind Pollution Sources

14 Mountain-Valley Wind (at Night)

15 Coupled RAMS-NYPACT Model NCEP/EC Data DPREP Module ISAN Module Source Initializati on Topography Land Surface RAMS YPACT Grads NCAR V5D REVU Graphic Module

16 Model Description Nonhydrostatic Multi-grid System: 9 km, 3 km, 1 km 23 vertical levels, to 50 hpa 30 - Topography data Assimilation of observational data Land surface model Integration area: 720 km (E-W),540 km (N-S) Centered at o E, 36.1 o N

17 Multi-Grid System

18 Model Integration Winter Simulation (Dec 2000) Initial Time: 08 BT, Dec 5, 2000 Initial Conditions (NCEP Reanalysis) Lateral Boundary for the Largest Area (Every Six ours, NCEP Reanalysis) t: 60 s, 30 s, 10 s

19 Simulated Wind and Temperature Fields at 800 hpa on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT

20 Simulated (v, w) and T in the north-south cross-section across the GaoLanShan Mountain on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT

21 36.16 o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N Dust Sources (1000 kg) The Yan Chen in 2000(1000kg) o E o E o E o E o E o E o E o E Industrial Residential

22 CO Sources (1000 kg) o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N The CO in 2000(1000kg) o E o E o E o E o E o E o E o E Industrial Residential

23 SO 2 Sources in 2000 (1000kg) Topography and isobaths (m), SO 2 Source in 2000(1000kg) o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o E o E o E o E o E o E o E o E Industrial Residential

24 NO x Sources in 2000 ( 1000 kg) o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N The NOx in 2000(1000kg) o N o E o E o E o E o E o E o E o E Industrial Residential

25 TSP Concentration at Sta-1 and Sta-8 Simulated (dashed), Observed (Solid)

26 Simulated and Observed SO 2 Concentration (mg/m 3 ) on December 25, 观测值 模拟值 1# 2# 3# 4# 6# 7# 8# Simulated ( ), Observed ( )(

27 07h Dec 11, 2000 NO x

28 13 h, Dec 11, 2000 NO x

29 22h, Dec 11, 2000 NO x

30 07h, Dec 12, 2000 NO x

31 13h, Dec 11, 2000 TSP

32 01h, Dec 12, 2000 TSP

33 22h, Dec 16, 2000 TSP

34 Conclusions Severe air pollution is caused by heavy pollution sources Meteorological conditions take important roles: Inversion (Stable Stratification) Valley Winds RAMS-YPACT simulates the transport of the pollutants.