Index. C Carnot efficiency, 1, 142 Cascaded PV cell. See Tandem PV cell radiant burner, 165 TPV with another converter, 120, 149

Transcription

1 Index A Absorptivity, 92 Air mass (AM), spectrum, 155 AKS dopants, 28 Alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC), 137, 150 Angle factor. See View factor Antenna-rectifier solar collection, 72 Antireflection (AR) coating heat shield, 42 PV cell, 64 radiator, 18, 27 Aperture frequency selective surface (FSS) filter, 42 solar concentrator, 156 TPV solar cavity, 110 Auxiliary power unit (APU). See Transport sector application B Back surface reflector (BSR), 37, 64 Backup power. See Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Bandgap voltage, 58 Battery, 2, 73, 119, 132, 142, 150 Beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). See AMTEC Buried layer reflector, 64 C Carnot efficiency, 1, 142 Cascaded PV cell. See Tandem PV cell radiant burner, 165 TPV with another converter, 120, 149 Cavity, 9, 85, 101 collimator, 101, 112 concentrator, 112 design, 110 efficiency, 9 fullspectrum solar converter, 47 heat transfer, 97 non-uniform radiation, 54 view factor, 58 with dielectric material, 96, 118 Cermets (ceramic-metals), 22 Closed space concept. See Near-field TPV Combined heat and power (CHP) AMTEC, 137 district and industrial heating, 179 fuel cell, 134 micro CHP, 177 solar concentrator PV, 140 Stirling generator, 131 TPV system, 151, 158, 175 with water filter, 47 Combustion. See Welsbach mantel fuel, 161 heat source, 161 infrared radiation of flame, 163 nitrogen oxide formation, 161 radiant burner, 163 Competing technologies, 129 Conduction, 86 Configuration factor. See View factor Convection, 87 Cooling filter, 36 front surface filter (FSF), 46, 64 heat shield, 42 PV cell, 10, 72 seal,

2 198 Index C (cont.) space generator, 71, 139 thermoelectric module, 136 TPV system shut-down D Dark saturation current density, 55 Dielectric insulator concept, 96, 119 photon concentration, 96, 118 solar concentrator, 156 Diffusion PV cell technology, 62 Diode PV cell model Direct heat-to-electricity conversion device competing technologies, 130, 135 thermal energy storage, 169 waste heat recovery, 188 Dish concentrator, 157 Drude theory, 44 d-transition metal, 22 E Efficiency alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC), 137 application assessment automobile engine, 171 back surface reflector, 64 cavity, 9 collection efficiency, 57 combined heat and power, 175 fuel cell, 134 heat engine generator, 130 heat source, 9 hot PV cell house keeping power, 11 light bulb, 19 measurement of PV cells, 72 PV cell, 9, 46, 53, 61, 73, 109 quantum efficiency. See collection efficiency recuperator, 165 self-powered heating, 181 solar PV, 103, 158 solar TPV, 156, 158 spectral control, 104, 109 thermionic generator, 139 thermoelectric generator, 136 TPV system, 8, 11, 35, 142, 151 ultimate efficiency, 53, 102, 121 Emergency power. See Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Emissivity definition, 92 radiator, 17, 58 Emitter. See Radiator Energy balance TPV system Energy density battery, 119, 134 hydrocarbon fuel, 161 hydrogen, 133 nuclear heat source, 153 Epitaxial growth, 62 Evanescent waves concept. See Near-field TPV F Fill factor, 60 Filter, 5, 10, 35 all-dielectric filters, 45 band pass filter, 35 edge filter, 35 frequency selective surface (FFS) filter, 42 front surface filter (FSF), 64 glass shield, 41 incident angle, 91 infrared reflective, 37 inverse concept, 47 location in the cavity, 110 metal dielectric filter, 45 other filter concepts, 46 rugate, 47 spectral splitters, 47 tandem filter, 44 transparent conducting oxide (TCO) filter, 43 wavelength range, 36 Free carrier heating, 54, 70 Fresnel point-focus concentrator, 157 Fresnels equations, 94, 101 f-transition metal, 22 Fuel cell, 134 cascaded with TPV Fused silica. See Quartz glass G Gallium antimonide PV cell, 67 costs, 142 Germanium PV cell, 66, 74 bandgap, 64 dark saturation current density, 57

3 Index 199 vertical junction, 71 Glass, 33. See Quartz glass aluminosilicate, 39 borosilicate, 39 high-temperature industrial sector soda lime, 39 Glass-to-metal seal, 112 Graphite radiator, 121 seal, 112 H Heat engine generator, 129 Heat exchanger burner, 161, 165 combined heat and power (CHP), 175 external heat engine, 129 industrial waste heat recovery, 185 PV cell cooling, 73 thermoelectric generator, 136 Heat pipe, 30, 73 Heat recovery. See Waste heat recovery Heat shield, 37 cavity design, 101 combined radiative and conductive heat transfer, 96 contamination, 30 radiative heat transfer, 93 Heat source, 3, 85, 129, 141 combustion, 161 difference internal and external heat engine, 130 hybrid solar combustion radioisotope, 110 waste heat, 179 Heat transfer, 85 cavity, 9 combined radiative and conductive, 96 modelling, 86, 88, 93, 96 steady-state, 85 transient, 85 Heat-transfer coefficient, 88 Hertz-Langmuir equation, 18 Hot carrier heating, 54, 69, 102 Human impact, 153 Hybrid TPV system, 148, 169 with combustion and solar source, 158 with solar PV and battery, 149 Hydrocarbon fuel infrared radiation of flame Hydrogen storage I III-V PV cell materials bandgap,, 64 dark saturation current density, 57 epitaxial growth, 62 tandem cells, 70 In-band radiation, 36, 64 definition Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) PV cell, 68 Indium gallium arsenide antimonide (InGa- AsSb) PV cell, 69 Industrial heat recovery. See Waste heat recovery Internal combustion engine (ICE), 130, 150, 172, 177 J Joule Thomson effect, 73 L Lamberts cosine-law, 91, 101 Lambert-Beer law, 88, 94 Lambertian radiation, 36 Laser blackbody pumped, 120 grooved buried contact silicon cells, 65 Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) power converter, 68 yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), 38 Lattice matched PV cell, 64, 68 Lattice mismatched PV cell, 68 Light bulb design, 19, 30 AKS dopants, 28 efficiency filter, 35 Light emitting diode (LED), 96, 117 Light pipe. See Radiation guidance by total internal reflection Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), 64 M Maximum power point, PV cell, 55, 60 Maximum power tracker, 75 Metal insulation semiconductor (MIS) PV cell, 65 Metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOC- VD), 63 Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) TPV, 119

4 200 Index M (cont.) history, 7 Micron-gap concept. See Near-field TPV Mirror. See Reflective thermal insulation Modelling dark saturation current density, 55 filter, 35, 45 glass shield, 41 heat transfer, 85 ultimate efficiency, 102 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 63 Monolithic interconnected module (MIM), 10, 46, 48, 69 MTPV. See near-field TPV and Microelectromechanical system TPV Multiple-junction PV cell. See Tandem PV cell N Nano-gap concept. See Near-field TPV Near-field TPV (NF-TPV), 118 heat transfer, 96 Net radiation method, 93 Nuclear fission reactor, 147 fusion. See Solar heat source fusion reactor, 147 heat source, 147, 152 radioisotope generator, 151, 155 O Open circuits voltage, 58 Optical thickness combined conductive and radiative heat transfer, 97 radiative heat transfer, 89 radiator, 24 Out-of-band radiation, 5, 9, 39, 109 definition, 103 emissivity of radiator, 25 P Peltier effect, 135 Phase change material (PCM), 29 Photon tunnelling concept. See Near-field TPV Photonic bangap crystal radiator, 29 Photovoltaic cell, 53 See III-V material, silicon and germanium PV cells Plancks function, 89, 91 Plancks radiation law, 3, 5, 92, 103, 104 Portable power AMTEC, 138 internal combustion engine (ICE) generator, 130 solid polymer fuel cell, 133 TPV application, 165 Power density application assessment, 149 competing technologies, 131 concentrator at the PV cell, 113 filter type, 37 PV cell, 60 TPV cavity arrangements, 110 TPV, upper limit, 106, 109 Power plant, 2 centralised, 151 nuclear, 131 solar thermal, 156 Power range competing technologies, 131 TPV system, 2, 151 Q Quantum well cell (QWC), 71 Quartz glass, 10, 37, 39 absorption coefficient, 41 cavity design, 112, 113, 115 devitrification, 41 dielectric insulator concept, 113 increased shield thickness, 42 multiple shields, 42 optical concentration, 114 radiation guidance, 114 radiative heat transfer, 85 with gold mirror, 117 R Radiant burner, 28, 30, 163 Radiation, 88. See Heat transfer cavity, 100 guidance by total internal reflection, 114, 180 Radiation shape factor. See View factor Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), 95 Radiator, 17 evaporation, 18 Ray tracing, 85 Reflective thermal insulation, 86, 111, 114, 117 Reflectivity, 92 back surface reflector, 64

5 Index 201 diffuse, 92 filter, 35 radiator substrate, 30 specular, 92 Refractive index, 88, 94, 96 all-dielectric filters, 44 antireflection (AR) coating, 64 dielectric photon concentration, 118 dielectric solar concentrator, 140 PV cell radiative limit, 53 Rugate filter, 47 Refractory metal, 26 Remote power supply combustion TPV, 159 competing technologies, 129 renewable TPV hybrid system, 149 solar TPV, 140 Richardson-Dushman equation, 139 Rosseland approximation, 97 S Sankey diagram industrial process, 180 TPV system, 8 Sapphire infrared optical material, 38 radiator substrate, 27 Seebeck effect, 128 Self-powered heating competing technologies, 129 TPV application, 176, 180, 187 TPV cavity design, 180 Shape factor, 86 Silicon all-dielectric filter, 44 as phase change material, 29 radiator material, 29 transparent conducting oxide (TCO), 43 Silicon carbide, 21 as high temperature semiconductor, 112 heating tube, 112 optical and thermal properties, 42 radiator, 20, 30, 72 recuperator, 169 thermal stability, 26 Silicon PV cell, 65 bandgap, 64 dark saturation current density, 57 vertical junction, 71 Silicon-Germanium PV cell, 66 Silver PV cell. See Vertical junction PV cell Snells law, 94 Solar concentrator types, 157 Solar heat source, 155 Solar photovoltaics, 3, 31 Solar spectrum. See Air mass (AM) spectrum Solar TPV application, 157, 186 cavity design, 112 comparison with solar PV efficiency modelling, 70, 73 hybrid combustion system, 158 remote applications, 169 with thermal energy storage, 158 Space application alkaline fuel cell AMTEC, 138 combustion TPV, 160 PV cells, 181 radioisotope TPV, 154 solar TPV, 157 thermionic generator thermoelectric generator, 135 TPV Spectral control, 5, 37, 62, 70, 102 all-dielectric filters, 45 back surface reflector (BSR), 64 figures of merit, 109 frequency selective surface (FSS) filter, 43 front surface filter (FSF), 64 glass shield, 42 metal dielectric filter, 45 monolithic interconnected module (MIM), 69 other filter concepts, 47 tandem filter, 46 transparent conducting oxide (TCO) filter, 43 ultimate efficiency, 102 Spectral range. See Wavelength range Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 90 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 4, 92, 95, 103, 155 Stirling engine generator, 132 Surface gratings for radiators, 28 T Tandem PV cell, 70 Thermal energy storage, 2, 29, 158, 165 Thermal insulation, 114 cavity, 85 losses, 119, 140, 185 microporous, 115

6 202 Index T (cont.) multifoil insulation (MFI), 116 Thermal resistance, 86 Thermal voltage, 58, 61 Thermionic Thermionic generator, 139 Thermodynamic cycle Brayton, 140 Diesel, 140 organic Rankine (ORC), 177 Otto, 140 Rankine, 140 Stirling, 141 Thermodynamic limit dark saturation current density, 55 solar TPV, 157 Thermoelectric generator, 135 Thermophotonics (TPX), 117 Thin film PV cell, 71 Thomson effect, 135 Total blackbody intensity, 90, 96 Transport sector application, 172 auxiliary power unit (APU), 138, 150, 173, 187 exhaust gas recovery, 172 small vehicle propulsions, 172, 187 Tungsten emitter, thermionic generator, 138 Tungsten radiator, 27, 72 inert atmosphere, 37, 112 light bulb, 30 microstructure, 28 V Vacuum cavity design, 112 dielectric constant, 44 heat transfer, 87 light bulb design, 19 radiator operation, 18 thermal insulation, 114 Vapour pressure crystalline optical materials, 37 radiator, 18 silicon carbide, 21 tungsten, 27 Vehicle propulsion. See Transport sector application Vertical junction PV cell, 71 View factor, 93 Voltage factor, 58 W Waste heat recovery, 188 inverse cylindrical TPV configuration, 112 thermoelectric generator, 136 TPV application, 3, 6, 179, 183, 188 TPV efficiency, 8 Wavelength range, 36 Wavenumber, 88 Welsbach mantle, 9, 10, 25, 30, 163 Wiens displacement law, 38, 90 Y Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), 113 U Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) combustion TPV, 92, 187 competing technologies, 150