GET PUMPED! On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Overview fact sheet. A septic system education kit for lake homeowners. For more information contact:

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1 On-Site Wastewater Treatment System Overview Ask yourself these simple questions: Do you live in a rural area? Do you receive a sewer bill? If you answered yes, I live in a rural area and no, I don t receive a sewer bill, then you are likely the proud owner of a septic system, also known as an on-site wastewater treatment system. This system is a delicately balanced, efficient, and highly effective self-contained wastewater treatment plant that operates right in your own backyard. You re not alone the National Small Flows Clearinghouse reports that about 25% of the U.S. population utilizes a septic or on-site treatment system. Nebraska Bit Alternative systems exist, but in Nebraska septic systems are the most commonly used on-site wastewater treatment systems. The University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension reports that 25% of Nebraskans rely on septic systems for wastewater treatment, and approximately 33% of new home construction includes the installation of a septic system. Septic System Basics: Purpose A septic system is designed to treat household wastewater, using natural processes to treat the wastewater on-site. The proper treatment of wastewater helps reduce health risks to humans and animals and prevents surface and groundwater contamination. A system that is properly designed, installed, operated and maintained will provide many years of effective and economical sewage treatment. How It Works A septic system has two main components: the septic tank and the drainfield. Septic Tank The size of the septic tank varies based on the number of bedrooms in the home, the number of wastewater contributing fixtures and appliances (i.e. whirlpool bath, garbage disposal, dish/clothes washer, etc.), and/or state and local regulations. Waste enters the tank from household plumbing through a pipe and enters the septic tank, which is a buried watertight container made of materials such as concrete, fiberglass, or plastic. The tank holds the waste long enough to allow solids and liquids to separate and form three layers: Scum layer solids lighter than water, such as greases or oils, float to the top Liquid layer partially clarified wastewater Sludge solids heavier than water settle at the bottom of the tank The tank also contains baffles and tees, which slow the wastewater entering the tank to allow solids to easily settle out. Treatment of the wastewater begins in the septic tank as naturally-occurring bacteria in the sewage work to break down the organic matter in the tank. Sludge and scum that cannot be broken down remain in the tank until it is pumped. The partially clarified liquid layer then flows through an effluent filter out of the tank and into the drainfield for final treatment. Drainfield The wastewater (effluent) entering the drainfield may contain many potentially harmful microorganisms and pollutants, many of which can be effectively removed

2 Get pumped! through soil treatment. The drainfield, also referred to as a leachfield, disposal field, or soil absorption system, consists of perforated pipes or chambers within a series of trenches or mounds lined with gravel and buried one to three feet below the surface. Water flows through the perforated pipes or chambers and slowly trickles through the gravel and into the surrounding soil, where the natural processes in the soil complete the sewage treatment process. Nebraska Bit The depth at which components of the drainfield are found can vary from state to state. In Nebraska, Title 124 Rules and Regulations for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems determines a 36-inch maximum vertical distance from the soil s surface to the top of the distribution pipe or chamber. The drainfield also must be at least four feet above the seasonal high groundwater table. Maintenance is a Must! Proper and regular maintenance of your septic system is essential to the system s functionality. Septic systems need to be inspected and pumped on a regular basis to: 1. Save you money! Failing septic systems are expensive to repair and even more expensive to replace. Why do systems fail? Poor maintenance is most often to blame. Property with a useless septic system or one on the verge of failure causes its value to drop and may pose legal liability. The cost of replacing a system can climb into many thousands of dollars. 2. Protect your family s health. Household wastewater contains many pollutants, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and diseasecausing bacteria and viruses. A well-maintained, functioning septic system will safely remove these problem-causers and help keep your family healthy by ensuring groundwater and drinking water supplies are free from these pollutants. 3. Protect the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that more than 4 billion gallons of wastewater are discharged below the ground s surface every day through septic systems. Non-functioning systems can cause groundwater contamination from inadequately treated sewage. Treat It Right Your septic system will react to how you treat it! Be conscious of what goes down your drain, because it will eventually end up in your septic system and could cause problems. In addition, know your system s capacity, and don t overload it every time water goes down the drain, the septic system kicks into gear. The better you take care of your septic system, the better it will function, saving you time and money and keeping your family healthy. DO direct all household wastewater into the system, including all sink, shower, toilet, washing machine, and dishwasher wastewater, all of which can contain pollutants. DO conserve water to avoid overloading the septic system. DO use chemical cleaners and detergents in moderation. DO learn the location of your septic system, and keep a sketch of its whereabouts. DO keep records of any repair, pumping, inspection, or any other maintenance activity. DO have your system inspected every few years and pumped periodically by a certified professional. DON T drive or park anything heavier than a lawnmower over any part of your septic system, which can crush the system and compact the soil. DON T plant trees or shrubs near/over your system, as roots from these plants can damage the drainfield. DON T dump grease or fats down the kitchen drain, which can block or clog parts of the system. DON T rely on commercial septic tank additives, cleaners, feeders, starters, etc. as a substitute for regular system maintenance. Some of these can have a negative effect on the system s function. DON T put items such as feminine hygiene products, facial tissue, diapers, cotton swabs, cigarette butts, coffee grounds, latex paint, pesticides or other hazardous materials into the system. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension On-site Wastewater Center University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program

3 Septic Systems and New Homeowners Overview Congratulations! Your are now the proud owner of your very own backyard wastewater treatment system. Properly functioning on-site wastewater treatment systems are highly effective in treating household wastewater without negatively affecting groundwater or surface water supplies. On-site systems are increasing in popularity across the country due to recent surges in rural, acreage, and lakeside development. The National Small Flows Clearinghouse reports that about 25% of the U.S. population utilizes a septic or other on-site wastewater treatment system. However, your septic system is your responsibility! You are the owner, operator, and maintenance man for your system. Though it may not be a high priority now, regular septic system maintenance is a must, and will: protect your family s health, save you money, protect the environment, and protect your home s value. The responsibility of septic system ownership can seem overwhelming, but it s important to view the system s proper functioning as an investment in your home. You should learn how a septic system operates, find where your system is located, and look into when the system was last inspected and pumped. You should also investigate certified contractors in your area so if your system does have a problem, you know who to call. Your state department of environmental quality or similar agency should be able to direct you to local certified contractors. And remember, there is no substitute for regular maintenance to ensure your system is functioning properly! Did You Know? Septic systems have two main components - the septic tank and drainfield. Initial treatment occurs in the tank, where bacteria break down organic matter and separate solids from liquids. The liquids flow out of the tank into the drainfield, where natural soil processes complete the sewage treatment process. Everthing that is flushed down the toilet or drain will end up in your septic system - so be mindful of what enters the system. Improper maintenance is the most common cause of costly septic system repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that more than 4 billion gallons of wastewater are discharged below the ground s surface every day through septic systems. EPA recommends inspecting septic systems every three years and pumping as necessry, generally every three to five years. State or local regulations often require a minimum distance between septic systems and drinking water wells, streams, lakes, and houses, referred to as separation or setback distances. Check with your local health department to learn more about regulations in your area. A failing septic system can lead to higher diseasecausing bacteria and viruses and nitrate levels in local groundwater and drinking water supplies. Typical septic system inspections cost between $50 and $150, and pumping can cost between $100 and $400. System replacement can cost anywhere between $3,000 to $5,000 and up.

4 Get pumped! Important DOs and DON Ts of Septic System Ownership DO have your system inspected every three years, and pumped as recommended, or every three to five years. DO direct all household water into the system, including all sink, shower, toilet, washing machine, and dishwasher water, all of which can contain pollutants. DO conserve water to avoid overloading the septic system. Run full loads in the dish and clothes washers, consider installing high-efficiency water fixtures, install aerators on all household faucets, and repair leaky faucets and toilets to help conserve water. DO learn the location of your septic system, and keep a sketch of its whereabouts. DO keep records of any repair, pumping, inspection, or any other maintenance activity. DO have your system inspected every few years and pumped by a certified professional. DO think of your septic system as an investment in your home s value, your family s health, and the wellbeing of your local environment. DO use a certified professional for all inspections and pumpings. DO know your system s capacity. A smaller tank or larger household will require more frequent pumpings. DO make sure your system is properly sited and constructed by having an initial inspection. DO divert surface water runoff from roofs, driveways, downspouts, etc. away from the drainfield. DON T drive or park anything heavier than a lawnmower over any part of your septic system, which can crush the system and compact the soil. DON T plant trees or shrubs near or over any part of your system, as roots from these plants can damage the drainfield and affect its ability to treat wastewater. DON T dump grease or fats down any drain, which can block or clog parts of the system. DON T put items such as feminine hygiene products, facial tissue, diapers, cotton swabs, cigarette butts, coffee grounds, latex paint, pesticides or other hazardous materials into the system. DON T ignore your septic system! It won t save you money in the long run. DON T pipe wastewater to a road ditch, storm sewer, or nearby surface water body. DON T wait for the system to have problems before pumping the tank! DON T flush unwanted prescription or over-thecounter medications down the drain or toilet. DON T allow chlorine-treated water from swimming pools and hot tubs to enter the drainfield. DON T rely on commercial septic tank additives, cleaners, feeders, starters, etc. to save you money as a substitute for regular system maintenance. Some of these can have a negative effect on the system s function and end up costing more in the long run. DON T overuse chemical cleaners and detergents. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center University of Nebraska On-site Wastewater Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program National Small Flows Clearinghouse

5 Homeowner Responsibility Overview Your septic system is your responsibility! You are the owner, operator, and maintenance man of your very own wastewater treatment system, found in your backyard. Maintaining your septic system is an investment in your home and property, not to mention your family s health. In some cases, local, state, and federal government regulation of septic systems helps ensure the proper treatment of sewage to protect human and environmental health, but you are responsible for the operation and maintenance of your septic system. A properly designed, constructed, and maintained septic system will provide effective treatment of wastewater. However, if you neglect your system, it may eventually need to be replaced, costing you thousands of dollars. In addition, a nonfunctioning system can contaminate local groundwater and drinking water supplies. The treatment and disposal of wastewater should be one of the primary concerns of a homeowner in an unsewered area. Nebraska Bit The State of Nebraska s environmental regulatory agency, the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), generally only gets involved when something is reported to them. However, DEQ is responsible for certifying septic system professionals, enforcing Title 124 Rules and Regulations for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems, and following up with public complaints. Local governments also bear some responsibility, in some cases enforcing county and city zoning codes with requirements beyond those in Title 124 and requiring inspections and operating permits for new septic system construction. Homeowner are ultimately in charge of maintaining their septic systems and reporting any health hazards resulting from a failing system to the local health department or DEQ. Did You Know? The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends inspecting septic systems every three years and pumping as necessary, generally every three to five years. Using water efficiently not only protects groundwater levels, it also prevents your septic system from becoming overloaded. State or local regulations often require a minimum distance between septic systems and drinking water wells, streams, lakes, and houses, referred to as separation distances. Check with your local health department to learn about regulations in your area. The National Environmental Services Center reports that an estimated 26 million homes utilize septic or on-site wastewater treatment systems, discharging about four billion gallons of wastewater per day. DO be a responsible homeowner monitor what goes down your drains, use water evenly and efficiently, and care for your drainfield. DO know the location of your system, complete with a location sketch or schematic. DO know your system s capacity. A smaller tank or larger household will require more frequent pumpings.

6 Get pumped! DON T ignore your septic system! Ignoring problems will not make them go away. It s better, not to mention more cost-effective, to address any problems immediately. DON T rely on commercial septic tank additives as a substitute for periodic inspection and pumpage. DON T try to inspect or pump your septic tank yourself you may put yourself in harm s way. Contact a certified professional to do the job. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension On-site Wastewater Center University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program

7 Septic System Construction and Location Overview Construction Your septic system should have been designed and installed based on specific site characteristics such as the type of soil, number of bedrooms in the house, and wastewater contributing fixtures and appliances (whirlpool tub, dish/clothes washer, etc.). Obviously, a bigger house with more occupants and more contributing appliances comes with a bigger septic system. It should also have been installed by a certified professional. Improperly designed and constructed systems are bound to have problems because they are often inadequately sized, located in impermeable soils, or poorly constructed. For a drainfield to properly filter and treat effluent from the septic tank, its location must be thoroughly evaluated before construction begins. The soil profile should be analyzed by a certified professional to ensure the soil can treat wastewater and allow it to move into the treatment area. The drainfield must also be level to allow even distribution of wastewater. It s also important not to compact the soil in the drainfield heavy equipment used during construction should be kept off the area. Nebraska Bit In Nebraska, septic systems must comply with the standards set forth in Title 124 Rules And Regulations For The Design, Operation And Maintenance of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems. The rules establish 1,000 gallons as the minimum size of a septic tank, which is designed for up to a three bedroom house. Each additional bedroom requires an additional 250 gallon tank capacity, as does the presence of a whirlpool bath. Tanks must be made of concrete, plastic, or fiberglass and must be watertight. The size of the drainfield is based on the number of bedrooms and the soil s percolation rate. For example, a three bedroom home with a 1,000 gallon tank with a percolation rate of 22 minutes per inch requires a 750 square foot drainfield. Overview Location Locating the different components of your system can be difficult. You, a certified professional, the local health department, or other county or city departments may have this information on file. You might also see lids, manhole covers, or other markers that indicate the location of the septic tank. If not, use these simple steps to find the components of the septic system, the septic tank and drainfield. 1. First locate your septic tank. Go to the basement and determine the direction the sewer pipe goes out the wall or floor. (The sewer pipe is generally the largest diameter pipe, often made of plastic or cast iron.) Then determine the direction it leaves the house. 2. Using a metal rod as a probe, poke around in the soil feet from the house s foundation, moving in the same direction as the pipe was headed in the basement. Be careful of underground electrical wires or sprinkler lines. Once the tank is located, you may want to place a marker in the ground to note its location. 3. To locate the drainfield, try looking around the yard in the same direction from the house for an area where the grass grows differently, such as areas where grass isn t growing well, grass is greener, grass grows faster, there is a slight mound or depression or the soil is soggy when the rest of the yard is dry. 4. Be sure to make a map or drawing of the system s location. You may also want to measure the distance from at least two reference points (such as the house and a tree or other landmark) to help in locating the system again. 5. If necessary, contact a certified professional or inspector to locate the tank.

8 Get pumped! Nebraska Bit Title 124 also outlines minimum distances for septic system components to be located to minimize environmental impacts. Septic tanks must be located at least: 50 feet from private drinking water wells. 500 feet from community public water system wells. 50 feet from surface water bodies. 5 feet from property lines. Drainfields must be located at least: 100 feet from private drinking water wells. 500 feet from community public water system wells. 50 feet from surface water bodies. 5 feet from property lines. Did You Know? In winter months, areas where the drainfield and septic tank are located are usually the last place frost forms, and the first place snow melts in the yard. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Small Flows Clearinghouse suggest that commercial septic tank starters, additives, and cleaners are not necessary and may damage the system by interrupting the natural bacterial processes occurring within the tank and soil. Septic tanks are often constructed and equipped with baffles, which prevent the floating scum layer from clogging the inlet pipe and leaving the tank. DO know the location of your septic system. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska -Lincoln Extension On-site Wastewater Center University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program DO keep a drawing marking the system s location. DO ensure proper siting and construction by having your system inspected. DON T plant trees near the septic tank or drainfield, as roots can cause damage to the system. DON T allow heavy equipment to park on top of the drainfield during construction, excavation, inspecting, or pumping.

9 Septic System Maintenance Overview Proper maintenance is perhaps the most important aspect of septic system ownership. Proper maintenance will ensure your septic system is adequately treating wastewater and protecting your family s health. Maintenance is also a money saver the old adage an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure applies in this case. The cost of regular inspection and pumping is far less than that of system repair or even replacement. Septic tanks must be periodically pumped to remove excess scum and sludge that has accumulated through use. How often your system needs to be pumped depends on the size of the tank, the number of people in the household, the amount of wastewater generated, and the volume of solids in the wastewater. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends having your system inspected at least every three years, and pumped as recommended by the inspector, or every three to five years. The chart to the right from the Pennsylvania State University Cooperative Extension Service gives some general guidelines. The drainfield itself also needs maintenance and protection. It can easily become clogged by overloading it with water and solids. It is also susceptible to compaction, caused by too much weight placed on the drainfield, which depends on uncompacted and unsaturated soil to treat waste. The ideal situation for a system to operate in is to have wastewater enter the system as evenly as possible throughout the day and week. For example, try to spread your laundry out over the week and do just one to two loads each day. Putting large amounts of water into the system at one time, such as doing several loads of laundry in one day, can flush solids out of the septic tank before they have had the chance to separate out, which can clog the drainfield and impair its ability to treat sewage. Septic Tank Pumping Frequency Based on Tank and Household Size Tank Size (gallons) Household Size (number of people) *Pumping frequencies are estimated in years. The figures assume there is no garbage disposal in use if one is in use, it may increase pumping frequency up to 50 percent. Number of Years Did You Know? The drainfield is very delicate in the winter. Weight from just one vehicle can push the frost layer deep into the soil and prevent effective wastewater treatment. Good vegetative cover, such as grass, is important for drainfield maintenance. This cover helps the system remove nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen by using them for plant growth. Grass should be mowed regularly to encourage growth without using fertilizers. There is no substitute for regular maintenance. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends not using septic system additives, as there is no scientific evidence that additives aid or accelerate decomposition in septic tanks.

10 Get pumped! Commercial starters, feeders, cleaners, and other additives are not necessary and can interrupt the natural processes that make the system effective, potentially causing groundwater contamination. The University of Minnesota Extension Service gives the following cautions about additives: Starters: These are not necessary to start bacterial action in the septic tank there are millions of naturally-occurring bacteria in wastewater. Feeders: No additional bacteria is needed to feed the system. Additional bacteria, yeast reparations, or other home remedies are not recommended. Cleaners: These additives may be effective in removing solids from the tank, but may cause damage to the drainfield. They work to suspend the solids that normally float to the top or settle to the bottom of the tank, allowing them to be flushed into the soil treatment system where they can clog pipes and soil pores. Other additives: Other additives, such as degreasers, may contain chemicals that kill the organisms present in the tank and soil that treat the wastewater. In addition, some can contain carcinogens that may flow directly into the groundwater, along with the treated wastewater. The National Small Flows Clearinghouse recommends homeowners avoid putting the following items into the septic system: hair, coffee grounds, dental floss, disposable diapers, kitty litter, feminine hygiene products, cigarette butts, condoms, bandages, fat, grease, oil, or paper towels. They recommend that these items NEVER be put in the system: paints, varnishes, paint thinners, waste oils, pesticides, and other chemicals. DON T use harsh cleaners, bleach, soaps, or detergents which may interfere with the bacterial processes. DON T dispose of paints, medications, or chemicals through your septic system. DON T attempt to pump the tank on your own always use a certified professional. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension On-site Wastewater Center University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program DO have your tank inspected and pumped regularly by a certified professional. DO control water use to avoid overloading the system. DO divert surface water runoff from roofs, driveways, downspouts, etc. away from the drainfield.

11 Septic System Failure Overview Many factors can contribute to the failure of a septic system. Most often the cause is improper and/or infrequent maintenance. Ignoring your septic system will almost certainly cause it to fail, not only posing a health risk to your family, but also causing hassles and costing you thousands of dollars to repair or replace. Even systems that appear to be in proper working condition may allow bacteria, viruses, or harmful materials to contaminate ground or surface water supplies. This makes regular system inspection even more important. Causes Numerous factors can cause a septic system to fail, ranging from a system located in unsuitable soil to defective system components. When the amount of wastewater entering the system is more than it can handle, wastewater either backs up into the house or inadequately treated wastewater enters the drainfield. Other causes can include: Improper design/installation Septic systems can fail because of basic design. The drainfield must be sized properly and located in quality soil. Septic tanks must be sized based on the number of bedrooms in the home and be completely watertight. Even when systems are properly designed, poor installation practices, such as an unlevel drainfield, poor soil conditions, or soil compaction, can lead to system failure. Household toxics Items such as oil-based paints, solvents, and cleaners can kill the bacteria that naturally digest and treat waste in the system. Household cleaners Small amounts of these items shouldn t affect your system, though septic system owners are encouraged to choose natural cleaning products, such as vinegar and baking soda. Many household cleaners contain chemicals which could kill or disrupt the bacterial processes in your tank. Use these cleaners in moderation if you choose them. Garbage disposals Garbage disposals add additional grease and solids to the septic tank, which can lead to a clogged drainfield and the need for more frequent tank pumpings. Symptoms Some signs of a failing system are easy to spot. Unfortunately, by the time you see or smell a problem, damage may already have been done to your system and to groundwater supplies. Some signs that septic system contaminants may be reaching water sources include: Unpleasant odors inside or outside the home. Sewage backup into the house. Soggy soil, visible liquid waste flow, or excessive grass growth over the drainfield. Noticeable weed or algae growth in the water near shorelines. High levels of coliform bacteria or nitrate in nearby wells. Effects Inadequately functioning or failing septic systems pose a serious risk to groundwater. Wastewater from septic systems can contain pollutants such as nitrate, harmful bacteria, and viruses, all of which can negatively impact groundwater supplies that may be used for drinking water.

12 Get pumped! Nebraska Bit If your septic system fails, first contact a certified professional to determine if the system can be repaired or needs to be replaced. If any upgrades, such as replacement of the septic tank or enlargement or replacement of the drainfield, must be made to the system, they must meet Title 124 Rules and Regulations for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems regulations. If the entire system needs to be replaced, the certified professional should request necessary permits from the proper local regulatory authority (county commission, health department, etc.). The new system must comply with Title 124 stipulations as well as local codes. Did You Know? Hepatitis, dysentery, and other diseases may result from bacteria and viruses in drinking water contaminated by a failing septic system. Surface water supplies can also be affected by failing septic systems, making them unsafe for recreation and other uses and have negative effects on aquatic plant and animal life. A failing septic system can also lead to high levels of nitrate in groundwater. High nitrate in drinking water is especially harmful to infants, as nitrate inhibits the infant s blood from carrying oxygen, resulting in methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome. Even though it looks like clear water, effluent, or the water flowing out of the septic tank, can still contain disease-causing bacteria and/or viruses. DO have your septic tank tested for watertightness during installation and inspection. DO plant a buffer strip of grass or other small, shortrooted vegetation between your drainfield and the shoreline of any nearby water body. If you have a private drinking water well, have it tested annually for contaminants, especially nitrate and bacteria. DON T cover the drainfield with additional soil if wastewater surfaces. DON T dump chemicals like pesticides, paint thinner, or auto products down the drain. DON T overuse detergents, bleaches, drain cleaners, and other household products. DON T pipe wastewater to a road ditch, storm sewer, or nearby surface water body. DON T wait for the system to have problems before pumping the tank! For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska On-site Wastewater Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cooperative Extension University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program DO ensure your septic system has been designed and installed properly by asking questions of your certified contractor.

13 Water Conservation and Septic Systems Overview Using and conserving water efficiently and effectively are important aspects of septic system ownership. Excessive water use can put unnecessary strain on the system. Too much water entering the tank at once doesn t allow adequate time for sludge and scum to separate out and can allow them to pass into the drainfield. A leaky faucet in your home can add up to 20 gallons of extra water to your septic system each day. The more water a household conserves, the less water enters the system, helping improve the septic system s operation and reducing the risk of failure. We use a lot of water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that the average water use in a typical single-family home is approximately 70 gallons per person, per day. However, the way in which water and appliances are used can affect how much is generated. Did You Know? Leaky toilets can waste up to 200 gallons of water each day, greatly increasing the amount of wastewater entering the septic tank. Early morning and bedtime are peak water use times. Running your water-using appliances at other times will help even out the amount of wastewater entering the system. Runoff from roofs, driveways, and roads onto the drainfield can overload the system, causing the soil to become saturated and impairing its ability to naturally remove contaminants. Typical Ranges of Water Used (in gallons) Action Typical Use Conservative Use Toilet flushing Tub bath Shower (10 minutes) Shower (3 minutes) Laundry (top loading) Laundry (front loading) Dishwashing (machine) Dishwashing (hand) Teeth brushing Hand washing Shaving 6 (old standard) (low flow) 30 (half filled) 15 (quarter filled) 50 (5 gallon per minute flow) 15 (5 gallon per minute flow) (older models) 33 (older models) (old model regular cycle) 25 (2.5 gallon per minute flow) 16 (faucet rinse) 6 (basin rinse) 2 (faucet running) 2 (faucet running) 3-5 (faucet running) 7.5 (2.5 gallon per minute flow) 40 (newer models) (newer models) 6-9 (new model regular cycle) 1/8 (wet brush, brief rinse) 1 (basin, brief rinse) 1 (basin, brief rinse) Source: University of Minnesota Cooperative Extension Service

14 Get pumped! DO consider installing high-efficiency water fixtures, such as low-flow showerheads and toilets and frontloading clothes washers. DO run full loads in the dish and clothes washers. DO distribute wash loads evenly throughout the week to avoid overloading the system. DO install aerators on all household faucets. DON T allow leaky faucets and toilets to go unrepaired. DON T flush unwanted prescription or over-thecounter medications down the toilet. DON T allow chlorine-treated water from swimming pools and hot tubs to enter the drainfield. DON T let faucets run when not in use. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension On-site Wastewater Center University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program

15 Money Matters Overview No one wants to spend more money than necessary, especially on something as unpleasant to think about as household wastewater treatment. But in order to save a lot of money in the long run, you need to spend a little money on system maintenance every now and then. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. The old adage rings true in the case of septic system maintenance. Money spent on pumping your septic system every three to five years is well worth it, as the cost of system replacement can range from $2,000 to $15,000 or more. Maintaining your septic system is much like maintaining your car. Making a relatively small effort on a regular basis can save you from major inconvenience and cost, and extend the life of your system. Did You Know? An unusable septic system or one in poor condition can lower your property value, and could even be a legal liability if you sell your home. Commercial additives are not a substitute for regular inspection and pumping. These may actually end up costing you more money because many additives break up the sludge and scum layers, causing them to flow out of the tank and clog the drainfield. Improper maintenance is the most common cause of costly septic system repair or replacement. The cost of a septic system inspection can range from $50 - $150, and varies by area. It can cost between $100 - $400 to have the system pumped. Nebraska Bit A typical septic system inspection in Nebraska will cost between $80 and $100. System pumping costs approximately $100 to $200, while system replacement can cost anywhere from $3,000 to $5,000 and up, depending on the system s specifics and the area in which it is located. DO have your system inspected every three years, and pumped as recommended, or every three to five years. DO think of your septic system as an investment in your home s value, your family s health, and the well-being of your local environment. DO use a certified professional for all inspections and pumpings. DON T ignore your septic system! It won t save you money in the long run. DON T rely on commercial septic tank additives, cleaners, feeders, starters, etc. to save you money as a substitute for regular system maintenance. Some of these can have a negative effect on the system s function and end up costing more in the long run.

16 Get pumped! For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska On-site Wastewater Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cooperative Extension University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program

17 What to Expect When You re Inspected Overview Inspection and pumping are two vital parts of septic system ownership and maintenance. Even though your septic system appears to be working fine, you may be unaware that it is allowing nutrients or bacteria to reach ground or surface water supplies. Regular inspection is the only way to ensure proper operation and prevent water supply contamination from septic system effluent. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends having your tank inspected every one to three years and pumped as necessary, or at least every three to five years. The components of septic system inspections can vary based on what the homeowner is willing to pay for, but generally include: 1. Locating the system. 2. Uncovering access holes to the septic tank. 3. Checking for signs of plumbing backup. 4. Measuring sludge and scum levels. 5. Identifying any leaks. 6. Examining mechanical components. 7. Pumping the tank, if necessary. During the inspection, the certified contractor should measure the levels of sludge and scum. If the bottom of the scum layer is found to be within six inches of the bottom of the outlet, or the top of the sludge is within 12 inches of the outlet, the contractor will probably recommend your tank be pumped. The contractor should also provide you with a report indicating if any repairs were performed and if the tank is in good condition. watertightness and measuring the levels of scum and sludge. Certified inspectors may also locate and examine the distribution box to ensure each drainfield line is receiving the same amount of effluent and draining properly. The certified contractor should also inspect the drainfield for sogginess or wastewater at the surface, which can indicate a clogged drainfield, improper drainage, excessive water use, or a leak in the system. Nebraska Bit All septic system inspections, repairs, or replacements must be performed by a certified professional in Nebraska. A certification program was developed in response to concerns of negative health impacts resulting from failing septic systems and lack of regulation. Mandatory testing is required for each of four categories as part of the program: Installer, Site Evaluator, Pumper, and Inspector. Septic system professionals must also pay a fee and submit an application to the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality in order to be certified. To find a certified professional in your area, visit the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality s website at To learn more about contractor training, visit the University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension at Thorough certified inspectors will take the time to check all components of the septic system, starting with running water into the septic tank from household plumbing, physically looking into the tank to ensure its

18 Get pumped! Did You Know? The pumping process should remove all scum, sludge, and liquid from the septic tank. It also requires flushing and backflushing liquid contents to ensure no floating scum is left in the tank to plug the outlet or enter the drainfield. The tank should be pumped through the manhole rather than the inspection ports, which could damage the baffles in the tank and result in wastewater flowing directly into the drainfield without allowing solids to settle out. Frequency of pumping is affected by the size or capacity of the tank, the amount of wastewater entering the tank, and the volume of solids in the wastewater. DO use only a certified professional to inspect your tank every three years. DO be present when your system is inspected and ask questions of the inspector. For More Information United States Environmental Protection Agency National On-site Wastewater Recycling Association National Environmental Service Center National Small Flows Clearinghouse University of Nebraska On-site Wastewater Center University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cooperative Extension University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program DO keep a record of all inspections, pumpings, repairs, reports, etc. for future reference. DON T attempt to inspect and/or pump the septic tank yourself. This can be dangerous and is illegal. DON T add a starter to the tank after having it pumped. There are enough bacteria remaining in the tank and wastewater to ensure proper function.

19 Working With the Media The media can be an effective outlet for sharing information about the responsibility of septic system ownership and the importance of system maintenance. However, many people aren t sure where or how to start. has a variety of resources available if you and your team or community are interested in working with the media. These resources include: Working with the Media as included in s Source Water Assessment and Protection Workshop Guide - Features information gleaned from s 20 years of educational experience, including building relationships, getting the media to tell your story, what to do when the media calls you, and doing your own thing. Sample Letter Requesting Radio Spot - If you are interested in using radio to spread the word, use this sample letter to request free air time from local radio stations. Sample Radio Spot Scripts - Both 30- second and 60-second sample spots are available, dealing with the topic of drinking water. To request print or electronic copies of any of the above media resources, please contact The Groundwater Foundation at or info@groundwater.org. Sample News Release - Provides a format template, as well as ideas for content and places to add locally-specific information. Sample Topics to Promote Groundwater/Drinking Water Protection - Topics such as private wells, waterborne disease health effects, monetary costs of contamination, and others will help get the attention of local media. 1