Energy. on this world and elsewhere. Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434)

Transcription

1 Energy on this world and elsewhere Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434) Course web site available at click on classes and find Physics or at Lecture #12 September 28, 2017

2 Announcements Read Chapters 6-9 of Smoke and Mirrors (we will read earlier chapters too, if you just want to start at the beginning). First problem set to be posted soon. Reading: Chapter 5 of class notes.

3 Deep sea drilling

4 Pre-construction tour Perdido

5 Putting the spar in place at Perdido

6 How deep water drilling works

7 Wildlife on the ocean floor

8 Oil Shale

9 Oil Shale

10 Oil Shale

11 Oil Shale - another non-conventional source of oil that has yet to be tapped Extremely abundant in the United States. Currently no significant commercial production When heated and separated, the resulting oil is lighter than is the case with tar sands. Extremely high areal density

12 Oil Shale Roughly 2 trillion of barrels of oil-shale oil in the U.S. Supposedly similar levels of difficulty (or lack thereof) when compared to tar sands. Much much higher areal energy density. That is, energy per acre. Perhaps 500+ billion barrels recoverable year s worth?

13 Oil Shale deposits in the U.S. Some argue that as much as 800 billion barrels is technically recoverable at reasonable (if not currently competitive) cost. That is around 150 years at today s rate of domestic consumption.

14 Oil Shale

15 Shell s Oil Shale Project Use electrical heaters to make the oil shale into a combination of light oil and gas. In their pilot project, they heated the rock for 3 years! Create a freeze wall to prevent contamination of ground water Area is relatively undisturbed environmentally. After 30 years of experimenting, Shell has the project on hold.

16 Oil Overview

17 Crude production by source 2015 Despite the present being 2012, the projection for 2015 is pretty much dead on.

18 Crude production by source

19 North America* is essentially oil independent (or was before oil prices plunged numbers shown) Total field production 9.41 M bpd Natural Gas Plant Liquids 3.28 M bpd Biofuels 1.08 M bpd Net Imports 4.74 M bpd Additional Imports 4.65 M bpd Refining Processing gains 1.04 M bpd Imports from Canada = 3.74 M bpd Products Supplied Domestically M bpd Exports 4.65 M bpd Imports from Mexico = 0.76 M bpd Non-neighbor deficit = 1.2% of products supplied!!!!

20 Oil reserves by region Crude Oil Reserves Billion Barrels North merica A 1 Central and South America 14 Europe² Eurasia³ Middle East Africa 34 Asia and ceania O 2

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22 Natural Gas

23 How natural gas fits into the big picture percent of sources percent of sectors petroleum (37%) transportation 27.8 (29%) natural gas (29%) < industrial (22%) residential and commercial (11%) coal (15%) renewable energy (10%) nuclear electric power 8.4 (9%) source 8 < electric power (39%) sector

24 U.S. natural gas flow, 2016 trillion cubic feet Natural Gas

25 Natural Gas Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1996 (Trillion Cubic Feet) Vented and Flared 0.26 Exports 0.15 Additions to Storage 2.87 Balancing Item 0.14 From Gas Wells Gross Withdrawals Marketed Production Total Dry Gas Production Consumption Residential 5.22 a Industrial From Oil Wells 6.63 Repressuring 3.71 Nonhydrocarbon Gases Removed 0.36 Extraction Loss 0.93 Imports 2.84 Supplemental Gaseous Fuels 0.13 Withdrawals from Storage 2.88 b Transportation 0.71

26 Natural gas use over time Natural gas is definitely the late comer with regard to widespread use.

27 Sources of natural gas

28 Marcellus Shale formation The use of hydraulic fracturing to obtain natural gas trapped in rock, such as the Marcellus Shale formation, is resulting in large new increases to our reserves.

29 Domestic shale gas production by source

30 Natural gas production by source

31 U.S. Natural gas production by source With the present being 2012, the projection for 2015 here is about right.

32 Oil and natural gas proved reserves

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