Water on islands. A question of survival (?)

Transcription

1 Water on islands A question of survival (?)

2 Water consumption In the last 50 years global water use has tripled Water use: 70% agriculture, 20% industry; 10% domestic Water use can vary depending number of hotels, seasonality of consumption and tourism, structure of economics, population, lifestyle, technologies

3 Challenges on islands Water scarcity Quality of water Policy and institutional setting Uneven water distribution Insufficient municipal water supply and wastewater treatment systems Institutional, financial, and operational management High water demand in peak season Local pollution by wastewater Inadequate water use and pollution control practices by individuals

4

5 Mediterranean as it once was? Croatia was and still is perceived as a low cost destination. Average tourist consumption per day is 58 mainly for food and accommodation. Acommodation sector in 2010: 12.5 % hotels, over the half three star hotels. Nearly half of the beds belong to rental apartments and in the coastline the percentage rise to 80 % of the total Nearly 90 % of overnights stays in the period from May until September. Around 90 % of overnights stays are realized along the coast.

6 Around 52,000 families are registered as accommodation, black market share largely more relevant. The island of Hvar: 300 km and around 11,100 inhabitants in ,500 tourists and over 1,100,000 overnights. Carrying capacities of the city of Hvar: in tourists per inhabitant of and tourist overnights per inhabitant. Endemic species of sea flora and fauna are threatened by sea vessels especially in the Kornati Archipelago, the island of Hvar and the Mljet island. Except for the EU Blue Flag for beaches and marinas certification programmes are poorly implemented. Tourism lack of a system dimension with some exceptions in Istria and Zagorje Krapina where some efforts in tourism clustering arise.

7 Area: 114 km 2 Population:1641 (2011) Settlements: 12 Hotels: 9 Connected to mainland by ferry Dugi Otok Island

8 Area: 305 km 2 Population: 9201 Settlements: 24 Hotels: 42 Connected to mainland with bridge and ferries Pag Island

9 10000 Inhabitants on Pag Island Source: DZS Zagreb

10 5000 Inhabitants in Dugi Otok Island Source: DZS Zagreb

11 140 Annual precipitation in Zadar (mm) J F M A M J J A S O N D Source: Šiljković, Glamuzina, Glamuzina

12 Water supply from Velo Blato Lake (m³/month) 2012 (m³/month) 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Piped water (m 3 /month) Source: DZS Zagreb J F M A M J J A S O N D

13 DUGI island Dugi Otok Island SWOT analysis

14 Environment Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Presence of important natural features (Telašćica Nature Park) Fragile ecosystems Harmonization of the environmental planning and tourism planning of the island Pressures on the natural beauties of the island which are the main tourism attractions (i.e. tourism concentration in Mir lake Telašćica Park)

15 Society Economy Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Long tradition in local production and trade connections The distance from the mainland in terms of access to the essential services (lack of hospitals, schools, etc.) Decline of traditional trades and production (fisheries, etc.) Depopulation of the island as an obstacle for development Diversification of the local economy in order to stabilize the number of inhabitants during the whole year Increase of the seasonal pressures by the fluctuation of the population during the year

16 Tourism Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Favorable climate conditions and natural attractions for tourism development Mono functional local economy relying mostly on tourism. Development of alternative and small scale tourism (diving, kite surfing, photo hunting, etc.), taking into account the carrying capacity of the island Strong dependence on volatile flight companies The distance from the mainland as a factor for conservation and avoidance of mass tourism

17 Water Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Presence of traditional ways of water collection Insufficient water sources for uses of human activities Enhancement of the traditional ways of water collection by the creation of a systematic and integrated management of the existing infrastructures The local infrastructure capacity cannot meet the high tourism demands during peak seasons (sewage systems, water supply, solid waste management, etc.) Improvement of the connection of agricultural lands to the water collectors and integration with renewable energy sources

18 Pag Island SWOT analysis

19 Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Environment Presence of wetlands and ornithological reservations (Velo Blato, Malo Blato and Kolansko Blato) Seasonal pressures of tourism development (solid waste, water consumption, urbanization, sound pollution, etc.) Inclusion of Jezero Velo Blato into the European network Natura 2000 Decrease in the quality of coastal areas

20 Society Economy Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats The local brands (salt production, cheese, etc.) Declining traditional local economies (sheep breeding, fisheries, etc.) Enhancement of traditional agriculture (less pressure on local resources; production of local tourism products olive oil, wine, cheese, etc.) Mono functional local economy as an obstacle for the diversification of the employment and sustainable economic development

21 Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Tourism Accessibility to the mainland (airports, international highways, etc.) Presence of cultural heritage (dry stones walls, laces, etc.) Popular beaches (the fame of the tourism destination) The majority of tourism offer relies on second homes, and apartments for rents Lack of quality standards and control More efficient use of tourism capacity (semibuilt accommodations, second homes, etc.) Development of event tourism (fairs of local products, art festivals, etc.) Development of ornithological tourism The actual tourism model can result as a banalization of local heritage Mass tourism promoted by low cost travel promotions

22 Water Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats The connection with the water supply system of Zadar Existence of surface water Unused potential of water storage and treatment (production of salt water, wastewater, rainwater) Lack of awareness of water scarcity among tourists Rainwater collection and salt production water as a low cost irrigation water, while pipe water could respond only to the increasing domestic water demand Increasing of the seasonal pressures on water resources by the fluctuation of the population during the year

23 Dugi Otok Water sources: Water carrier expensive, not sustainable Groundwater wells no capacity for increase Desalination plant expensive, not sustainable Rainwater collection free Treatment Long time preservation

24 Pag Water sources Partially connected to water supply system Nortehrn part Southern part existing plans for connection Limited resources of groundwater Salt factory and unused water Rainwater collection free

25 Relation between area and collected water Rainfall 800 mm. Water loss 100 mm. Local people 140 l per day yearly consumption: 51,1 m3 per year Relation between collection area and collected water Amount of collected water (m3) Water needed for 1000 inhabitants Area (ha) Source: DZS Zagreb

26 Example of town Sali, Dugi Otok Population of Sali: 769 (2001) 140 l per day Tourists: overnight stays (2008) 300 l per day 2500 Population of Sali Number of tourists 2000 Number of people Area of rainwater collection (ha) 5,6 ha 8,6 ha Source: DZS Zagreb 43 ha total available roof area in Sali

27 Potential of rainwater collection traditional methods To support 1000 inhabitants only with rainwater (51100 m³) area of 7,2 ha would be needed Dugi Otok Total area: 124 km² Roof area in Sali: 43 ha

28 Conclusions Water is limiting factor of the economic development of the islands. But not the only one, problems are more complex. To increase water supply rainwater could be harvested ( free source ). There are also examples of dew water collection, small desalinisation plants powered by solar panels. Unused fresh water from salt factory in the Pag Island provides another opportunity of waste water recycling. In the near future southern part of Pag Island will be connected to mainland water supply which would resolve many of the water problems, but opportunity to use rainwater as an alternative source still remains. On the other hand Dugi Otok Island relies on traditional water collection methods, since other water resources are not sustainable and have reached maximum level of reasonable usage. In addition to solving water supply issues other problems should be addressed, like connection to mainland (accessibility), services, job opportunities. Traditional economies could be used to integrate and support tourism development/management and to extend fields of activities which could support and maintain the living standard of local people throughout the year.

29 Thank you for your kind attention! Tutor: LONČARIĆ, Robert ALTIN, Laura BABUKOVA, Panka GERONTA, Chrysafina GRISOT, Rita GUARAN, Andrea HORVÁTH, Andrea JANSKY, Bohumir KOSTADINOV, Valentin MATOUŠKOVÁ, Milada OTERO MONROSI, Lucía PAL, Zoltán PEDREGAL MATEOS, Belen PERELLI, Carlo SEPP, Edgar TÓTH, Gabriella VLČEK, Lukáš