HYDRAULICS DIVISION. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ERGİL. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umut TÜRKER

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1 HYDRAULICS DIVISION Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ERGİL Assoc. Prof. Dr. Umut TÜRKER

2 HYDRAULICS AND C.E. Civil Engineers plan, design and construct: new harbors and waterways, pipelines, irrigation and drainage canals, highway culverts and bridges, municipal water distribution systems, wastewater collection system, freshwater and wastewater treatment systems, closed conduit or open-channel irrigation systems, water storage and diversion systems, drainage systems for different areas, recreational facilities, etc.

3 Water resources systems Civil Engineers mainly deal with conception, planning, design, construction and operation of water resources systems in order to control, utilize and manage water in an efficient manner. Water resources systems are highly complex because of multi-purpose utilization and time dependent hydrological phenomena. Their hydrological analysis forms the basis for determining the necessary inputs and forecasts.

4 Hydraulic structures Many hydraulic structures are huge ones and their failure will cause big economic losses far beyond the immediate cost of replacing the structure. They should not be designed according to the same criteria as an ordinary and simple structure. Cost optimization and approved design criteria force us to take a risk of failure of the structures during their economic life.

5 Basic principles and concepts of hydraulics A clear understanding of the basic principles and concepts of hydraulics is essential to a civil engineer, who deals with the followings: Design of dams and reservoirs Design of transmission lines (pipelines) with or without pumping stations Design of irrigation systems as a combination of closed conduits or open channels

6 Design of drainage systems for highways, airports, irrigated areas, and urban areas Design of water supply to cities Design of wastewater collection systems of cities Design of treatment plants for freshwater and wastewater Design of fishery-, yacht-, and commercialharbors Hydraulic design of bridges

7 Determination of water forces Determination of forces coming on the structures due to flow of water is the main item in the design of such structures. Design of marine structures requires the determination of the effects of waves and ocean currents on these structures. Design of dams and other storage structures requires the determination of water forces coming on some special surfaces of them.

8 Water is the essential item Water is the essential item for the life and development but it may generate very important problems to human being during floods and draught periods. Water is mainly used for: municipal purposes (drinking and household uses), irrigation purposes, cooling purposes in energy production, hydropower production, navigation and recreational purposes.

9 water storage During wet seasons water storage is necessary for the matching of water demand during draught periods. Water is to be conserved against increasingly growing demands of various kinds by implementing several structural measures. Design of water storage reservoirs depends upon the future water demands and log-term hydrologic characteristics of the river basin under study.

10 COURSES In Civil Engineering, numerous courses are offered related with hydraulics. They can be grouped into three categories as follows. a) Undergraduate must courses: Fluid Mechanics Hydromechanics

11 b) 4th year s technical elective courses: Engineering Hydrology Water Resources Engineering Water Supply and Sewerage Open Channel Hydraulics Sediment Transport Coastal and Harbor Engineering

12 c) 5th year s courses: Groundwater Engineering Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Hydropower Engineering Advanced Hydrology Design of Coastal and Harbor Structures Coastal Hydraulics Coastal Sedimentation

13 Fluid Mechanics In Fluid Mechanics; molecular properties of fluids (liquids and gases), hydrostatics, fluids kinematics, fluids dynamics (with basic principles on conservation of mass, energy, and of linear momentum), dimensional analysis and model similitude are taught.

14 Hydromechanics In Hydromechanics, basic principles are applied to pipe flows and open channel flows. Pipelines with pumps and turbines are explained. Steady uniform and nonuniform flows in open-channels are given with engineering applications. Design of pipelines and open channels are taught.

15 Engineering hydrology Engineering hydrology consists of subjects necessary for hydrologic design of the structures necessary for control and use of water. Determination of design flood is the main concern. Elements of hydrologic cycle; such as precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, groundwater contribution are taught. Flood mitigation is also given in this course.

16 Coastal and Harbor Engineering Coastal and Harbor Engineering gives information for the harbor and coastal engineering problems due to the waves and coastal currents. Wave agitation in harbor and sedimentation in harbor entrance, erosion of beaches, stability of cover layer on the breakwater, coastal water pollution, etc. are main type of problems.

17 Water Resources Engineering In Water Resources Engineering, developing and planning of water resources, water collection works for surface waters and groundwater exploitation are given. Dams and spillways design, capacity of storage reservoir, diversion weirs and water conveyance structures, seepage problems in storage reservoirs, sediment transport and reservoir sedimentation, hydropower production, irrigation of lands, and drainage of excess water from the cultivated areas are taught in this course.

18 Water control structures Water is to be controlled to prevent excessive damage to public and private properties and to save lives. Planning and design of all kinds of control facilities like flood mitigation measures and storm drainage systems, are performed by civil engineers.

19 Reservoir A reservoir is the collection of excess water behind a dam or in a closed chamber for municipal use during the periods of low flow as well as for irrigation, sediment accumulation, transportation, flood mitigation, electric generation, and recreational purposes.

20 Dams A dam with a sufficient reservoir capacity is designed to meet the demands under all circumstances. Stored water is mainly utilized for municipal and irrigation requirements, hydropower development and navigational improvements. Management of water is needed for the operation and quality control of water resources systems.

21 Water supply systems Water supply facilities are composed of large and long pipeline systems having several appurtenances. The degree of civilization in a community may be measured by the availability of sufficient quantity of potable water that may be obtained from lakes, rivers or groundwater aquifers.

22 Municipal water demand Municipal water demand is the combination of the requirements for domestic, public, commercial, and industrial uses and fire fighting. Domestic use includes the water demand for drinking and sanitary purposes. Population size and living standards affect the domestic use.

23 Water treatment plant Water treatment plant is required to improve the quality of water before giving it to the distribution network. The municipal water to be delivered should be non-toxic, aesthetically attractive, economical and of a sufficiently high standard for human consumption.

24 Sewerage Special care must be taken to preserve the water supply systems against the intrusion of waste water. In order to maintain hygienic conditions in the environmental and infra-structural systems of cities, waste water must be collected, removed and disposed Waste water treatment may be needed if the quality is sufficiently lower than the tolerable limits.

25 EROSION Excessive kinetic energy of the flowing water should be dissipated in order to prevent the erosion of the stream bed and banks below the dams. Excessive erosion occurs around bridge piers. Civil engineers are asked to prevent the possible local erosion by special structural implementation.