IME540 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing. Module 5: End of Life Options Sample Lecture Material

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1 IME540 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing Module 5: End of Life Options Sample Lecture Material

2 Agenda The Big Picture of Module 5 Session 1: Lecture, define assignment Session 2: Visit the landfill Session 3: Discussion questions, more lecture, group presentation and evaluation Learning Objective: Propose design changes to a product to enhance recycling, reuse and/or remanufacturing capability with consideration of the economics of these activities. Pre-reading: case study of a landfill A case study in the development of a landfill gas-to-energy project for the Antioch, Illinois, Community School District by Torresani & Poetter

3 Life Cycle Stages Typical Cradle-to-Grave life cycle stages: Costs? Cradle-to-gate stage: 1. Raw materials extraction/acquisition 2. Materials processing 3. Product manufacture Use stage: 4. Product use, maintenance, repair End-of-life stage: 5. Final disposition/end of life

4 Life Cycle Stages A product is assumed to be at the end of life when any of the following occur: 1. It has served its useful life 2. It is no longer functional 3. It is rendered unusable due to technological/style obsolescence, changing market demands, innovationdriven product improvements, or mature products are simply replaced by better technology

5 Define End of Life Options What are the choices for the end-of-life of a product?!"disposal # Incineration # Landfill Solid Waste Hazardous $"Recycle # With disassembly # Without disassembly %"Reuse through service &"Refurbishment through remanufacture

6 Life Cycle Stages Life Cycle Inventory techniques can compare two products with a similar function for their environmental impact at the end of their useful life. Example: Comparison of desktop computer displays CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) displays vs LCD (active matrix Liquid Crystal Display or flat panels) displays

7 Life Cycle Stages Distribution of EOL disposition assumptions for the CRT and LCD Disposition CRT LCD Costs? Incineration Recycling Remanufacturing Hazardous Landfill Solid Waste Landfill 15% 11% 3% 46% 25% 15% 15% 15% 5% 50% Sources: NSC, 1999; EPA, 1998; CIA, 1997; EIA, 1999; Vorhes, 2000; TORNRC, 2001.

8 Define End of Life Options The goal is cradle to reincarnation (or cradle-tocradle), since if one is practicing industrial ecology correctly there is no grave. - Kumar Patel, AT&T Bell Labs The efficiency with which the cradle-to-cradle objective is achieved is highly dependent on the design of products and processes.

9 Define End of Life Options

10 Define End of Life Options Disposal Incineration

11 Today s Landfill Describe the Landfill

12 Form Groups/Assign roles, Perform Web Search, Report on Product 1. Form groups and assign team roles recorder and spokesperson. Recorder will capture results for posting on Blackboard discussion board. Spokesperson will present findings to class. 2. Perform a web search to illustrate what makes up a landfill and the impact of your chosen product. Answer the question What are the categories of products that make up a landfill and which are biological versus technological? (10 min) 3. Report back to group with web search results for your chosen product - post to Blackboard(5 min) Costs.

13 The Recycling Process Costs?

14 Environmental Assessment Tool Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) is environmental criteria as contained in a public standard, IEEE EPEAT evaluates electronic products according to three tiers of environmental performance: Bronze: Meets all 23 required criteria Silver: Meets all 23 required criteria plus at least 50% of the optional criteria Gold: Meets all 23 required criteria plus at least 75% of the optional criteria There are 51 total environmental criteria in IEEE 1680: 23 required criteria and 28 optional criteria.

15 Environmental Assessment Tool Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) is environmental criteria as contained in a public standard, IEEE 1680 with assessment: 1. Reduction/elimination of environmentally sensitive materials 2. Materials selection 3. Design for end of life 4. Product longevity/life cycle extension 5. Energy conservation 6. End of life management 7. Corporate performance 8. Packaging

16 WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment There are ten categories of WEEE: 1. Large household appliances 2. Small household appliances 3. IT and telecommunications equipment 4. Consumer equipment 5. Lighting equipment 6. Electrical and electronic tools 7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment 8. Medical devices 9. Monitoring and control equipment 10. Automatic dispensers The WEEE Regulations apply to electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in the above categories with a voltage of up to 1000 volts AC or up to 1500 volts DC. Reference: retreived 2/20/1997

17 Assignment Continue working in pre-assigned groups for product assessment. Recorder and spokesperson are to switch roles for the next session. Brainstorm ideas for redesigning your chosen product that will prevent the product from ending up in a landfill at the end of it s useful life. Prepare a persuasive presentation to convince management that your redesign idea will be profitable. Costs! Some time was allocated in class but group is encouraged to meet outside of class and to ride together to the landfill to continue discussion.

18 References 1. Baxter Sustainability Report, retrieved 2/19/2007, 2. Duranceau, Claudia, Opportunities for Using Recycled Materials in New Vehicles, Ford Motor Company Presentation to Kettering University students on 6/8/2004 and 7/26/ Graedel, T.E., and B.R. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, second edition, Prentice Hall, NJ, Hickman Jr., H. L., and R. Eldredge, A Brief History of Solid Waste Management in the US During the Last 50 Years, MSW Management website, retrieved February16, IME454 Kettering University Capstone Students, Student Group Presentation, Summer Reference: WEEE Directive, =_e, retreived 2/20/2007