Solar Cooling in Europe and case Studies

Transcription

1 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Solar Cooling in Europe and case Studies Daniel Mugnier tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group Conference Canberra 16/03/ tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Overview Introduction Market Design process step by step Feedback on design and operation Installation experiences : 2 examples Conclusion 2

2 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Introduction Market situation of conventionnal A/C units till 1.4 RT World Europe Europe is a small market of A/C in the World.. 3 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Introduction A few history. World exhibition in Paris : First ice block through solar energy (1878) Source : Olynthus Verlag The beginning of industrial solar cooling was mainly out of Europe (Japan, USA ) 4

3 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Introduction Market Design process step by step Feedback on design and operation Installation experiences : 2 examples Conclusion 5 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Market share (2009) Market analysis Ab/Adsorption representing nearly 85% Source : EURAC, Sparber & Napolitano,

4 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Market analysis Source: climasol Fraunhofer ISE Rococo TECSOL TECSOL estimate About 150 new installations in 2010! (+30%) 7 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Market analysis : Europe / World Mainly US, China and tralia 8

5 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Europe: leader on small/medium chillers adapted to solar energy ~3.28 ft (2.5 tons) no claim on completeness 9 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Large manufacturers out of Europe Nishyodo ( RT) Maekawa ( RT) (Japan) Thermax (India) YAZAKI (Japan) SWAC-10 (China) 2.5 RT Dunham Bush (Russia) 85 RT 10

6 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 European Solar cooling kit suppliers Package System, 17.5, 35, 70 and 105 kw no claim on completeness Source : GreenChiller, TECSOL 11 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Examples of Custom made manufacturers (Europe, North Africa, Middle East) Source : GreenChiller, TECSOL no claim on completeness 12

7 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 CGD Bank Headquarter Lisbon, Portugal 1560 m 2 collector area 400 kw absorption chiller Source: SOLID, Graz/tria Large and very large installations (examples) FESTO Factory Berkheim, Germany 1218 m 2 collector area 1.05 MW (3 adsorption chillers) Source: Paradigma, Festo United World College (UWC) (in planning) Singapore 3900 m 2 collector area 1.47 MW absorption chiller Source: SOLID, Graz/tria 13 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Wine cooling in Tunisia (MEDISCO) High-temperature applications Increasing number of systems using single-axis concentrating collectors (parabolic trough, Fresnel) in combination with thermally driven chillers (150 C 200 C) Double-effect chiller with high conversion efficiency (Coefficient of Performance COP ) Single-effect chiller with high temperature lift for low cooling temperatures (e.g. ice production) and high heat rejection temperatures (dry cooling towers) Solar cooling for a hotel in Turkey (SOLITEM) Application in sunny regions for buildings (e.g. hotels) or industrial application (e.g. cooling of food, ice production) 14

8 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Overall approach to energy efficient buildings in Europe Assure indoor comfort with a minimum energy demand 1. Reduction of energy demand Design 2. Use of heat sinks (sources) in the environment 3. Efficient conversion chains (minimize exergy losses) 4. (Fractional) covering of the remaining demand using renewable energies Building envelope; ventilation Ground; outside air (T, x) directly or indirectly; storage mass HVAC; combined heat, (cooling) & power (CH(C)P); networks; auxiliary energy Solar thermal; PV; (biomass) 15 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Basic idea : perfect adequation between solar ressource and cooling load Ja n But this is not so simple : Januar Februar Solar irradiation - accuracy of a building load all year long - appropriate technology needed W/m² März April Mai Juni DHW Juli August September Heating load Fe Mars Avril Mai Juin Jul Août Sept Oct Nov Dec v - potential competitors : conventionnal electric, cogeneration, heating net, PV+DC inverter - good and skilled design of the system.. Cooling load Oktober November Dezember kw 16

9 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Preselection Feasibility Example of Solar cooling project process (France) (Formular+Check list) + Criteria Feasibility study PREDESIGN Project DESIGN Professionnals responsabilisation (incitating penalties) Works/Commissioning Monitoring Dedicated Budget 17 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Design process step by step 1) Check list method 1) Excel file in English 2) Guidelines 3 tools to assist and prepair the design Available online on 2) Decision scheme 1) Excel file 2) Guidelines 3) Predesign tool (ex : Thermally Driven Chiller tool) Load generator Production calculation (hourly) Economic analysis (Cost curves) 18

10 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Step 1 : efficient preselection tools Prefeasibility analysis step : Pre -study divided into 2 parts : 1) Questionnaire giving technical infos (admin. elements, ) 2) Check list form. 20 questions on the features of the project (technical, economical and organisational). Minimum score to reach 19 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Step 1 : efficient preselection tools CHECK-LIST «Solar heating&cooling» CHECK LIST TYPE METHOD FOR THE SELECTION & SUCCESS OF SOLAR HEATING & COOLING INSTALLATIONS Objectives: To make a fast diagnostic for a first rough evaluation of the accuracy for a solar heating & cooling installation. Mean: Check-list to fill in by the client (building owner, planner) with multiple choice questionnaire. Example : available surface on the roof for the collectors large enough? Thermal load (heating/cooling) in adequation with solar ressource? Expensive avoided energy? Result: Automatic calculation achieved depending on the answers to nearly 20 questions and scoring method used to give a final score to the case. 20

11 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 CHECK-LIST «Solar heating&cooling» Context: IEA Task 38 : international cooperation project European & international collaboration ( Improvements since beginning 2009: more adapted questions, answer weighting method, warning messages (non realistic project) Statistics: «Excellent projects» (ISTAB, SOLACLIM): 16,4/20 average ; ecart type of 1 «Good projects» (Plein Sud Entreprises, RAFSOL, CARTIF, DREAM): 10/20 average ; ecart type of 1.5 «Sensible project» (example of an hotel in Nantes): score of 4/20 21 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 CHECK-LIST «Solar heating&cooling» Classification / scoring Score > 10: qualified project for a feasibility study Score between 5 & 10 : project close to be qualified but requiring a deeper examination Score between 0 & 5 : project close not to be qualified but requiring a deeper examination Score with less than 0 : non qualified project 22

12 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 CHECK-LIST «Solar heating&cooling» Example of application of the Check-list. CNRS/PROMES laboratory (Perpignan): Laboratory inperpignan, Mediterranean climate. Sufficient roof area. Technical premices adapted New distribution net. Existing back up installation. Load correlated with solar energy ressource. Average energy cost, average water cost Important financial means and fundings (>50%). Risk acceptation possible because demo project Important environment politics Qualified staff inside the lab. Good monitoring of the installation (PhD in parallel). Result: 16/ tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Hotel: CHECK-LIST «Solar heating&cooling» Example of application of the Check-list. Small 4 levels hotel in Nantes, Oceanic climate. Limited roof available area. Technical premices area compatible. Existing adapted distribution net. Existing back up installation.. Thermal load partially adapted to solar energy (significant load during night). Average energy cost, average water cost Important financial means and fundings (20-50%). No risk possible. Wished environment action. Non qualified staff for O&M, expensive external intervention. Monitoring wished but no money to do it. Result: 4/20. 24

13 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Step 2 : Predesign and design Which answers to which questions? What is the size of the main equipments? Solar collector field : type and size in m² Ab(ad)sorption chiller : kwf What is the solar contribution to cooling and heating load? What is the size of the back up system? Type (boiler, heat pump, split...); Size in kw What are the energy savings? Cost of primary savings? What is the payback time? 25 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Different approaches «Em mpici Methods» Accuracy, reliability of results, details of design information Rules of thumb Collector cost per heating capacity Cost of solar heat for given climate Load - gain - analysis for given climate and load Anual cost based on loadgain-analysis Computer design tool with predefined systems Open simulation platform rt for parametrization Required system information, effor «Empici Methods» Source : Fraunhofer ISE 26

14 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Average values for solar collector area for Absorption & Adsorption chillers 3,0 to 3,5 m²/kwc Empiric method : Specific area research method for open cycles (solid/liquid DEC): 8 to 10 m² per m³/h fresh air flowrate Source : EAW 27 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Irradiation (temperature) Load analysis Internal load (temperature + humidity) Exhaust air Conductive gains (temperature) Hygienic air (temperature + humidity) Fresh air 28

15 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference Comfort Concepts Air building Temperature [ C] German standard DIN 1946 part II Humidity < 50 % External temperature [ C] 29 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Several predesign & design tools SIMPLE TOOLS (no claim on completeness) Monthly cooling (heating) load (NEGST project) Free download on Correlation between load and solar gains Energy plus Free download ( ) ESP-r Free download ( ) SACE Cooling tool available on TDC tool not yet available but contact IEA Task 38 contact. List of other tools on : ( 30

16 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Several predesign & design tools DYNAMIC SIMULATION TOOLS (no claim on completeness) System oriented TRNSYS - ColSim - Insel - TRANSOL POLYSUN - Building oriented Energy plus tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Example of design rules : Storage Cold storage To cover load peaks To avoid part load functionning & start/stop chiller behaviour Hot storage Different between cooling load and available solar heat To permit a continuous operation of the chiller when solar gain is discontinuous (cloudy) Typical size : liters / m² collectors 32

17 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Handbook Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings 1 Introduction PART I - Components 2 The load subsystem - Air conditioning equipment 3 The cold production subsystem 4 The heat production subsystem Part II Systems 5 Solar driven systems - examples, control and operation 6 Design approaches 7 Performance figures 8 Design examples 9 Summary approx. 180 pages, 60, English ( 33 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Example of design/installation «mistakes» Installation oversizing System complexity Feedback on design and operation Solar collector hydraulic connections Bad hydraulic balance of the collector fields Piping and insulation features for the solar loop Undersizing of the HX and expansion vessel Bad position of the control and monitoring sensors Web/Phone/GSM unreliable communication protocols for remote operation and monitoring stralian 5 - Composants Solar Cooling Interest Group Conference 34

18 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on design and operation Example of operation/maintenance «mistakes» Non justified long time installation stop Non sufficient primary solar loop pressure level Bad air venting of the collector field Back up target badly operated (too low return temperature level) 35 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #1 Solar cooling installation 35 kw abs. France Monitoring 3% Electricity 5% Cold production 24% Starting up 1% Technical room 6% Engineering 8% Solar collectors 53% Solar collector field : 90 m² ETC 35 kw absorption chiller Original heat rejection system : watering Source : TECSOL 36

19 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Solar collector field Feedback on systems : example #1 Gas heat pump Air conditioners Hot storage Source : TECSOL 37 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #1 Solar cooling energy injection Heat rejection for the system Source : TECSOL 38

20 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #1 One recent good sunny day monitoring : 10/05/2010 `Anormal` fluctuating cooling production Power measurment Source : TECSOL 39 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #1 Very low evaporator temp. level Gas electric heat pump back up : 10 C controlled return temperature Source : TECSOL 40

21 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #1 Solar cooling installation 35 kw abs. France Actual With just control improvement Source : TECSOL Conclusion : importance on the back up management + distribution system design 41 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #2 SOLACLIM Perpignan (FR) Building : CNRS labo building (180 m² cooled) Perpignan, South of France, Mediterranean climate Installation: adsorption 7.5 kw 25 m² FPC DG drycooler + spray Adsorption chiller Building sector to be heated/cooled 42

22 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #2 Solar cooling installation 7,5 kw ads. France Electricity 11% Monitoring 6% Starting up 2% Cold production 41% Engineering 8% Solar collectors 24% Technical room 8% Source : TECSOL 43 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Solar collectors P sol Ens Technical premice Tscap Drainback tank C1 Feedback on systems : example #2 Distribution loop chilled/hot water Teb Tsb Tbb Principle scheme: cooling mode Treg Ballon solaire 300 l Thb C2 Buffer storage 300l Tsba Teg Tsg P eg P evap P gén Teev C3 Tsev cold water net Tdeg Adsorption chiller C4 C5 Softener Tsc Tec P cond Outside Text Drycooler Solénoïd valve 44

23 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Solar collectors P sol Ens Technical premice Tscap Drainback tank C1 Feedback on systems : example #2 Distribution loop chilled/hot water Teb Tsb Tbb Principle scheme: heating mode Treg Ballon solaire 300 l Thb C2 Buffer storage 300l Tsba Teg Tsg P eg P evap P gén Teev C3 Tsev cold water net Tdeg Adsorption chiller Tsc Text Outside Drycooler C4 Tec P cond Solénoïd valve heating mode Softener Not used for the C5 direct heating 45 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example #2 46

24 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Feedback on systems : example # cooling season Summer 2009 balance From 15/05 to 30/09/2009 Thermal balance 17 days 30 days 31 days 18 days 21 days May June July August September Collector efficiency Thermal COP Electrical balance Electrical COP 47 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference one full year balance Winter Summer 2009 balance From October 2008 to September 2009 Thermal balance Collector efficiency Thermal COP Electrical balance Electrical COP Feedback on systems : example #2 48

25 tralian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausscig) Conference 2011 Conclusion Emerging technology with big potential even if quite small market at the moment Crucial position of the design for solar cooling Several tools existing to achieve the different steps Nothing can replace training and experience to avoid mistakes Good design and optimisation can lead to successful and promising installations 49