Plastics and the Environment

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2 Contents 1 Developments in Polymer Technology Driven by the Need for Sustainability Introduction What Drives Developments Forward? How can we save the World? Getting the Science Right Legislation and Design New Materials New Processes Conclusions A Medium Voltage Switchgear Mechanism which is Insensitive to its Environment Introduction Selection of the Most Appropriate Material Design of a New Range of Mechanisms Environmental Studies Material Balance Analysis LCA Conclusion v

3 Plastics and the Environment 3 From Industrial Polymerisation Wastes to High Valued Material: Interfacial Agents for Polymer Blends and Composites based on Chemically Modified Atactic Polypropylenes Introduction Chemical Modification Role in Heterogeneous Materials Based on Polymers Conclusions and Perspectives Energy Efficiency Index for Plastic Processing Machines Introduction Aim and Benefits of the Energy Efficiency Label Definition of Energy Efficiency Labels Label Development Process Define the Kind of Label: Which Type of Label do we Need? Form a Project Team: Who should be Involved in the Label Development Process? Which Steps have to be Done and When? Definition of the Product Groups: Which Product Groups/Segments can be Defined and Considered Together? Definition of Criteria: Which Efficiency Criterion can be used for the Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency? Developing Measurement Standards: How to Measure the Energy Consumption of the Product? Calculate the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) How to Define an EEI? Classification of Energy Classes: How Can vi

4 Contents Products be Classified? Label Design: How the Label is Designed and which Information is Included? Energy Measurements: How to Provide Data for the Definition of the Measurement Standard and the Definition of the Energy Classes? Energy Efficiency Improvement: What are Possible Improvement Strategies for a Higher Energy Class? Label Introduction Label Monitoring Example: Plastic Extrusion Machines Label Definition and Project Team Label Development Energy Efficiency Criteria Energy Measurement and Measurement Standard Energy Efficiency Index Energy Efficiency Classes Label Design Market Introduction and Communication Product Improvement and Ecodesign Summary Comparative Analysis of the Carbon Footprint of Wood and Plastic Lumber Railway Sleepers in Brazil and Germany Introduction Waste Management System Brazil vii

5 Plastics and the Environment Germany Railway Sleepers Market Brazil Germany Scope Definition and Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Functional Unit Intended Audience Product Systems and System Boundaries Data Collection Results Brazil Germany Scenario Analysis Brazilian Case German Case Discussions and Conclusions Perfect Sorting Solutions for Packaging Recycling Post-consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate Through the Ages Bottle Sorting, the First Step in the Recycling Process Quality Improvement and Decontamination during the Flake Washing and Sorting Process Bottle to Bottle Recycling - The Ecological Alternative UK Household Plastic Packaging Collection Survey UK Household Plastics Packaging Recycling Survey Background UK Plastic Packaging Consumption Statistics viii

6 Contents 7.3 Household Plastic Packaging Recycling Rates in Plastic Bottle Collection Infrastructure Summary Bring Scheme Performance Kerbside Scheme Performance Reported Perceptions of Running Plastic Bottle Collections Collection of Non Bottle Plastics Packaging for Recycling Sale of Material Planned Developments Bring Schemes Kerbside Schemes Development of Non Bottle Plastics Packaging Collections Vinyl 2010: Experience and Perspectives in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sustainable Development PVC: Strengths and Concerns The Vinyl 2010 Initiative Vinyl 2010: Foundation, Structure and Organisation Commitments Manufacturing Plasticisers Stabilisers Waste Management Activities and Achievements of Vinyl Manufacturing Stabilisers ix

7 Plastics and the Environment Plasticisers Waste Management Collection and Recycling for Specific Applications Mixed PVC Recycling Recovinyl Mechanical Recycling Feedstock Recycling Energy Recovery PVC Waste Statistics Partnership with Local Authorities Other Partnerships Lessons Learnt Manufacturing Additives Waste Management Recycling Technologies Future Challenges Conclusions Abbreviations Contributors Index x