Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation

Transcription

1 Second Edition Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation Jeff Kuo ^ Ql*" CRC Press J Taylor& Francis Group Boca Raton CRC Press is an imprint of the London New York Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

2 Contents Preface About the Author xiii xv 1 Introduction Background and Objectives Organization of the Book How to Use This Book 3 2 Site Assessment and Remedial Investigation Introduction Determination of Extent of Contamination Mass and Concentration Relationship Amount of Soil from Tank Removal or from Excavation of the Impacted Area Amount of Impacted Soil in the Vadose Zone Mass Fraction and Mole Fraction of Components in Gasoline Height of Capillary Fringe Estimating the Mass and Volume of the Free- Floating Product Determination of the Extent of Contamination: A Comprehensive Example Soil Borings and Groundwater Monitoring Wells Amount of Cuttings from Soil Boring Amount of Packing Material and/or Bentonite Seal Well Volume for Groundwater Sampling Mass of COCs Present in Different Phases Equilibrium between Free Product and Vapor Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Solid-Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Partition of COCs in Different Phases 56 References 66 3 Plume Migration in Aquifer and Soil Introduction Groundwater Movement Darcy'sLaw Darcy Velocity versus Seepage Velocity Intrinsic Permeability versus Hydraulic Conductivity...72 vii

3 viii Contents Transmissivity, Specific Yield, and Storativity Determine Groundwater Flow Gradient and Flow Direction Groundwater Pumping Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer Steady-State Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer Aquifer Tests Theis Method Cooper-Jacob's Straight-Line Method Distance-Drawdown Method Migration Velocity of the Dissolved Plume Advection-Dispersion Equation Diffusivity and Dispersion Coefficient Retardation Factor for Migration in Groundwater Migration of Dissolved Plume COC Transport in the Vadose Zone 106 Movement in the Vadose Zone Liquid Gaseous Diffusion in the Vadose Zone Retardation Factor for COC Vapor Migration in the Vadose Zone 110 References Mass-Balance Concept and Reactor Design Introduction Mass-Balance Concept Chemical Kinetics Rate Equations Half-Life Types of Reactors Batch Reactors CFSTRs PFRs Sizing the Reactors Reactor Configurations Reactors in Series Reactors in Parallel Vadose Zone Soil Remediation Introduction Soil Vapor Extraction Description of the Soil-Venting Process Expected Vapor Concentration Radius of Influence and Pressure Profile Vapor Flow Rates COC Removal Rate 172

4 Contents ix Cleanup Time Effect of Temperature on Soil Venting Number of Vapor Extraction Wells Sizing the Vacuum Pump (Blower) Soil Washing/Solvent Extraction/Soil Flushing Description of the Soil-Washing Process Design of a Soil-Washing System Soil Bioremediation Description of the Soil-Bioremediation Process Moisture Requirement Nutrient Requirements Oxygen Requirement Bioventing Description of the Bioventing Process Design of the Bioventing Process In Situ Chemical Oxidation Description of the In Situ Chemical Oxidation Process Commonly Used Oxidants Oxidant Demand Thermal Destruction Description of the Thermal Destruction Process Design of the Combustion Units Regulatory Requirements for Incineration of Hazardous Waste Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption Description of the Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption Process Design of the Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption Process 211 References Groundwater Remediation Introduction Groundwater Extraction Cone of Depression Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer Steady-State Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer Capture-Zone Analysis One Groundwater Extraction Well Multiple Wells Well Spacing and Number of Wells Activated-Carbon Adsorption Description of the Activated-Carbon Adsorption Adsorption Isotherm and Adsorption Capacity 233

5 X Contents Design of an Activated-Carbon Adsorption System Empty-Bed Contact Time Cross-Sectional Area Height of the Activated-Carbon Adsorber COC Removal Rate by the Activated- Carbon Adsorber Change-Out (or Regeneration) Frequency Configuration of the Activated-Carbon Adsorbers Air Stripping Description of the Air-Stripping Process Design of an Air-Stripping System Column Diameter Packing Height Ex Situ Biological Treatment Description of the Ex Situ Biological Treatment Process Design of an Aboveground Biological System In Situ Groundwater Remediation Description of the In Situ Bioremediation Process Addition of Oxygen to Enhance Biodegradation Addition of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation Air Sparging Description of the Air-Sparging Process Oxygen Addition from Air Sparging Injection Pressure of Air Sparging Power Requirement for Air Injection Biosparging Metal Removal by Chemical Precipitation In Situ Chemical Oxidation Advanced Oxidation Process 266 References VOC-Laden Air Treatment Introduction Activated-Carbon Adsorption Description of the Activated-Carbon Adsorption Process Sizing Criteria for Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Isotherm and Adsorption Capacity Cross-Sectional Area and Height of GAC Adsorbers COC Removal Rate by an Activated-Carbon Adsorber Change-Out (or Regeneration) Frequency Amount of Carbon Required (On-Site Regeneration)

6 Contents xi 7.3 Thermal Oxidation Air Flow Rate versus Temperature Heating Value of an Air Stream Dilution Air Auxiliary Air Supplementary Fuel Requirements Volume of the Combustion Chamber Catalytic Incineration Dilution Air Supplementary Heat Requirements Volume of the Catalyst Bed Internal Combustion Engines Soil Beds/Biofilters 294 References 296 Index 297