Bioremediation. 1. Introduction. 2. Chemical, physical and biological conditions. 3. Process development (Laboratory studies...)

Transcription

1 Bioremediation 1. Introduction 2. Chemical, physical and biological conditions 3. Process development (Laboratory studies...) 4. Biological remediation techniques - Natural attenuation - In situ bioremediation - Ex situ bioremediation 5. Conclusion 1

2 What kind of pollution are we talking about? Between 2 and 9 million tons of hydrocarbons pollute marine waters and estuaries every year. 2

3 What kind of pollution are we talking about? Maritime accidents on the River Weser /Hunte Place/date Name of ship Cargo Bremerhaven, November 2002 Bremer Hannes 1010 Mg of stone chippings Nienburg, November 2002 Capella 1100 Mg of bricks Bremerhaven, September 2002 Lancella not known Brake, August 2002 MS Orateca 2000 Mg of rapeseed oil Bremerhaven, July 2002 Mirvat I motor cars Vegesack, July 2002 Nell Britt not known Esenshamm, July 2002 Ziemazamojska and Lirica Mg coal Wilhelmshaven, October 2001 containers Brake, Mai 2001 Pasquale della Gatta Orakota 100 Mg coconut oil Bremerhaven February 2001 Jens R. not known Bremerhaven February 2001 Coronel container Bremerhaven October 2000 Rija container Bremen April 2000 An Ping III not known Oldenburg, February 2000 Hydra 620 Mg Fish meal 3

4 Conventional Shoreline Clean-up Options Physical method Chemical method Biological method Barriers, booming, skimming Manual removal (wiping) Mechanical removal Washing Sediment relocation/surf-washing Tilling In-situ burning Dispersants, demulsifiers Solidifiers, surface film chemicals Natural attenuation 4

5 Chemical, physical and biological conditions What roles do microorganisms play in nature? Anthrax Syphilis Cholera Typhus Tuberculosis Diphtheria Tetanus... 5

6 How do MO s do it? The two main principles of microbiology: 1. MO s are everywhere MO s in highly contaminated Groundwater, MO s on a dishcloth and on a appel 6

7 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Microorganisms are very adaptable and have developed strategies for surviving bad conditions (e.g. by spore formation). MO s are very tolerant against pollutants Therefore it is always possible, to find several types of MO s everywhere. E. g. strictly anaerobic MO s in the Baltic sea, although it always contains oxygen. 7

8 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Microorganisms are specialists, they can live at... 8

9 Introduction Biological methods of treatment are widely used in environmental technology A high level of development has been achieved When a biological method can be applied, it is usually the most costeffective form of treatment 9

10 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Microorganisms are specialists 10

11 Which substances are converted by microorganisms? Chemical, physical and biological conditions Cyanide chemical weapons 11

12 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Anaerobic metabolic of MO s 12

13 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Aerobic and anaerobic microbial respiration The diverse metabolic abilities of MO s can be systematically applied in environmental biotechnology. As a modular system. 13

14 Chemical, physical and biological conditions The degradation of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to catechol (o-dihydroxybenzene). 14

15 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Composition of microorganisms 15

16 Chemical, physical and biological conditions The influence of nutrient concentration on the degradation of hydrocarbons in sandy soil 16

17 Heterogeneity of the Water Flux 17

18 Heterogeneity of Contaminant Distribution (tar oil) Clay contaminated with PAH 18

19 Laboratory stage Sampling 19

20 Laboratory stage Smaller, more soluble and bioavailable molecules are more easily biodegraded 20

21 Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil Biodegradability Change of Footprint serves as Indicator for the amount of Bioremediation Biomarker 21

22 Biodegradability of oil products Gasoline 100 % Jet fuel 100 % Diesel oil 85 % Crude oil % Heavy fuel % Asphalts <5 % 22

23 Process development 23

24 Laboratory stage 24

25 Laboratory stage 25

26 The influence of nutrient content on biological activity in a highly contaminated sandy material. Laboratory stage 26

27 Laboratory stage Optimising aeration of contaminated soil (improvement of soil structure, mechanical treatment, active aeration...). 27

28 Chemical, physical and biological conditions Microbial growth and activity is normally limited by: content of nutrients content of substrates content of electron acceptors etc. 28

29 Microbial degradation of particular substances contained in soil heavily contaminated with tar oil (> 100 g / kg dry wt). Substance Laboratory stage Degradation [%] Naphthaline 97 Methylnaphthaline 97 Acenaphthene 92 Fluorene 89 Phenanthrene 83 Anthracene 49 Fluoamthene 51 Pyrene 53 11H-Benzo(a)fluorene 43 Chrysene 26 Triephenylene 32 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0 Benzo(e)pyrene 0 Benzo(a)pyrene 0 29

30 Laboratory stage 30

31 Biological remediation techniques -Ex situ bioremediation 31

32 Remediation of sandy soil contaminated with mineral oil source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 32

33 Laboratory phase source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 33

34 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of excavated soil contaminated with mineral oil, mechanical treatment of soil. source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 34

35 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil, mechanical treatment of soil source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 35

36 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil, sealing at the base of bio pile and installation of drainage and ventilation systems source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 36

37 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil, setting up the bio-piles source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 37

38 Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil, aeration and irrigation of the bio pile. source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology Technical application Soil remediation irrigation system aeration system 38

39 Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil source : TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 39

40 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil, the completed bio piles source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 40

41 Technical application Soil remediation Completed, encapsulated soil remediation bio-piles, leaching pool source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 41

42 Completed, encapsulated soil remediation bio-piles source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 42

43 Completed, encapsulated soil remediation bio-piles source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 43

44 Completed, encapsulated soil remediation bio-piles, biofilter source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 44

45 Completed, encapsulated soil remediation bio-piles source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 45

46 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of excavated soil contaminated with mineral oil. Purification of exhaust air from the dumps using biofilter. On the right, exhaust air (cress badly damaged); on left, purified air after passing through biofilter source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 46

47 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil Source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 47

48 Technical application Soil remediation Remediation of soil contaminated with mineral oil source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert 48

49 Toxicity before and after treatment (Laboratory experiment) source: TU Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Prof. Dr. Hanert Technical application Soil remediation 49

50 Technical application Soil remediation In summary, we can say: Biological methods of treatment have been established in various areas and have reached a high level of development (soil remediation, waste water purification, solid waste treatment...). Most organic (and inorganic) substances can be degraded or transformed by biological systems. We can use biological metabolisms like a toolbox in environmental biotechnology. Biological methods are especially suitable with low and medium levels of contamination. In difficult situations (high contamination etc....) biological methods are less suitable. In this case, we have to investigate much more into process development. If it is possible to apply biological methods in environmental technology, it will be economical and ecological. Bioremediation is a suituble method for the treatment of contaminated materials after an accident with hydrocarbons at the coast of Vietnam 50