Multifunctional Landscapes: Assessing the Interconnectedness of Water, Food, and Biodiversity

Transcription

1 Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel Institute for Natural Resources Conservation Multifunctional Landscapes: Assessing the Interconnectedness of Water, Food, and Biodiversity Prof. Dr. Nicola Fohrer, CAU Kiel Dep. Hydrology and Water Resources Management Institute for Natural Resource Conservation Yamuna River, 2017

2 Drinking Water Agricultural Income Employment Habitat Multi-functionality of landscapes Food Tourism National parks Settlement Area 2

3 Water resources under pressure Water resources are greatly affected by multiple stressors Point and diffuse sources, alterations of hydrology and morphology Particularly severe in densely populated countries (e.g. in China, India) Fast environmental changes and multiple conflicting demands Global changes exert additional pressure on water resources and aquatic ecosystems Key types of environmental pressures (UBA 2005) PERSPECTIVES OF OUR GROWTH (Annual report 2012) Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management Dehli, Waterscape Conference, 2017, N. Fohrer 3

4 Example 1: Energy demand induced land use change and the impact on water resources: the case of the Three Gorges Dam in China 5

5 Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam Construction of the Three Gorges Dam Reduced flow velocities Higher risk of eutrophication Land use change Foto: X. Jiang 2007 Increase in erosion and landslides Increasing diffuse inputs Foto S. Schönbrodt 2010 Foto: D. Ehret 2010

6 Field Mapping Spring 2013 Geo-referenced photos using a GPS-equipped camera: mostly from the car along the main rivers and valleys also on some high plateaus in total 2,500 geo-tagged photos Study area: Xiangxi Catchment Photo: G. Buzzo

7 Farmer Interviews Spring 2013 in total 15 semi-standardized interviews with farmers in different agricultural zones of the catchment Questions on: - Seeding and harvesting times - Crop rotations - Yields - Fertilizer use: when? what? how much? Photo: G. Buzzo Photo: A. Strehmel Photo: G. Buzzo

8 Spatial information III: Land use maps Land use maps for 1987 and 2007 from Landsat-images (Seeber et al. 2010) Large changes along the reservoir, river and streets

9 Water balance and sediment yields Arnold et al. 1998, Arnold & Fohrer, 2005 Bieger, K.; Hörmann, G.; Fohrer, N., 2015: Hydrol. Sci. J. 60(5):

10 Example 2: linking land use, water and biodiversity: The Changjiang River, China 14

11 Integrated Approach

12 Study Region: Changjiang River ( 昌江 ) catchment

13 Interdisciplinary field work Hydrology & hydraulics Hydrobiology River width, Water depth, Geometry Flow velocity Substrate, Vegetation Bridges, dams Land use Macroinvertebrates Substrate Water depth Flow velocity Distance to bank Water quality

14 Implementing field data into the HECRAS model Water depth, river geometry Geometry of river banks and floodplains USACE 2010) HEC-RAS 1D

15 Temporal and spatial streamflow assessment 72% streamflow during monsoon NSE=0.56, r²=0.56 ( ), Gauge Tankou SCHMALZ, B., KUEMMERLEN, M., KIESEL, J., CAI, Q., JÄHNIG, S.C. & FOHRER, N. (2015):. Ecohydrology 8(6): )

16 Km B ± Km A B Joined hydrobiological and hydrological assessment Hydropsyche spp. AUC = 0.91 Occurrence prediction Corbicula spp. AUC = 0.84 ± Km A B Exposition Hangneigung Saisonalität des Abflusses mittl. Abfluss Monsun mittl. Temperatur Trockenzeit mittl. Temperatur Monsun Ceratopsyche sp. Corbicula sp. Einfluss der Variablen im Modellensemble [%] Hydropsyche sp. Variable importance in the model [%] Ave. temp. Monsoon Ave. temp. dry season Ave. Flow Monsoon Flow Seasonality Slope Aspect Kuemmerlen, M., S. Domisch, B. Schmalz. Q.H. Cai, N. Fohrer und S. Jähnig, 2012, HyWa, 56(4):

17 Example 3: water related ecosystem services:northern Siberian Lowlands 24

18 Millenium Assessment (2005) Ecosystem Services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Goods produced or provided by ecosystems Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes Non- material benefits from ecosystems

19 Three studied river basins Pyshma km² Vagai 3348 km² Loktinka 373 km² lowland grain belt Schmalz et al. (2016)

20 Interdisciplinary methodological framework Photos: see

21 Current hydrological status high seasonal and spatial variability Snowmelt driven floods in spring High retention and groundwater flow dominating Photos: Kiesel (2013)

22 Ecohydrological model results: Flow regime Kiesel, J., Schmalz, B. Fohrer, N,. 2017

23 Ecosystem Services: Water flow regulation means for Schmalz, B., Kruse, M., Kiesel, J., Müller, F., & Fohrer, N. (2016): Ecological Indicators 71, 55-65

24 Example 4: water related education and training in India and Germany 33

25 Indo-German Centre for sustainability at IIT Madras 34

26 Kielstau River: UNESCO Demosite for Ecohydrology since

27 Conclusions 1. what is well understood: Modelling the impact of land use change/climate change on water balance components even with given data scarcity or non-stationarity 2. where progress is made: Linking hydrology and hydraulics to model aquatic biodiversity as a function of global change Depicting spatially and temporally distributed ESS 39

28 Conclusions con d 3. where we need to make progress: Considering multiple landscape functions/services for a multi-goal optimization (e.g. agricultural yield, water quantity & quality, biodiversity, income. ) as a stakeholder driven process Photo: Fleischer (2015) 40

29 Thank you for your kind attention 41