GENNAI:Global Energy. RCAST:Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Research Center SOLAR QUEST

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1 RCAST:Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Research Center SOLAR QUEST International Research Center for Energy and Environmental Technology GENNAI:Global Energy Navigating and Nature Apprehension Interdisciplinary (Gennai HIRAGA) Research & Development Technology Development Strategy Exploitation Strategy

2 RCAST, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Main Objectives & Principles; Interdisciplinary approach, mobility, international perspective, and openness Solar Quest 2008

3 SOLAR QUEST RCAST, Organizations SOLAR QUEST Leader: Prof. Yoshiaki Nakano, The University, RCAST Vice leaders: Prof. Masafumi Yamaguchi, Toyota Technological Institute Prof. Takashi Tomita, The University, RCAST Team 1: Super high efficiency concentrator multi-junction solar cells Leader:Prof. Masafumi Yamaguchi, Toyota Technological Institute Team 2: High efficiency quantum structure tandem solar cells and their manufacturing technologies Leader: Prof. Yoshiaki Nakano, The University, RCAST Team 3: Ultra-high efficiency solar cells based on quantum dots and superlattice Leader: Prof. Yoshitaka Okada, The University, RCAST Toyota Technological Institute Kyush u Univ. Miyazaki Univ. of Electro- Communications Meijo Univ. SHARP Corp. SHARP Corp. Nippon Oil Corp International Collaboration Joint-research DOE/ANL NREL ASU Stanford LBNL UC Berkeley UCSB ICL Glasgow U. UNSW EPFL etc Team 4: Ultra-high efficiency multiple junction solar cells with hybrid materials Leader: Prof. Hiroshi Segawa, The University, RCAST Nippon Oil Corp Osaka Univ., Universit y of Hyogo

4 Post-Silicon Solar Cells for Ultra-High Efficiencies Motivation & Objectives Our project Efficiency (%) $0.10/W p $0.20/W p $0.50/W p Quantum multiband Tundem hybrid III by 2030 a-si タンデム tandem Thin film Cost ($/m 2 ) Current: Limit of 31% efficiency Single junction 1 photon 1 e-h pair Thermalization to band edge amorphous 単結晶 Si 多結晶 poly Si Thermodynamic limit at 1 sun $1.00/W p Concentrator Shockley-Queisser limit: Single junction $3.50/W p Heat dissipation III-Vtandem I: bulk Si II: thin film dye-sensitized organic III: next generation 3i 3V E g Multi-junction Multi-band High-efficiency multi-junction cells Plasmon Fine structure Novel hybrid material Photon management III-V compound semiconductor multi-band cells with concentrator conversion efficiency above 45% by... (1) Inverse lattice-mismatch growth, (2) Quantum-structure middle cells (3) InGaAsN middle cells Super high-efficiency multi-band cells Quantum structure super-lattice with coupled quantum energy levels that functions as a multi-band cell, leading to a conversion efficiency of above 50% Novel materials and concepts III-nitride semiconductors, Organic and inorganic complex materials, Photon management by nanoparticles Multiple exciton Hot carrier

5 R&D for ultra-high efficiencies Quantum structure multi-band cells Multi-junction cells Crystal growth Cell Module design ILMM growth Lattice Back Electrode mismatch Si support substrate InGaAs Bottom (1.0eV) graded buffer GaAs Middle (1.42eV) InGaP Top (1.88eV) Front Electrode GaAs substrate GaAs novel materials and structures CBE Toyota Technological Institute InGaAsN MBE+H beam Quantum structures (wells, dots) Dots Wells Okada MOVPE Meijo Univ. InGaN PXD Computational chemistry Reuse for Epi-growth SHARP Corp. Okada InGaAs/GaAsP: Nakano InGaAsN/GaAs: Onabe Fujioka AlInGaP GaAs InGaAs InGaAs Lattice match AlInGaP InGaAs InGaAsN Ge AlInGaP InGaAs InGaAs+QS Ge 2.0eV 1.4eV 1.0eV 0.65eV 2.0eV 1.4eV 1.0eV 0.67eV 2.0eV 1.4eV 1.0eV 0.67eV All-InGaN tandem Toyota Technological Institute Meijo Univ. SHARP Corp. 48% (x1000) SHARP Corp. 48% (x1000) Circuit design Device simulation Thermal management Micro-nano fabrication Nakano Photon management (plasmon etc.) Miyazaki Univ. Toyota Technological Institute SHARP Corp. Miyano Quantum dots superlattice Okada of Electro- Communications Novel hybrid materials Indium free inorganic materials Cu compounds (CIS,CIGS etc.) n- and p-type mixed materials Nippon Oil Corp Osaka Univ., Novel concept cell design Metal nanoparticles surface complexes University of Hyogo Theoretically 60% Experimental demonstration >15% (x1) Organic hole transport materials RO RO RO OR ETA (Extremely Thin Absorber) type solar cells OR OR Segawa R R S S S R OR Kyushu Univ. Tatsuma Interfacial charge transfer transition type solar cells Segawa

6 SOLAR QUEST

7 GENNAI covers a broad range of topics with special emphasis on solar energy 1. Exploitation of Solar Energy (Global, Security) 2. Direction of Technology Development (c-si, Thin film Si, organic, New concept, System) 3. Global Environmental Issues (Solar among other renewable energies) 4. Energy Supply (Supply/Demand issues) 5. Proposition to Policymaking

8 GENNAI focuses on; 1. High purity and low cost manufacturing of New Si (SOG and large size sheet bulk Si) 2. Third generation cells: multi-junction, III-V compound semi-conductor 3. Solar concentrator and other systems including solar thermal 4. Power generation with smart grid

9 1. Innovative New Si(SOG) Manufacturing Technology Conventional method( 純度 :6-11N) SiO 2 MG-Si SiHCl 3 SiCl 4 Poly-Si Ingot Much Power Consuming process New method( 純度 :6-8N) SiO 2 HG-Si INGOT WAFER Lower Power Consuming process Based on Prof. Shingu, Kyoto Univ. Supported By NEDO Large SizeSheet

10 2. Architecture of Photovoltaic Cells and System How to Jump? 3rd Generation η30-60% Smart Solar Architecture New Silicon + III-V Compound + Quantum Dot and Organic or Hybrid し 2nd Generation η6-12% Thin Film a-si, micro-c-si, CIGS, CdTe 1st Generation η12-20% c-si (Mono-c and Poly-c), Conventional Grid Connection

11 3.1 Solar concentrator and other systems like solar thermal Solar Concentrator for 3 rd Generation Cells and for Solar Thermal Large Fresnel Lenz for Solar PV and Thermal Lenz size:3.3mx3.3m segmented to 9 sect. Theoretical temp: 2500deg.C Small Fresnel Lenz for Solar PV and Thermal Lenz size: 0.6mx0.6m

12 3.2 Tracking system of single and double axes

13 3.3 Large Scale PV and Solar Thermal Concentrator Solar Heat Tower 3 2. Direct Steam Generation 3. Solar Photovoltaic Tower

14 3.4 Large Scale PV in a desert

15 PV Cell Portfolio 10,000 Published by Tomita, San Francisco 2003 Annual Market (GW/year) 1, Nuclear power stations equivalent 3.7GW 7.8GW New Si c-si super straight type Organic & Other materials Thin film Ⅲ-Ⅴ compound with concentrator Fiscal YEAR

16 DOE Private Funds NEDO $10M Partner Institution Synergy University of Tokyo GENNAI Strong Technology Strong Policy or Funding Strategy Strong Environmental or Political Incentives Lots of Sunshine Very High Efficiency Cell Technology System Improvement Technology Module interconnection New power electronics Very high voltage PV systems Large Secondary Battery Silicon Materials Organic Materials Strong Policy and Funding Strategy /