Fueling Our Future: Biofuels and Bioenergy

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1 Fueling Our Future: Biofuels and Bioenergy College of Agriculture College of Engineering Nathan S. Mosier Agricultural and Biological Engineering Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue University

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3 U.S. Energy is the world s Consumption largest energy 2003consumer (total and per capita) 8% 3% 3% 23% 40% 60% Imported $150 billion per year 23% Coal Nat. gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Renewable

4 World Oil Production Peak Dick Gibson, Gibson Consulting, 301 N. Crystal St., Butte, MT 59701

5 Where 25% of world s oil is Deffeyes, 2005

6 Dr. Amy Myers Jaffe Rice University Net Oil Trade, US and Canada Other OECD Europe Africa Indonesia Mexico Brazil Other Latin America European Union Russia Other transition economies India Other South Asia Middle East Japan, Australia and New Zealand Korea China Other East Asia Net exports Net imports Mb/d The Middle East strengthens its position as the world s largest oil exporter

7 How much is national security an external cost of imported oil? Difficult to estimate, but here are some numbers (Southern States Energy Board Report): Military Direct economic Indirect economic Disruption Total $ 50 bil. $ 40 bil. $125 bil. $ 85 bil. $300 bil. per year That is equivalent to an additional $1.70 per gallon of gasoline or diesel

8 What are we to do? This is an enormous issue with scientific, political, and social aspects Fuel efficiency Alternatives Coal liquids Hydrogen Biofuels

9 Bio-fuels: Ethanol Ethanol ethyl alcohol, produced through fermentation of sugars. In the U.S., about 94% comes from corn. Ethanol is used as: Octane enhancer increases gasoline octane (E10) Oxygenate adds oxygen to make gasoline burn cleaner (E10) Extender just an addition to fuel supply (E85) Today: Ethanol = 3% of gasoline consumption

10 Ethanol Production Technologies Starch/Grain (corn) Wet milling (1/3 rd of current US ethanol production) Dry grind (2/3 rd of current US ethanol production) Sugar (cane and beets) Brazil Cellulose Ag. and Forestry residues: wheat straw, corn stover, pulp waste Energy crops: switchgrass, poplar, etc.

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12 as of September 28, 2006

13 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 Corn Breakeven Price: August 2006 Estimated Costs $.51 + Oxygenate With $.51 Subsidy Energy Only $6.00 Corn Price/bu. $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 Purdue Estimates 7/06 10/27/06 Oxygenate = $6.67/bu. Subsidy = $4.57/bu. Energy = $3.14/bu. $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $85 $90 $95 $100 Crude Oil: $/barrel

14 Corn Usage Source: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation

15 Corn Use for Ethanol 2006: 1.5 billion bushels That will at least double in the next 5 years With more corn used for ethanol, we might expect: More corn to be produced and higher prices Less corn to be exported Less corn to be fed Higher price volatility

16 How is ethanol made in the US?

17 Starch-Based Biorefinery

18 What are the inputs? (2002 survey) New plant (capital): $1.50 per annual gallon of capacity Cash operating expenses: $ per gallon Natural Gas: 34,800 BTU per gallon Electricity: 1.19 kwh per gallon Water: 4 gallons per gallon (zero discharge)

19 What impact can ethanol really have? Ethanol = 3% of gasoline used in U.S. today Ethanol > 13% of corn production in U.S. today Other non-food plant material can be used to make ethanol and other renewable liquid fuels

20 Biofuels Can Replace 1/3 of the Nation s Petroleum Requirements > 1 billion dry tons of plant biomass annually Continue to meet food, feed, and export demands Changes are not unreasonable given trends and time for biorefinery scale-up and deployment Forest resources 368 Agricultural resources 998 Total resource potential Million dry tons per year Source: Robert Perlack. Oak-Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, AETC, Feb. 14, 2006

21 What is Cellulosic Ethanol? Cellulose is major component of all plants Most abundant biomolecule on earth Plants convert solar energy and CO2 into cellulose Breaking down cellulose releases fermentable sugars

22 Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic ethanol can be made today Making it cost competitive with corn ethanol not yet a reality Fermentation equipment, distillation, recovery, handling same as corn-based industry Front end technology development needed

23 Integrated, Multidisciplinary Approach to Bioenergy Production at Purdue Harvest & Transport Klein Ileleji ABE biomass crop genetics Clint Chapple Biochem Rick Meilan Forestry Pretreatment Mike Ladisch Nate Mosier ABE Proteomics/Ionomics Center Bindley Bioscience Center Hydrolysis Nate Mosier ABE Economics Otto Doering Wally Tyner Ag Econ Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue Energy Center Metabolic Engineering Nancy Ho Mira Sedlak LORRE Ethanol Recovery Mike Ladisch ABE

24 Major Technological Challenges Biotechnology for crops Biotechnology for enzymes Biotechnology for yeast Process Engineering Feedstock Production, Harvest, Collection, Transportation

25 Bridge to Cellulosic Ethanol: Distillers Grain and Corn Fiber Cellulosic fiber packaged with grain Byproduct of current industry value as ruminant animal feed Introduces technology to existing infrastructure proving ground for future

26 Inlet Fiber

27 Glucan Digestibility (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% DDGS: Cellulose Digestibility Distillers' Grains as Received from Big Combined River Resources, results of LLC Purdue, U. of Illinois, USDA-NCAUR, Michigan State College of Agriculture College of Engineering 15 FPU/g glucan cellulase (Spezyme CP) +40 IU/g glucan b-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) Digestibility of corn stover (for comparison) 0% Enzyme Digestion Time (hrs)

28 Cellulose Digestibility 100% CpHLHW Glucan Digestibility (%) 80% 60% 40% 20% DG Standard Assay 1 g glucan/l loading (low solids) College of Agriculture College of Engineering 15 FPU/g glucan cellulase (Spezyme CP) +40 IU/g glucan b-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) 0% Enzyme Digestion Time (hrs)

29 Corn Fiber Pretreated Corn Fiber 160 o C, 20 min. After 4 days of enzyme treatment (20 FPU/gram dry fiber) After 1 day of enzyme treatment (20 FPU/gram dry fiber)

30 50 Fermentation: 30% DG + Stillage 40 Concentration (g/l) Glucose Ethanol Fermentation Time (hrs)

31 Metabolic Engineering: Living Biorefineries Cellulosic material is 40-60% glucose Other 40-60% is largely xylose Xylose cannot be utilized by wild or industrial yeast Metabolic engineering First commercially licensed xylose-fermenting yeast from Purdue University

32 Expression profile of S. cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) cofermenting glucose and xylose Cofermentation of glucose and xylose by 1400 (LNH-ST) 80 Glucose Xylose Ethanol Xylitol Glycerol 60 Concentration (g/l) Fermentation Time (hr)

33 Designing biomass crops High yield, and good quality Suitable chemical composition Desirable tissue distribution Some of these characteristics are mutually exclusive!

34 Genetic Basis for Processing Performance Mosier, Ladisch, Vermerris Purdue 10 μm Agriculture

35 Cell wall genomics Purdue leading the U.S. National Science Foundation effort to complete the corn genome project Forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify genes involved in cell wall biogenesis Insertional mutagenesis with transposons (Mutator) Screening of mutant populations with NIR and FTIR Funded by NSF Plant Genome Nick Carpita PI

36 Amaizing.. Arabidopsis lettuce elf ears

37 Electricity from Waste Scale-down bioprocess and combine with thermal process to generate electricity Integration of best technologies Can-do engineering approach (Purdue Industry Partnership)

38 Tactical Biorefinery 3D BACK RIGHT SIDE Ethanol Holding Tank BioMax-25 Gasifier Gasifier Pellet Input Bioreactor Tank Distilling Tower Shredder GenSet Pelletizer

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41 Tactical Biorefinery Converts 2,500 pounds of waste/day into electricity Produces continuous 150 amps (55 kw) Consumes 13 amps for on board components (motors, pumps, controls, etc.) By product is ash at 1/30 th the volume of the beginning material Prototype to go into field testing later this year

42 Bioenergy Transportation fuels and electricity Renewable and domestically produced Interdisciplinary Teams Required Purdue a national/world leader in biofuels research and development

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