SOCIAL SCIENCE: RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT. 1. Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?

Transcription

1 SOCIAL SCIENCE: RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1 RESOURCES Note: The answers given here are longer than what may be needed for the Class Test. They are longer to help clarify the issues raised in the questions, and help you learn the essentials for the long term. Try to read the Chapter and these answers like a story and then re-write in your own words. Activity and For Fun questions are to be done by the student. Q1. Answer the following Questions 1. Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth? Answer The natural resources are unevenly distributed over the Earth because they depend on many factors such as climate, attitude, distance from the sea, different types of soil and land surface and amount of sunlight received. These factors vary from region to region. For example, fresh water and vegetation resource is available in plenty in the tropical regions, but these are scarce in the desert regions. Some resources like air, are found everywhere, others such as iron ore and other minerals, are found in one particular area, because they got located there during the formation of the Earth, billions of years ago. Additional information: A resource is anything that has a use and a value. A resource has a use or utility because it satisfies a human need. A substance becomes a resource also because it is changed by time and technology, to make it more useful. Most of the resources are taken from Nature in the raw form such as plant products and minerals. These are converted by man to make them more useful. The process of making natural resources more useful is called value addition. Industries that manufacture the manmade resources are located near the places where the natural raw material for that industry, is found. As people have different income 10x10learning.com Page 1

2 sources, the price they can pay to purchase a product, distributed unevenly. is also 2. What is resource conservation? To conserve is to keep it safe for use in future. Conservation is necessary for non- renewable resources, such as minerals and petroleum, because these cannot be replaced by Nature, in short periods of time. Non-renewable resources were created through millions of years, at the time the Earth was in formation. Conservation means using these resources in a balanced manner, such that they are available for use for longer periods of time. 3. Why are human resources important? Answer. Human Resource is the total population of a country. Human activities convert natural resources into products that have a higher utility and price. Humans work to develop their country. The children study to develop skills, and adults work to improve the living standards of their families. All resources are found and created by the human resource through new ideas and inventions. Humans try to improve their existing living standard on a continuous basis. They develop various skills and improve technology. Human resource has unlimited potential for growth and creativity. This makes human resource very important for development and progress of a country. 10x10learning.com Page 2

3 Natural non-renewable mineral resources of India Map 1. Q 4. What is sustainable development? For the last two centuries, industrial development was based on overuse of non-renewable resources. Energy sources were based on Coal and petroleum. This model involves the use of natural resources in a big way, that is resulting in, is exhausting them at a rapid pace. Such development has damaged the Earth s environment, resulting in deforestation, climate change, pollution of air and water. In contrast, Sustainable development, involves a balanced use of non-renewable resources, use of clean energy such as solar power, wind and tidal energy. The focus is on use of non polluting, renewable resources for development. This is called Green 10x10learning.com Page 3

4 technology because it does not damage the environment. Sustainable development protects the environment and sustains the wealth of non-renewable resources for future. ( 124 words) Historical examples of adverse impact of overuse of forest resource: Even before the industrial revolution, in ancient historical periods, after the first urban settlements arose based on agricultural settlements, the Egyptian civilization and the Harappan Civilization, overused the forest resources. De-forestation occurred to clear land for agriculture, and wood was needed for construction, as fuel and for making bullock carts, ploughs, and other equipments. This resulted in the creation of the Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Thar Desert in India. River Saraswati, that flowed through the then existing forest regions in present day Rajasthan, is mentioned in Rig Veda. A few centuries later it disappeared completely because rainfall diminished after deforestation of its catchment area. In oral tradition, it is said to have gone underground. At Prayag / Allahabad, the confluence of River Ganga and River Yamuna is called triveni sangam as the erstwhile River Saraswati also converged in to River Ganga at this point. The path of River Saraswati has been reconstructed through archeological sites. These are historically recorded examples showing that deforestation not only impacts rainfalls adversely, but can result in disappearance of river systems. With climate change adversely impacting the world, 163 countries, including India, have signed a declaration at Earth Summit, to adopt sustainable development model, take steps to reduce existing levels of industrial pollutions, and to undertake reforestation as a national strategy. Sustainable development, based on green technology alone can prevent fertile land from getting converted in to deserts. 10x10learning.com Page 4

5 Traditional rain water harvesting techniques in India that are part of sustainable development through water conservation 10x10learning.com Page 5

6 10x10learning.com Page 6

7 2. Q.2 Tick the correct answer: 1. Which of the following does not make substance a resource? a) Utility b) Value c) Quantity = Answer 2. Which one of the following is a human made resource? a) Medicine to treat cancer = Answer b) Spring water c) Tropical forests 3. Complete the statement : Biotic resources are a) Derived from living things = Answer b) Made by human beings c) Derived from non-living things Q.3 Differentiate between the following: (a) Potential and Actual Resources 10x10learning.com Page 7

8 Potential resource is the resource that is not fully known in the present and is either not used currently or is used only in a limited way because technology is not yet fully developed for it. As such potential resource is for the future use and benefit when time and technology will make it economically valuable. Actual resources are those used in the present. Generally all the sources of actual resources are fully known and its technology is all developed. As such any substance or material that is economically valuable today is an actual resource. In sum, Potential resource is anything that is likely to have an economic value in future time, while Actual resource is all that is already having economic value today in the present time. (b) Ubiquitous and localized resources On basis of the extent of their distribution, resources can be grouped as ubiquitous meaning found everywhere and distributed evenly throughout the globe. Air is an example of ubiquitous resource. If a resource is found only in small areas it is called a localized resource Most of the minerals and metallic ores are found in certain small areas only. Therefore, they are localized resource Q 4. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in hundred words what would happen if this resource disappeared? The poet is referring to the life giving and life sustaining resource of Water. 75% of surface of Earth is water while 25% is land. Yet this is salt water of the oceans that sustains sea life but cannot sustain human life. For human life the fresh water from the rivers, wells, lakes and stored-rainwater that is fit for drinking is needed. Therefore, fresh drinking water is an actual resource that needs to be conserved for future also. Without fresh drinking water there can be no human life at all. Land animals and land plants also need fresh water that they get mainly from rainfall and from water stored underground in the soil. In areas where there is little or no fresh water, as in a desert, vegetation, animal and human life is also scarce. 10x10learning.com Page 8

9 Therefore, if this resource disappeared all forms of life on land would also become extinct. Only such plants and animals who can survive in sea water will continue to live. However, sea water today is a Potential Resource because technology for converting sea water in to drinking water has been developed but is very expensive at present. In future this technology may be improved upon to make it cheaper. Then the potential resource of sea-water will become an actual resource that may help to sustain land- life also. Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Maps given in this chapter are to be seen together to cover the topic. Land map is connected to different types of soils found in India. Water sources are linked to natural vegetation and wildlife. Rivers, lakes and hydro projects are related to chapter on Minerals and Power. 10x10learning.com Page 9

10 Source : Map taken from internet Map gives natural vegetation as per soil type. Wildlife would also be found as per natural vegetation. 10x10learning.com Page 10

11 For Major Rivers and Lakes as Water Resources of India 10x10learning.com Page 11

12 Major Rivers, with Dams built thereon for Hydro Power projects, and major Lakes. Each Dam creates a lake. Example, Gobind Sagar is created by Bhakra Nangal Dam in Punjab. See the next map 10x10learning.com Page 12

13 See the previous map for rivers on which these power plants are located. Source: Map downloaded from internet Q.1 Answer the following questions (i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation? 10x10learning.com Page 13

14 The main climatic factors responsible for soil formation are (a) temperature of a place, (b) the amount of rainfall it receives, and (c ) rate of weathering of the rocks. The main geographical factors are altitude of a place, its slope, and its distance from the sea. The main natural factors are the chemical properties of the parent rock, its content and permeability, meaning the space between the rock particles that allows air and water to pass through it. Here please recall and review what has been learnt in the three states of matter in solid matter the particles are more closely packed together. Rock is a solid but its structure varies as per the density of the particles packed in one inch of its space. For example marble is denser than limestone and therefore more solid and longer lasting. Limestone is more permeable than marble because its particles are more loosely packed and therefore have space between them to allow water air to fill in. Therefore, when water is poured on limestone air bubbles are created. This is because the air that was filling the space between the limestone particles, is gushing out to allow water to occupy that space. Recall that air being gaseous form of matter is lighter than water, as water is the fluid form of matter. In Nature, there is no vacuum, meaning, that every vacant space on the surface of the Earth is occupied by air. Here read once again Chapter 2 of Class VII Geography Text Book. Also try to link what is studied in science about non-living matter with what is in Geography about climate, soil etc. a) Write any two reasons for land degradation today. The two reasons for land degradation today are overuse of agricultural land due to chemical fertilizers, and destruction of forested land through de-forestation. b) Why is land considered an important resource? 10x10learning.com Page 14

15 Land is considered an important resource because it is used for multiple purposes by humans. It is needed for agriculture, construction of houses, building of roads and railways for transportation, mining and industry. Moreover, land is only thirty percent of the surface of Earth and only a smaller percentage of this thirty percent in very suitable for human habitation due to availability of water, fertility of soil and other climatic conditions. Land cannot be created by humans but inhospitable land such, as deserts, can be developed for use by humans. But at present this technology is very expensive and therefore its use is limited. Therefore, whatever land is available with supply of drinking water is considered as an important resource. c) Name any two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals? Firstly, the Government of India has passed laws to ban and make illegal the killing of several animals and birds. Secondly, the Government of India has signed the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This Convention aims to protect 5000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants by prohibiting international trade in these species. d) Suggest three ways to conserve water? Water can be conserved by the following ways:- 1) Conserving rain water through water harvesting method 2) Using sprinklers in the field to irrigate a crop or a park 3) Using drip irrigation method in regions where water is scarce. 4) Growing more trees to prevent surface run-off of rain water 5) Storing river water and rain water by building dams and storage tanks 6) Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture as these pollute water through nitrates, metals and pesticides. 7) Preventing water pollution by treating waste-water (effluents) before these are released in to water bodies such as rivers and lakes 10x10learning.com Page 15

16 10x10learning.com Page 16

17 Chapter 3 Minerals and Power Resources Minerals are localised resources. Many are potential resources as they are to be used in future. Industry is located near the minerals sources Q.1. Answer the following questions i. Name any three common minerals used by you every day Answer: Three common minerals that most of us use every day are iron and steel, aluminum, and tin. Iron is in used to make all the modes of transportation that we use every day to come to school or go anywhere. Many utensils we use in the kitchen are made of steel. Aluminum foil is commonly used in baking and packing of snacks, 10x10learning.com Page 17

18 and tin is used for making the tin cans that pack various edible products. ii. Q 2. What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located? Answer: An ore is a special variety of natural rock, containing a definite chemical composition, called a mineral. There are about 100 ore-rocks that have been identified as mineral ores. A mineral ore rock can be metallic or non-metallic. Metallic mineral ores are generally located in Igneous and Metamorphic rocks that occur in the form of large plateau. This is because igneous rocks are formed from volcanic lava that cools and solidifies after spilling over on land in the shape of a table-land or plateau. The heat from the volcanic activity also creates the metamorphic rocks. Therefore, metallic mineral ore are found in these two varieties of rocks. The southern part of India is a plateau and therefore, the Deccan region is very rich in minerals. 10x10learning.com Page 18

19 iii. Q 3 Name two regions rich in natural gas resources. Answer. In India, Jaisalmer region in Rajasthan, Krishna-Godavari river delta in Andhra Pradesh, off-shore areas in Mumbai, are rich in natural gas resource. In the world, the European countries of Norway, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Russia have rich natural gas deposits. Coal is the mineral used as raw material to generate electric power in Thermal Power Plants. 10x10learning.com Page 19

20 iv. Which sources of energy would you suggest for (a) rural areas? (b) coastal areas? (c) arid regions? 10x10learning.com Page 20

21 Answer (a) For rural areas Biogas Energy is suggested as plant and domestic animal humus is available in sufficient quantity in rural areas. (b) For coastal areas Tidal energy and Wind Energy are suggested as there are strong seasonal winds and regular sea breeze and land breeze in all coastal areas. (c ) For arid and dry regions of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, Solar Energy is suggested as sunshine is available in plenty in such regions. v. Give five ways in which you can save energy at home. Answer: To save energy at home I can make maximum use of natural sunlight during the day and keep the electric light switched off. If there is natural breeze flowing through my house I can avoid using the electric fan. At night, when I am not reading or studying, I can use one light in one room instead of two or more lights. I can switch off the additional lights and fans whenever I leave the room. I can use the new technology based bulbs that consume less energy. I can run my air conditioner at 25 or 24 degrees as it consumes minimum energy at these temperatures. If I have to go to a place near my house, I can walk instead of using my car or scooter and thereby save petrol also. Q2. Tick the correct answer The correct answer for (i) is (c) They are inexhaustible is NOT a characteristic of minerals because minerals are exhaustible. The correct answer for (ii) is (b) as Karnataka is NOT a producer of mica. The correct answer for (iii) is (c) as Chile in South America is a leading producer of copper in the world. The correct answer for (iv) is (d) as Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame will NOT conserve LPG in the kitchen. 10x10learning.com Page 21

22 (Reason: This is because in an open pan the steam escapes and is not able to help in cooking the food. For faster cooking, steam needs to be collected by closing the lid so that pressure is built up to cook the food. In a pressure cooker, higher level of pressure of the steam is allowed to be built-up to cook the food more quickly and in lesser time. When the pressure exceeds a limit, the steam is released through the safely valve over which the weight is placed. So food cooked in pressure cooker on a low flame, saves LPG in the kitchen, while food cooked in a open pan does not. Q3. Give reasons (a) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked before building huge dams. Construction of huge dams across rivers to store immense quantities of water, involve environmental aspects because the river water needs to be diverted. This diversion involves flooding of land where villages may be located. All the villagers will have to be moved out of such villages and re-habilitated at another place. The flooding would also damage forests and wild life, and therefore, damage the environment. Many small species of flora and fauna may become extinct in such situations. This can be very damaging for the environment. Therefore, looking carefully in to environmental aspects before constructing huge dams is essential. (b) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines. The technology for most of the traditional industries is based on thermal powered furnaces. This power needs huge quantities of coal. Locating the industry near coal mines reduces cost of transporting coal for the furnaces. It also regular supply of this critical input for the industry and therefore most industries are concentrated around coal mines. (c) Petroleum is referred to as black gold. Petroleum is another name for the crude oil which is black in colour, at the time it is extracted from the oil fields, through drilling. Multiple by-products are produced in the process of 10x10learning.com Page 22

23 purification of the crude oil. Petrol, diesel, grease, machine oil, kerosene are some of its by-products. In fact every part of crude oil is used in industries in some form or the other. This makes crude oil very valuable. Therefore it is called black gold. (d) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern. Quarrying is the method of extracting minerals that are found near the surface of the ground. In this method, the minerals are simply dug out by removing the top soil. After quarrying, large tracts of land are left behind as unfertile land because there is no top soil left. Quarrying can become a major environmental concern because it degrades the land and makes it useless for any other purpose after the minerals have been extracted. Rain water fills into the abandoned quarries and through it the minerals pollute the ground water in nearby areas as well. No vegetation grows in the land where minerals are quarried. For this reason, quarrying is an environmental concern. Q4. Distinguish between the following 1 a) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy Conventional Sources of Energy 1) Conventional sources of energy are those that have been used traditionally for centuries for example fire-wood. These also include technologies that were developed till the 19 th century for use of coal, petroleum and natural gas, and Non- Conventional Sources of Energy Non-conventional sources of energy are those that have been developed in the 20 th century. They include wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy and bio-gas energy. 1 In question on distinguish between and compare and contrast it is always better to make two tabular columns to write the answer. 10x10learning.com Page 23

24 water stored in huge dams for creating hydel power. 2) The conventional energy sources tend to be exhaustible and non-renewable. They were created through the process of Nature over a period of millions of years. Their known stock in the world is limited and is expected to come to an end in a few decades or a century. 3) The technology used here is fully developed and therefore these energy sources are cheap and economical 4) They cause land and air pollution, and therefore are not environment friendly They tend to be based on sources that are inexhaustible and renewable. The technology used here in new and not yet fully developed. There these energy sources are more expensive. They do not cause any pollution and are therefore deemed to be environment friendly b) Biogas Natural gas (i) Is a non-conventional source of energy (ii) Is generated from bio-waste by decomposing plant and animal humus. (iii) There is no threat of any accident in this technology (iv) Is part of the re-cycle of bio-resource Is a conventional source of energy Exists in certain areas between rocks and is extracted through drilling. Is generally found above deposits of petroleum Can cause air pollution and result in accidents Is a naturally occurring resource 10x10learning.com Page 24

25 (v) Is cheap to generate and use Is expensive C) Ferrous minerals (i) These are metallic minerals (ii) Ferrous minerals have iron as part of their chemical compositions (iii) Examples of ferrous minerals are iron ore, manganese ore, and chromites Non ferrous minerals (i) These are metallic minerals (ii)non-ferrous minerals do not have any iron content as part of their chemical composition (iii) Examples of nonferrous minerals are gold, silver, copper, lead. D) Metallic minerals (a) All metallic mineral ores are found in the form of rocks (b) These rocky mineral ores contain a metal in a raw form. (c ) The Metal from the mineral ore has to be separated through an industrial process which is complicated and expensive. Therefore, metallic minerals cannot be used directly in ore form in which they are found in nature. (d) Metallic minerals have properties such as ability to conduct heat and electricity. Non-Metallic minerals (a) Non metallic mineral ores may or may not be in the form of rocks (b) The do not contain any metallic content (c) Non-metallic minerals, such as coal, limestone, and gypsum are rocky in form. These can be mined and used directly (d) Non-metallic minerals such as mica are sandy in form, while petroleum or crude oil, is fluid in form. These cannot be used 10x10learning.com Page 25

26 They also have luster and shine as their characteristic. (e) These are extracted through mining, and quarrying. directly and have to be processed to create various products. (e) These are extracted through mining, quarrying and drilling. Chapter 4 Agriculture 1) Answer the following questions 1) What is agriculture? Answer: Agriculture is the science and art of cultivation on the soil for raising crops and rearing live stock. It is an economic activity that involves transforming of seeds into plants, and then into crops and harvesting of the crops for sale in the market. It is a primary economic activity because it involves production of natural resources. It includes growing of crops such as wheat and rice, fruits, vegetables and flowers, and rearing of live stock such as cows, sheep, goats. 10x10learning.com Page 26

27 2) Name the factors influencing agriculture? Answer: Climate, the kind of soil available in a place, the amount of rainfall or availability of water for irrigation are the major factors that influence agriculture. 10x10learning.com Page 27

28 3) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages? Answer: Shifting cultivation is an ancient form of agriculture practices by tribes across the world. Tribes move from place to place and settle in one area only for one or two seasons. During their stay they burn a part of the forest to clear the land for agriculture. After one or two crops they move on to another area and repeat the process. Because the tribes move from place to place to cultivate land for short periods of time, their practice is called shifting agriculture. The cultivation also moves or shifts from place to place along with the tribes. The disadvantage of shifting cultivation is that it damages the forests and destroys the ecosystem. It is therefore, a wasteful form of agriculture. 10x10learning.com Page 28

29 4) What is plantation agriculture? Answer: In a plantation agriculture, a single cash crop such as banana, tea, coffee or rubber is grown over vast areas of land. These crops need a special kind of soil and climate. Therefore, plantation agriculture occurs in specific regions where the suitable climate and soil and other factors, such as roads, railways or ports for transporting the crops in bulk. Coffee plantation in South west India Malabar region North Eastern India Tea plantation in 10x10learning.com Page 29

30 Tea plantation in Kerala 5) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth? Answer: Cotton and Jute are the two major fibre crops. Both need high temperature and frost free climate with plenty of sunshine. Black and alluvial soil with light rainfall is best for cotton crop. Jute needs alluvial soil with heavy rainfall and humid climate. Therefore, tropical climate is well suited to both the fibre crops. 10x10learning.com Page 30

31 A standing crop of Jute plants Harvesting of jute crop. Please observe that for Jute, water is needed in the field throughout, till its harvesting. Therefore, jute grows naturally in the Ganges Delta region, and along major river basins. (See the map below ) Jute is called the Golden fibre crop, not only because the final fibre is golden in colour as seen in the picture below, but also it is the only natural fibre from which gunny bags for transportation of grains and other goods are made. Therefore, it fetched a high price in the market, sufficient for its farmers to buy gold. After synthetic fibres from plastic were developed, the Jute prices fell and its industry collapsed. Government of India revived it from 1980s onwards, and today it is thriving again. This has happened because Jute now is used for making a very large variety of household and industrial products, and not just gunny bags. 10x10learning.com Page 31

32 States in which Jute is cultivated are shown in the map 10x10learning.com Page 32

33 10x10learning.com Page 33

34 10x10learning.com Page 34

35 J&K in this Map of India is not correct as it does not give the complete map of the State by not showing the areas that are currently under occupation by Pakistan Ripe pumpkins in the fields Many string based musical instruments are made from ripe pumpkins. 10x10learning.com Page 35

36 Q2 Tick the correct answer (i) Horticulture means (a) growing of fruits and vegetables for commercial use (ii) Golden fibre refers to(c ) Jute (because it is golden in colour. Therefore, the gunny bags in which wheat, sugar and other products are packed is yellowish in colour) (iii) Brazil at (a) is the leading producer of coffee in the world A cotton plant and cotton pods ready to be harvested. The seeds in each of the fluffy cotton pods, are used as livestock feed for cows and buffaloes, as it increases the yield of milk. 10x10learning.com Page 36

37 India has the largest area under cotton cultivation, but it is not its largest producer. Only Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, are leading producers of cotton in India. 10x10learning.com Page 37

38 Q3. Give reasons (a) In India agriculture is a primary activity Primary activity is an economic activity concerned with production or extraction of natural resources. In India, agriculture is the occupation of two third of its population. It is a primary activity because farmers grow crops, fruits, vegetables flowers for direct sale in the market. Most of them do not process any of these agricultural produce through any secondary activity. Therefore, in India, agriculture continues to be a primary activity. 10x10learning.com Page 38

39 (b) Different crops are grown in different regions Crops need different types of climate and soil for growing. Wheat needs moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine during harvest. This is available in the Northern Plains of India. Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It needs alluvial clayey soil that hold back water which is available in the river basins of eastern and southeastern India. Millets, such as jowar, bajra, ragi, need less fertile and sandy soil. Less to moderate rainfall is sufficient to grow them. Maize needs well drained fertile soil, lots of sunshine and moderate temperature. Cotton needs black, 10x10learning.com Page 39

40 alluvial soil, light rainfall found in south western part of India. Therefore, in India it is grown in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Jute needs alluvial soil with high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate. These conditions exist in the Doab region of West Bengal and south eastern coast, where the major rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal. Therefore, Jute is grown in these regions. As such, different crops are grown in different regions. Q4 Distinguish between (i) Primary activities and tertiary activities Primary Activities 1 Primary activities are economic activities that involve production of natural resources as in agriculture, or extraction of natural resources as in mining and drilling. 2 They are the first stage of providing products for secondary economic activities. 3 Production of crops of wheat, rice, cotton, jute, sugarcane, millets, fruits, vegetables, flowers are examples of primary agricultural activities 4 Extraction through mining and quarrying of all the mineral ores such as iron, copper, tin, coal, and drilling for crude oil or petroleum are examples of primary activities Tertiary activities 1. Tertiary activities are economic activities that support the primary and secondary activities 2. They are the facilitators in the transformation of primary and secondary economic activities 3. Banking, insurance, trade and transportation, advertisements are examples of tertiary activities 4. Tertiary activities also include all the services provided through the service sector - (ii) Subsistence farming and intensive farming Subsistence farming 1 This is a type of farming in which a small plot of land is cultivated by one family by use of simple and traditional tools Intensive farming This is a kind of farming in which vast tracks of land is cultivated through machines such as harvesters. 10x10learning.com Page 40

41 2 Only one crop is grown in subsistence farming 3 Subsistence farming can be intensive subsistence farming where two crops are grown in a year or primitive subsistence farming. 4 Primitive subsistence farming is also called shifting agriculture. It is practiced by nomadic tribes in forested regions of major river valleys in Asia, Africa and South America. More than one crop is grown through use of high yielding seeds and fertilizers Intensive farming is the method used in United States of America and a few European countries. Technology for intensive farming continues to be improved to get higher yield from the crops. CHAPTER 5 INDUSTRIES Question 1 Answer the following questions (i) What is meant by the term industry? The term industry means the secondary economic activities of (a) manufacturing finished goods from the raw material produced by the primary economic activities (b) extracting of minerals from the ore rocks, and (c) providing of services. The chief characteristic of industry is the converting of raw material in to another form that has a higher economic value and utility for the people who use the goods. Therefore industrial goods are priced more than primary goods. So while cultivation of cotton is a primary activity, spinning of cotton in to yarn and converting of yarn in to cloth are both manufacturing industries. Next converting cloth in to ready made clothes becomes the garment industry. At local level this service is provided by tailors. All these are secondary economic activities that convert the raw material of one stage into a more valuable finished good for the market. 10x10learning.com Page 41

42 10x10learning.com Page 42

43 (ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry? 10x10learning.com Page 43

44 Seven main factors influence the location of an industry. These are (1) the Source of raw material needed by the industry (2) the availability of labour with skills required for working in the industry (3) Capital or large sums of money needed for purchase of machinery and equipments (4) Industrial power for running the machines (5) Land for building of the industrial unit (6) appropriate means of land, air and water transportation of raw material as well as finished goods, and (7) the market for the finished goods. (iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why? The Iron and Steel industry is called the backbone of modern industry because iron and steel are needed as raw material for almost every machine and tool used in modern industry. They are also needed for many infrastructure related activity such as construction of buildings, roads, bridges, railways and other systems of transport. No modern industry can be said to exist with out using iron and steel in some form. Even if the example of Service industry is taken iron and steel is used in the form of automobiles or cycles or any means of transportation, and in the buildings in which offices of the service sector are located. In sum, no modern industry can be said to exist with out using iron or steel in one form or the other. Therefore it is called the backbone of modern industry. (iv) Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai? The State of Maharashtra has the black alluvial soil and the climatic conditions needed for cultivation of cotton crop. Therefore, Mumbai as a port town located on the west coast of the cotton growing region of Maharashtra, was well placed as a market for cotton that was needed as the raw material for the cotton textile industry. Next, the first successful cotton mill was established in Mumbai in 1854 and its port made it easier to import the machinery for the textile industry. The warm, moist climate of Mumbai was ideal for spinning and weaving of cotton textiles. Therefore, the cotton textile industry grew rapidly in Mumbai. (v) What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore (now renamed Bangaluru ) and California? 10x10learning.com Page 44

45 The main factors needed for the growth of information technology industry are the availability of infrastructure, resource and technologically skilled manpower. In addition cost advantage is very important for this industry. Bangalore and California both have mild climatic conditions and near-by source for raw material of silicon. For Bangalore silicon comes from the Deccan plateau region while for California silicon source is in the Sant Clara Valley of the Rocky Mountains. Both had clean environment and space for expansion of the industry in future. Both also have good access to markets and to a technically skilled workforce. Bangalore has the largest number of IT colleges and educational institutions. Karnataka was the first State to announce an IT Policy in This Policy gave many incentives to encourage new units for IT to be located in Bangalore. Q2 Tick the correct answer (i) Silicon valley is located in California on the West Coast of United States of America. It is part of the Santa Clara Valley of the Rocky Mountain ranges. (ii) Information technology is known as sunrise industry because it is the latest technology to have been developed partly due to development of the worldwide internet in the 1990s. As this technology is barely twenty years old, it is still in the sunrise time period of growth. Therefore it is called sunrise industry. The full name of this industry is the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) (i) Jute is the only natural fibre in this list. Q3 Distinguish between (i) Agro-based and mineral based industry Agro-based industry Mineral based industry Agro-based industry is secondary economic activity industry for Mineral based industry are primary economic activity industry that extract the natural resource of 10x10learning.com Page 45

46 agricultural produce. mineral ores It uses plants and animal based raw material for further processing in to finished products These industries use minerals as their raw material Cotton textiles, food processing, wool industry are examples of agro-based industries Iron, Steel and all metal based industries are examples of mineral based industries (ii) Public sector and joint sector industry Public Sector Industry Joint Sector Industry Public Sector Industry called Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) is fully owned and managed by the Government Joint Sector Industry is owned partly by the government and by a private company or groups of individuals The PSU are in sectors that are related to national security and defence of the country. Private ownership in such areas could be harmful to the security of the nation. Joint sector 10x10learning.com Page 46

47 PSU are also in sector that would not be of much interest to the private sector as these do not give the desired profit returns Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) are examples of public sector industry Examples of Joint Sector Industry are Maruti Udyog Limited, Gurgaon and National Institute of SMART Government, Hyderabad. Maruti Udyog Limited is owned partly by Government of India and partly by Suzuki Motors Company of Japan. The Indian Institute of Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent (SMART) Government is a Joint Sector Company located in Hyderabad and owned jointly by Government of India and the National Association of Software Companies ( NASSCOM) to facilitate development of software and network infrastructure linking all the States of India. 10x10learning.com Page 47

48 10x10learning.com Page 48

49 10x10learning.com Page 49

50 Q3 Give two examples of the following in the blank spaces (i) Raw Material: (Cotton crop) and (mineral ore rocks) (ii) End products: (Cotton cloth) and (Stitched garment such as a shirt) (iii) Tertiary activities: (Trade) and (Banking) (iv)agro-based industries: (Food processing) and (cotton textiles) (v) Cottage industries: (Potteries) and (handicrafts) (vi)cooperatives: (Anand Milk Union Limited) and (Sudha Dairy) CHAPTER 6 HUMAN RESOURCE Q1 Answer the following questions (i) Why are people considered a resource? People are considered a resource because they provide the labour input, the demands and the abilities needed for developing all other natural resources of a country. Without the skills of the people to convert natural resources in to economic activities all the natural resources cannot be of any use. Therefore people are the most valuable human resource available to a country. (ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world? The climatic conditions and the quality of land available for human habitation is found only in ten percent of the land surface of the Earth Therefore 90 percent of world population lives in the 10 per cent of the land surface where good and normal climatic conditions exist. Three-quarters(3/4 th )of world population lives in the two 10x10learning.com Page 50

51 continents of Asia and Africa. Many more people live in the north of the Equator than in the regions south of Equator. For these reasons the distribution of population in the world is uneven. (iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why? Many developing countries of Asia and Africa have high birth rates and high death rates. However, with improvements in health care services death rates have begun to fall in many countries. But while death rates are coming down, birth rates continue to remain high. This means that many more people survive and live longer, and therefore, the population grows very rapidly. (iii) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change. Natural growth rate of population due to birth rate and death rate, and movement of population from one place to another in search of employment are factors that influence population change. Here the two factors of in-migration and out-migration of population as the cause of change are discussed. When people move in to a country to seek employment they increase the human resource of that country and increase its population. When people move out of a country they decrease its human resource and also its population. The general trend is for people from a less developed country to move out to go to a more developed country or to a country where population is less dense. These movements influence population changes. (iv) What is meant by population composition? Population composition means the structure of the population of a country according to age, sex, literacy rate and level, health status, kinds of occupation and income levels. By analyzing the population composition the rate of economic growth of a country can be planned because the human resource of a country converts the natural resources in to wealth and development. Population composition studies the ratio of men and women, their health 10x10learning.com Page 51

52 conditions, their education level, and their professional skills for employment in the economic activities. (v) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country? Population pyramids are graphical presentations to study the population composition of a country. For creating a population pyramid the total population is divided on basis of male and female. Then they are grouped age-wise as below 15 years, below 30 years, below 45 years below 60 years and above 75 years. When these age based groups are plotted as a graph it creates a pyramid showing the youngest population at the base the middle age population in the middle and the aged population at the top. The population pyramid is useful in planning the economic policies and future development of a country. Q 2 Tick the correct answer (i) Which does the term population distribution refer to? (c) The way people are spread across a given area. (ii) Which are the three main factors that cause population change? (b) Births, deaths and migration (iii) In 1999, the world population reached (c) 6 billion (iv) What is a population pyramid? (a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population. Q 3 Complete the sentences below using some of the following words: Sparsely, favourable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely, 10x10learning.com Page 52

53 (a) When people are attracted to an area it become (densely) populated (b) Factors that influence this include (favourable) climate, good supplies of (natural) resources and (fertile) land. 10x10learning.com Page 53