Reusable Oil Filters: An Eco- Logical Alternative

Transcription

1 Reusable Oil Filters: An Eco- Logical Alternative prepared by: Charles E. Button, Environmental Programs Manager Environmental Programs Division Physical Plant Department University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB #1800, Giles F. Horney Building Chapel Hill, NC (919) October 25,1996 printed on recycled paper-of course!

2 REUSABLE OIL FILTERS: AN ECO- LOGICAL ALTERNATIVE CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments ExecutiveSummary... 1 Introduction... 2 Project Goals...2 Methodology... 3 General Characteristics of Disposable and Reusable Oil Filters... 3 Oil Quality And Vehicle Performance... 4 Pollution Prevention And Waste Reduction Benefits Cost Analysis Conclusion APPENDICIES Appendix A: Oil Tests On Unused Oil Appendix B: Oil Tests On Oil From Disposable Filters Appendix C: Oil Tests On Oil From Reusable Oil Filters Appendix D: System 1 Reusable Oil Filter Brochure

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the course of conducting this project I received support from a great deal of people. I want to thank the following individuals for their support and assistance. Without them, I would never have been able to complete this project. Thanks to: a Orange Community Recycling Program a Paul Dunn, Orange Community Recycling Program a Michelle Minstrell, Orange Community Recycling Program a Herbert D. Paul, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Physical Plant a Frank Wilkerson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Service Station a Katherine Foote, State of North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction a Michael Klein, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Transportation and Parking a Kurt Neufang, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Transportation and Parking a Steve Heintz, Heintz Brothers a Danny Willis, State of North Carolina Motor Fleet Management Division

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project was a result of the my (Charles E. Button) involvement with the Orange County Solid Waste Reduction Grant Selection Committee. A local business had been selected to receive a $1500 grant from the county to study the possible benefits of using resuable oil filters on their vehicles but decided not to conduct the study at the last minute. Because I saw great potential for pollution prevention, I pursued and was awarded the grant to perform the study on the reusable oil filters. Herb Paul, Physical Plant Department Director, Michael Klein, Transportation and Parking Department Director and Frank Wilkerson, Service Garage Manager at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill came through with the support needed from the university. After one year of discussion, support was finally achieved from the North Carolina Division of Motor Fleet Management. We installed reusable oil filters (Appendix D) on ten vans used by the UNC CH Department of Transportation and Parking and carefully assessed their performance for one full year of use. During this year we analyzed oil that was unused, from the vans while using disposable oil filters and from the vans while using reusable oil filters. The results of these tests showed that in all cases the reusable oil filters performance was equal to, and in most cases far superior to the disposable oil filters. That is to say that the reusable oil filters removed contaminants from the engine oil better than the disposable oil filters. For example, on average, the amount of iron in the oil tested from the disposable oil filters was 88.3 parts per million verses 18.3 parts per million in oil tested from the reusable oil filters. In addition, the reusable oil filters are unquestionably better for the environment than disposable oil filters. At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill there are approximately 827 vehicles in use. If all these vehicles were using reusable oil filters, then 2,481 oil filters, 39 gallons of oil and 2,481 filter boxes would be diverted from the landfill each year. I believe it could also be safely assumed that since the reusable oil filters are keeping the engine oil cleaner the exhaust is less polluting as well and the vehicles are most likely getting better gas mileage as well. Economies of scale also support using reusble oil filters as well. By using reusable instead of disposable oil filters the university will avoid disposal costs and reduce liability for disposal of oil in the landfill. With all these factors in mind, it is my recommendation that the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill discontinue using disposable oil filters and begin installing reusable oil filters on the vehicles in its motor fleet. I also want to recommend that the university establish a program to collect and recycle the disposable oil filters currently in use until the vehicles have all been switched to using reusable oil filters.

5 INTRODUCTION On July 15, 1993, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC CH) Environmental Programs Division (EPD) received a $1500 grant from the Town of Chapel Hill Orange Community Recycling Program to research possible benefits of using reusable oil filters instead of disposable oil filters on vehicles. Charles E. Button, Environmental Programs Manager of the EPD served as the project manager for this research project. After receiving the grant, Charles coordinated with the University Department of Transportation and Parking, University Service Station, Orange County Public Works Department, State of North Carolina Motor Fleet Management Division, State of North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction and State of North Carolina Pollution Prevention Office to clarify the scope of the project and receive clearance to use State of North Carolina vehicles in the study. All these agencies expressed an interest in the project, and willingness to cooperate except the State of North Carolina Motor Fleet Management Division (NCMFMD). It wasn t until May 9, 1994 that the NCMFMD granted approval to the UNC CH EPD to use state vehicles for the research project. Once approval was received from the North Carolina Division of Motor Fleet Management Orange Community Recycling Program presented the UNC CH Environmental Programs Division with grant money and reusable filters were purchased and installed on ten vans. The following report will discuss the goals of this research project, explain the methods used to assess the reusable oil filters, describe the characteristics of both disposable and reusable oil filters, discuss the results of tests conducted on oil samples, discuss engine performance and assess ecological and economic factors associated with the reusable and disposable oil filters. PROJECT GOALS This project had short term and long range goals. The short term goals established for the research project are: Compare oil quality between using disposable verses reusable oil filters; Identify and contrast amount of waste and pollution generated by disposable verses reusable oil filters; Collect reliable data and present sound conclusions. Determine whether reusable or disposable oil filters are more ecological. Should the results of the research project demonstrate that reusable oil filters are more ecological and economical, then the long range goal of this project would be to promote having all UNC CH vehicles, and eventually all vehicles owned by the State of North Carolina switch over to using reusable oil filters. 2

6 METHODOLOGY The methodology for this research was simple. Place reusable oil filters on ten vehicles, compare oil quality, gauge engine performance, determine ecological and economical benefits. The UNC CH Department of Transportation and Parking agreed to volunteer ten Ford Aerostar vans, used to transport staff and students around campus, to serve as test vehicles for the study. Each van receives an oil change approximately every 5,000 miles. Frank Wilkerson, UNC Service Station Manager, agreed to collect oil samples, place reusable oil filters on the ten vans and report information related to engine performance. Random samples of unused oil, used oil from three vans while using disposable oil filters and used oil from the same three vans while using reusable oil filters were collected and analyzed by Cleveland Technical Center located in Cleveland, Ohio. Two types of analyses were performed on each of the oil samples, an oil test and a micro-check test (Appendices A, B and C). A comparison of the amount of waste and pollution from the use of disposable and reusable oil filters is performed to determine ecological effects associated with them. Then, economical factors are discussed. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISPOSABLE AND REUSABLE OIL FILTERS To better understand any potential benefits of the disposable and reusable oil filters, the weight and size characteristics were measured for both filter types and their accompanying packaging materials. The disposable oil filter being used in the vans was the Wix (#51516) and the reusable oil filter being used was the System 1 (#534BP). The disposable oil filter measures 5 inches by 3 inches by 3 inches (45 cubic inches) and the box it comes in measures 5.25 inches by 3.25 inches by 3.25 inches unflattened (55.45 cubic inches) and 6.25 inches by 5.25 inches by 0.25 inches flattened (8.2 cubic inches). Disposable oil filters are delivered by the carton, with 12 filters per carton. The carton box measures 5.5 inches by 9.75 inches by 13 inches unflattened ( cubic inches) and.25 inches by 22.5 inches by 15 inches flattened (84.38 cubic inches). The reusable oil filter measures 5.75 inches by 3.75 inches by 3.75 inches (80.86 cubic inches) and the box it comes in measures 6.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 4.5 inches unflattened ( cubic inches) and 8.75 inches by 6.5 inches by 0.5 inches flattened (28.44 cubic inches). Weight characteristics were determined by weighing ten random samples each of unused disposable oil filters, unused disposable oil filter boxes, disposable oil filter carton box, used disposable oil filter, used disposable oil filter box, reusable oil filter and reusable oil filter box. These samples were then averaged to determine the mean for each parameter measured (Table 1). This information will be referred to later in this report when ecological benefits are assessed. 3

7 The vans have oil changes performed on them every 5,000 miles. The oil change process for disposable oil filters involves removal and disposal of the used filter and a new filter being placed on the van. In the case of the reusable oil filters, the oil change process involves removing the reusable oil filter, cleaning it with varsol, placing the filter back on the vehicle and recycling the varsol with the automobile waste oil. The varsol is able to be re-refined with the used oil because the amount used to clean the filter is so minscule, less than one teaspoon, and it does not lessen the quality of the used oil. OIL QUALITY AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE As was mentioned earlier, three types of oil samples were taken: Three random samples of unused oil, Three samples of used oil from three different vans using disposable oil filters, and Three samples of used oil from the same three vans while they were using reusable oil filters. The samples of used oil taken from the vans using disposable and reusable oil filters were taken at the end of a typical oil use cycle, 5,000 miles, during the oil filter changing process. Two types of analyses were performed on the three sets of oil samples, an oil test and a micro-check test (Appendicies A, B and C). Oil Test Analysis The oil test consists of measurements of wear elements (i.e., iron, chromium, lead, copper, tin, aluminum, nickel, silver, manganese, titanium and vanadium), contaminants (i.e., silicon, boron, sodium and potassium), water and sediment (percent water and percent insolubles, ASTM D-96), glycol (determines presence of glycol/antifreeze in the oil, ASTM D-2982), additives (i.e., magnesium, calcium, barium, phosphorus, zinc and molybdenum), fuel dilution (identifies unburned fuel in the oil), fuel soot (identifies level of soot in the oil) and oil viscosity (measurement of the flow rate of the oil in relation to time). A description of the components of, and findings of the oil test analyses follows. These characteristics were analyzed on three oil samples of unused oil, oil 4

8 from three vans while using disposable oil filters and the same three vans while using reusable oil filters. Wear Elements The wear elements analysis measures the amount of wear metal sources that indicate wear on particular parts of a vehicle (Table 2). The particles of these metals will indicate a wear problem on the microscopic level before the problem can be detected by conventional means. If unusually high levels of iron are present then atypical wear may be occurring on cylinders, gears, rings, crankshafts, liners, bearings, housings or rust. If unusually high levels of chromium are present then atypical wear may be occurring on rings, rollers/taper bearings, rods or platings. If unusually high levels of lead are present then atypical wear may be occurring on bearing overlays or may indicate that an additive for gear oil and gasoline may have been added to the engine. If unusually high levels of copper are present then atypical wear may be occurring on brushings, bearings, thrustwashers, friction plates, oil cooler or may indicate that an additive may have been applied to the oil. If unusually high levels of tin are present then atypical wear may be occurring on bearings, bushings or pistons platings. If unusually high levels of aluminum are present then atypical wear may be 5

9 occurring on pistons, bearings, pumps, blowers, rotors or thrust-washers. If unusually high levels of nickel are present then atypical wear may be occurring on valves. If unusually high levels of silver are present then atypical wear may be occurring on bearings, brushings or platings. Manganese is a trace element in liners and rings and may indicate that an additive has been applied to the gasoline. Two other trace elements, titanium and vanadium, are measured as well but are normal trace elements expected to be in oil samples. In all samples the wear elements analyses indicated significantly lower levels of wear metals in the test vehicles after they had the reusable oil filters installed than when they had the disposable oil filters installed (Figure 1). Iron levels ranged from 69 to 110 parts per million with an average of 88.3 parts per million for the vehicles while they were using disposable oil filters. While using the reusable oil filters, the levels of iron ranged from 16 to 20 parts per million with an average of 18.3 parts per million. Of interest is the fact that the vehicle whose oil had the highest concentration of iron (110 ppm) while using the disposable oil filter also had the lowest concentration of iron (16 ppm) while using the reusable oil filter. Average chromium levels were 2.3 parts per million in the oil from the test vehicles while they were using disposable oil filters and 1.3 parts per million in the oil from the test vehicles while they were using reusable oil filters. Lead levels ranged from 49 to 86 parts per million while the vehicles were using disposable oil filters, averaging 71.1 parts per million verses concentration levels ranging from 14 to 16 parts per million and averaging 14.7 parts per million while using reusable oil filters. Copper levels ranged from 11 to 32 parts per million with an average of 23 parts per million while using disposable oil filters, whereas all oil samples from the vehicles while they were using reusable oil filters measured 9 parts per million. Tin levels averaged 5.7 parts per million for the oil sampled from the vehicles while they used disposable oil filters and there was not any tin present in the oil samples taken from the vehicles while using reusable oil filters. Average aluminum levels were 8 parts per million in the oil samples from the vehicles while they were using disposable oil filters and 5.3 parts per million while they were using 6

10 reusable oil filters. None of the oil samples taken while the vehicles used disposable or reusable oil filters showed a presence of nickel, silver, manganese, titanium or vanadium. Contaminants The contaminants analysis measures elements that can be an indication of contamination from outside the vehicle operating system (Table 3). Silicon is used to determine the level of airborne dirt and abrasives in the oil and is sometimes used as an anti-foam agent. Boron and sodium is present in most permanent anti-freeze systems and sometimes used as an additive. Potassium is also present in most permanent anti-freeze systems. With the exception of silicon, contaminants levels measured lower for oil in the vans when they were using reusable oil filters than disposable oil filters (Figure 2). Even in the case of silicon, the difference was only one part per million different. Boron levels averaged 27.3 parts per million for the oil sampled from the vehicles while they used disposable oil filters and 2 parts per million while using reusable oil filters. Average sodium levels were 20 parts per million in the oil samples from the vehicles while they were using disposable oil filters and 18.3 parts per million while they were using reusable oil filters. Potassium levels averaged 26.3 parts per million for oil from vehicles using disposable filters and 0 parts per million while using reusable oil filters. 7

11 Water And Sediment The water and sediment analysis (ASTM D-96) reports percent water and percent insolubles found in the oil (Table 4). None of the samples showed the presence of water. In the case of solids, the 8

12 oil tested from vehicles using disposable filters averaged 2.1 parts per million and the vehicles using reusable filters averaged a mere.3 parts per million. Glycol The glycol analysis (ASTM D-2982) determines whether glycol is present in the oil. Glycol is an indicator of anti-freeze. Glycol was not identified in any of the nine oil samples. Additives The additives analysis measures elements blended into the oil by the oil manufacturer (Table 5). The additive package in an oil will vary depending on the type of oil. There are two types of additives for oil: dispersent/detergent additives (magnesium, calcium and barium) and anti-wear additives (phosphorus, zinc and molybdenum). Vehicles using disposable filters on average had the following additive levels in their oil: ppm of magnesium, ppm of calcium, 0 ppm of barium, 897 ppm of phosphorus, 1238 ppm of zinc and 0 ppm of molybdenum (Figure 3). Vehicles using reusable filters on average had the following additive levels in their oil: 14.3 ppm of magnesium, ppm of calcium, 0 ppm of barium, ppm of phosphorus, ppm of zinc and 1 ppm of molybdenum. 9

13 Figure 3: Mean Additive Levels Viscosity The viscosity analysis measures the kinetic viscosity (ASTM D-445) at 100 degrees Celcius. This is a measure of the flow rate of the oil in relation to time. This data is used to assign a SAE grade to an oil; reference Table 6 - Engine Oil Viscosity Classification Chart. Micro-Check Test Analysis The micro-check test identifies the concentration level of wear particles present in the oil, provides a qualitative analysis of the wear particles, and identifies contaminants and their level of presence in the oil. In all cases, the level of wear particles and contaminants found in the oil from vehicles using the reusable oil filters was lesser than the levels found in the oil in the vehicles using disposable oil filters. Engine Performance In order to determine engine performance, the maintenance records were assessed for one year prior to the installation of the reusable oil filters on the ten test vans and for one year while the vans were using the reusable oil filters. The records were provided by the North Carolina Division of Motor Fleet Management. Additional information about the vehicles was gathered from discussions with Frank Wilkerson, UNC CH Service Garage Manager. There were no unusal problems with any of the ten vans while using the reusable oil filters. The automobile mechanics stated they felt the 10

14 reusable oil filters were easier to service than disposable filters. They also stated they felt the reusable oil filters would be a great preventive tool because the would see metal shavings and other impurities in the oil when they performed oil changes and this would warn them of engine problems before they became severe, thus allowing them to address them before the engine would be destroyed or damaged. POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WASTE REDUCTION BENEFITS The reusable oil filter is superior to its disposable counterpart through the reduction of pollution and waste. The Oil Pollution Control Act and various other federal and state regulations and rules prohibit the disposal of oil into a landfill. Reusable oil filters eliminate the practice of disposing oil into the landfill. There are approximately 827 vehicles in the university s motor fleet; 517 of which are owned by the university and 310 owned by the North Carolina Division of Motor Fleet Management. On average, each vehicle receives three oil changes each year. This equates to 2,481 oil filters that are disposed in the landfill each year! Each oil filter has ¼ to ½ cup of oil remaining in it when it is disposed into the landfill. If reusable oil filters were being used, the university would eliminate the disposal of these 2,481 oil filters and 39 to 78 gallons of oil into the landfill. This equates to approximately 3,085 pounds of oil filters, oil and packaging materials each year! The oil tests mentioned earlier in the report demonstrate that the reusable oil filters keep engine oil cleaner, longer. As a result, this will reduce the amount of air pollutants exhausted into the atmosphere. Also, since the oil is cleaner, the engine runs more efficiently, resulting in improved gas mileage and a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels. COST ANALYSIS Currently, the university pays $2.50 for each Wix (#51516) disposable filter, the disposable filter that was being used on the 10 test vans prior to this research project. Its reusable oil filter counterpart, the System 1 (#523BP), would cost approximately $82.00 each. Even though it appears using reusable oil filters is more costly, this is shown not to be the case when all costs are taken into account. The two most obvious ways the reusable oil liters save money are costs avoided from the purchasing of disposable filters and disposal of used filters. The System 1 filter sales representative said he felt confident the reusable filters had an anticipated minimum life expectancy of 20 years. In the course of 20 years, 60 oil changes would have been performed per vehicle, resulting in the purchasing of 60 disposable filters. Reusable oil filters can be removed from one vehicle and transferred to a new one, even if the threads needed to be changed. In the case of the test vans, the university would have to pay $ to purchase 60 disposable filters for all these oil changes per vehicle. So, this alone pays for the purchase of the reusable oil filter needed for each vehicle, plus saves an additional $ The disposal fees avoided for one filter is minimal. But, when you consider the fact that the university has 827 vehicles in its fleet, the cost savings is more substantial. This results in the 11

15 elimination of 2,481 oil filters and 39 to 78 gallons of oil into the landfill each year. This equates to approximately 3,085 pounds of oil filters, oil and packaging materials. The current tip fee for disposal of trash into the Orange County landfill is $31.50 per ton. So, in one year the university would save $48.59 in disposal fees. Another way the university would benefit financially would be in the avoidance of liability charges for clean up at the landfill. This figure is not a set amount so it is impossible to state a specific amount save in this regard. However, it would be safe to assume that the amount could range anywhere from $500,000 to $5,000,000. Since the reusable oil filters extend the life of the engine oil, the university could perform the oil change procedure less often. This would help stretch human resources and extend the life of tools and equipment. The reusable oil filter could be listed as part of the standard equipment on bid specification for new vehicle purchases. This would eliminate the need to stock large quantities of filters, improving use of storage space. Since the filters have lifetimes exceeding eight years, the university and other state agencies would save considerable storage space, time and money because the need for storing, ordering and paying for disposable oil filters would be eliminated. CONCLUSION The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the reusable oil filters are superior to their disposable counterpart. They are better for the environment, better for the vehicle and would save the university money. The reusable oil filters would support the university in its efforts to operate in an ecologically supportive manner. They keep engine oil cleaner, longer than their disposable counterpart. This results in reduced air emissions, improved engine performance and improved gas mileage. Also, the university would eliminate the disposal of 2,481 oil filters and 39 to 78 gallons of oil into the landfill each year! Reusable oil filters are also a fiscally sound choice as well. They would pay for themselves by avoiding purchasing costs typically paid for disposable oil filters, avoidance of landfill disposal fees, elimination of future fines for cleaning up of the landfill, lessening the frequency and number of oil changes performed per vehicle and save the university money associated with human resources and equipment. With all of this in mind, the final conclusion and recommendation is to have all university vehicles begin using the reusable oil filters. 12

16 APPENDIX A Oil Tests On Unused Oil

17

18

19

20 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : 01 Customer No. : Sample Date : 02/01/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date: 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: NEW Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 10 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal for this unit.

21 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : 02 Customer No. : Sample Date : 02/14/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date : 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: NEW Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 10 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal for this unit.

22 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : 03 Customer No. : Sample Date : 03/01/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date : 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: NEW Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 10 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal for this unit.

23 APPENDIX B Oil Tests On Oil From Disposable Filters

24

25

26

27 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES B BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : Customer No. : Sample Date : 02/15/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date : 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: 8983 Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low. Light amounts of oxidation products and black oxides are present as a result of high operating temperatures.and normal loading.

28 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : OS Customer No. : Sample Date : 03/08/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date : 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: 3592 Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear with light contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low. Light amounts of oxidation products and black oxides are present as a result of high operating temperatures and normal loading.

29 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : Customer No. : Sample Date : 02/02/95 Received Date: 02/27/96 Report Date : 02/27/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: 6348 Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear with light contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low. Light amounts of oxidation products and black oxides are present as a result of high operating temperatures and regular loading.

30 APPENDIX C Oil Tests On Oil From Reusable Oil Filters

31

32

33

34 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : Customer No. : Sample Date : 03/20/96 Received Date: 06/18/96 Report Date : 06/21/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: Unknown Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal.

35 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : Customer No. : Sample Date : 03/20/96 Received Date: 06/18/96 Report Date : 06/21/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: Unknown Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear with light contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal.

36 Micro-Check Unit Condition: Normal CHARLES E BUTTON UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CB# 1800 CHAPEL HILL, NC Recommended Action(s): Description : ENGINE Unit No. : Customer No. : Sample Date : 03/20/96 Received Date: 06/18/96 Report Date : 06/21/96 Serial No. : Unit Type: Engine Unit Time: Unknown Lube Type: 10W30 Lube Time: Unknown Lab No.: Continue regular operation and maintenance to ensure reliable performance from this unit. The debris observed consists of trace amounts of normal wear and contamination. Wear particle sizes range from 5 to 15 microns. Wear particle concentration is low and considered normal for this unit. I I. I *..,.. ;,

37 APPENDIX D System 1 Reusable Oil Filter Brochure

38

39

40

41

42

43

44 . SYSTEM ONE FILTRATlON P.O.Box1097Tutare,CA93275 (209) l FAX:(209) WARRANTY SYSTEM ONE FILTRATION PRODUCTS ARE WARRANTED AGAINST DEFECTS IN DESIGN, WORKMANSHIP, AND MATERIALS. THE NEW VEHICLE WARRANTIES REMAIN IN EFFECT WHEN SYSTEM ONE FILTERS ARE INSTALLED ACCORDING TO OUR INSTRUCTIONS, SERVICED AND THOROUGHLY CLEANED AT LEAST AS OFTEN AS VEHICLE MANUFACTURE RECOMMENDED OIL CHANGE INTERVALS. THIS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3,500 MILES. IF YOU HAVE ANY FURTHER QUESTIONS PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CONTACT SYSTEM ONE FILTRATION AT THE ABOVE NUMBERS. SYSTEM ONE FILTRATION

45