Lesson Overview. Overview Continued. ENVSC 296: Lesson No. 9. Part I: Drinking Water. Lesson 9: Water & Wastewater January 31, 2005

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1 ENVSC 296: Lesson No. 9 Part I: Drinking Water January 31, 2005 Sandy Rock Life Sciences Division Bellevue Community College ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 1 Lesson Overview Three ways of looking at Water Water as a vital resource Water as disease reservoir Water as a vehicle for disease transmission ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 2 Overview Continued Drinking Water Sources and supplies Where does our water come from? How much is there? How is it used and by whom? What determines its quality? What are the health effects? How do we prevent them? Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 3 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 1

2 Water Major Issues Water Quantity Sources Water Usage Pollution Water Quality Health Effects Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 4 Water Quantity Fresh Water 3% Available Fresh Water = <1% 2% Salt Water Salt Water97% Fresh Water Polar Ice Soil/Biota Groundwater Surface Water Total Water on the Planet ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 326,000,000 cubic miles 5 Water Availability ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 6 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 2

3 Available Water Resources ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 7 Hydrologic Cycle ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 8 Water Movement ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 9 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 3

4 Water Usage Source: USGS ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 10 Water Usage (Continued) ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 11 Water Quality Aesthetics Color Odor Taste Biological (Microorganisms) Chemical (Organic & Inorganic) Physical (Radiation Standards) ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 12 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 4

5 Water Contamination ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 13 Health Effects Indirect Drought Floods Insanitary conditions Direct Disease ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 14 Health Effects Two main transmission routes Contamination of drinking water supplies Water contact ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 15 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 5

6 Waterborne Disease Chemical Contamination Agriculture Industry Transportation Residential Fecal Contamination Human Wastes Livestock Wildlife Soil Bacteria Minerals, etc. Radioactive Elements ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 16 Waterborne Diseases Acute Diarrhea Amebic Dysentery Cholera Cryptosporidiosis Giardiasis Infectious Hepatitis Legionellosis Shigellosis Typhoid Fever Viral Gastroenteritis Neurological and Systemic Poisonings ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 17 Causative Agents Amebic Dysentery Entamoeba histolytica 20 cysts Cholera Vibrio cholerae 100,000,000-1,000,000,000 organisms Diarrheal Disease Escherichia coli 100,000,000 organisms ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 18 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 6

7 Causative Agents Continued Giardiasis Giardia lamblia 100 organisms Shigellosis Shigella dysenteriae organisms Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi 100,000 organisms ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 19 Causative Agents Continued Viral Gastroenteritis Miscellaneous Viruses 1 organism Chemical Contaminants Inorganics -- systemic toxicity Organics -- chronic diseases ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 20 Disease Transmission Approximate Survival Time of Certain Pathogens in Water Vibrio cholerae: 3-9 days Salmonella typhi: 1 day - 2 months Entamoeba histolytica: 1 month Shigella sp.: 1-24 months ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 21 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 7

8 Disease Outbreaks Waterborne-disease outbreaks associates with drinking water By etiologic agent -- United States, % 3% 3% 3% 3% 5% 5% Norovirus E. coli Giardia AGI 43% 8% 10% 14% Total Outbreaks = 39 AGI Giardia E. coli O157:H7 Norovirus Salmonella Campylobacter jejuni E. coli/c. Jejuni Cryptosporidium ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 Other Viruses Sodium Hydroxide Nitrate 22 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Disease Cases Waterborne-disease cases associates with drinking water 38% By etiologic agent -- 0% United States, % 3% 0% 20% AGI 3% 3% E. coli/c. Jejuni Norovirus Salmonella 17% 6% 10% Total Cases = 2,068 AGI Giardia E. coli O157:H7 Norovirus Salmonella Campylobacter jejuni E. coli/c. Jejuni Cryptosporidium ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 23 Other Viruses Sodium Hydroxide Nitrate Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Reported Disease Outbreaks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 24 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 8

9 Reported Disease Outbreaks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 25 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Waterborne Disease by System Outbreaks = 39 Cases = 2,068 Waterborne-disease associated with drinking water by type of water system -- United States, ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 26 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Reported Disease Outbreaks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 27 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 9

10 Water Source Spring 5% Irrigation 8% Surface 18% Well 69% ENVIR Source: 202: US Lesson CDC, Surveillance 9 Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, Deficiencies Miscellaneous 15% Distribution System 15% Untreated Groundwater 44% Treatment Deficiency 23% Untreated Surface water 3% ENVIR Source: 202: US Lesson CDC, Surveillance 9 Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, Recreational Waters Source: ENVIR US CDC, 202: Surveillance Lesson 9Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 10

11 Reported Disease Outbreaks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 31 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Reported Disease Outbreaks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 32 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Recreational Waters ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 33 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 11

12 ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 34 Source: US CDC, Surveillance Summary, 51(SS08), November 22, 2002 Control Strategies Education Boil water notices Public Service Announcements Regulatory Control Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Engineering Control Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 35 Surface Water Treatment Source: United Water ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 36 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 12

13 Water Treatment Plant ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 37 Drinking Water Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 38 Water Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 39 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 13

14 Ground Water Treatment Source: United Water ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 40 Water Storage facilities Adequate pressure for proper delivery Uniform pumping rate and water supply Detention time for disinfection Reserve water to meet peak demand Water for fire protection Blending of water sources Backwashing ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 41 Distribution ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 42 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 14

15 Questions? ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 43 ENVSC 296: Lesson No. 9 Part II: Wastewater January 31, 2005 Sandy Rock Life Sciences Division Bellevue Community College ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 44 Lesson Overview Wastewater: What is it? Where does it come from? What are its health implications? What do we do with it? ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 45 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 15

16 Definition Wastewater is water which is: contaminated by human use and discarded ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 46 Definition (Continued) Or, said another way, wastewater is: Water + whatever we add to it? ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 47 Domestic Sewage Composition: BOD mg/l TSS mg/l Nitrogen mg/l Phosphorus mg/l Coliforms / ml Fecal Coliforms / ml ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 48 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 16

17 Domestic Sewage Sources: Residential properties Public & commercial establishments Non-industrial businesses ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 49 Sources ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 50 Methods of Handling Discharge into surface waters Without treatment Now illegal (CWA) With treatment NPDES Surface soil disposal Subsurface soil discharge Some recycle/reuse methods ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 51 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 17

18 Treatment Methods Municipal Systems Collection Treatment On-site Systems ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 52 Municipal Sewage Treatment ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 53 Wastewater Collection ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 54 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 18

19 Typical Sewage Treatment Plant ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 55 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Source ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 56 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Source ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 57 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 19

20 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Source ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 58 On-site Systems ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 59 What is it? System designed to provide long-term treatment & disposal of sewage/wastewater System designed to deal primarily with residential sewage System designed to treat and dispose of sewage on/near generation site System where final disposal/dispersal is below the surface of the soil INTO the soil ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 60 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 20

21 Where is it used? Where sewer is not available Suburban areas with larger lots Rural areas Where sewer is not desirable Sewer is too expensive Sewer may create too high a density Sewer may cause environmental concerns Where limited ground water is available ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 61 Issues & Concerns On-site systems used by: 25% households in US (~26 million) 30% households in WA (~600,000) 500,000 installed annually in US 25,000+ installed annually in Washington BUT, only 32% of area in US is suitable ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 62 Issues & Concerns Bad historical reputation Short-term: Until sewers come Out-of-site / Out-of-mind philosophy Placed where they didn t belong Many failures Systems are second rate Not as convenient as sewer: Can t flush & forget, What do you mean: I ve got to be involved with my sewage ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 63 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 21

22 Issues & Concerns Most of the good land is gone Much of remaining land is being saved for other priority uses Many moving from urban to rural There has been little or no federal assistance Research Grants/loans - most $$$ have been for sewers Lack of understanding on part of public, decision-makers, others ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 64 Issues & Concerns Land Use Issues Land use & wastewater management planning done with poor assumptions Sewers bring high density On-site systems can t support high density Industrial wastewater not suitable for on-site systems ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 65 Issues & Concerns Health concerns Pathogens bacteria, virus, protozoans Chemicals nitrogen, some organics, etc. Organic material ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 66 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 22

23 Issues & Concerns Environmental concerns Nutrients nitrogen phosphorus Organic material Nuisances ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 67 Solutions Put systems where they belong Use systems that provide known & predictable levels of acceptable treatment Use systems that have long-term life expectancy Match site conditions & sensitivity with appropriate technology Practice high levels of quality control throughout system s life Fix problems in a timely fashion Educate the owners/users & others ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 68 On-site Systems Wastewater Collection Transport away from the house Treatment and Disposal ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 69 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 23

24 On-site Systems Major Components House Drain Septic Tank Distribution Box Drain Field ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 70 Example ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 71 Septic Tank Functions: Remove solids Anaerobic digestion Vent back to home ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 72 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 24

25 Septic Tanks ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 73 Distribution Boxes ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 74 Drainfields ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 75 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 25

26 Drainfield Functions Provide majority of treatment Trench network to discharge liquid into soil Provide aerobic environment Remove pathogens in suitable soil below trench ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 76 Drainfield ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 77 Treatment Processes Physical Filtration Adsorption to particle surfaces UV disinfection stops cell reproduction ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 78 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 26

27 Treatment Processes Microbiological bacteria, fungi, yeasts Aerobic, anaerobic & facultative Cause chemical transformations e.g. N ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 79 Treatment Processes Chemical Ion exchange e.g. NH 4 Chemical adsorption e.g. PO 4 - Oxidation - Chlorination ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 80 On-site System 1. Septic Tank 2. Distribution Box 3. Drainfield 4. Scum layer 5. Sludge ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 81 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 27

28 Alternate Systems Sand Filter Mound System ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 82 Mound Systems ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 83 Alternate Systems Peat Filter Constructed wetland ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 84 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 28

29 Alternate Systems UV Disinfection Aerobic treatment unit ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 85 Summary Do good land use/wastewater planning Use appropriate technology that treats and disposes Assure educated/informed public Assure system is located, designed, installed, used, monitored & maintained properly ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 86 Plan & Implement Plan ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 87 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 29

30 Questions? ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 88 Next Lesson Vector Control ENVIR 202: Lesson 9 89 ENVIR 296: Environment & Health 30