AND. HINI-LABS(29%) DRUGSToRES(23%) DISCOUNT SToRES(17%) SUPERMARKETS ( 13% ) MAIL ORDW(9%) CAMERA SToRES(7%)

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1 111, n: AND I. HINI-LABS(29%) DRUGSToRES(23%) DISCOUNT SToRES(17%) SUPERMARKETS ( 13% ) MAIL ORDW(9%) CAMERA SToRES(7%) OTHERS( 2%) 35 mm ROLLS(55%) DISC(16%)--DECLINING CARTRIDGE(15%)--STRONG MARKETING TOOL INSTANT(12%)--NO PROCESSING CO"Ft0LS OTHERS(2%) PRINCIPAL GENERATORS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOPROCESSING WASTES. INVOLVE SAME BASIC PROCESSES. 1

2 B. INVOLVES THREE ( 3 ) SEPARATE, PHOTOSENSITIVE, EMUL- SION LAYERS, EACH WITH AN ASSOCIATED FILTER LAYER. EMULSION LAYERS ARE, SELECTIVELY, SENSITIVE To BASIC RED, BLUE, OR GREEN LIGHT FREQUENCIES. ASSO- CIATED LAY- FILTW OUT ALL BUT THE BASIC DESIRED WAVELENGTHS. EACH SILVW HALIDE LAYER RESPONDS TO A SPECIFIC LIGHT FREQUENCY, i-e., A RED, GREEN, OR BLUE LIGHT WAVELENGTH PHOTOSENSITIVITY ONLY. ANY OR ALL OF THE BASIC COLORS PLUS ANY COHBINATION WILL RESULT. 11, INVOLVES SINGLE, UNFILTERED, EMULSION LAYER OF FINE SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS IN A GELATIN HATRIX. WITH BLACK AND WHITE FILM, BROADBAND LIGHT IHPINGE- MWTS UPON THE EMULSIFIED CRYSTALS RESULT IN THE CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS INTO SILVER IONS AND METATLIC SILVER. WITH COLOR FILM, SAKE CONVERSIONS OCCUR BUT TO SE- LECTED LIGHT WAVELENGTHS IN THE THREE SEPARATE EMULSION LEVELS. IN EITHER CASE, THE AMOUNT OF CONVERTED SILVER DEPENDS UPON THE AHOTJNT OF WHITE LIGHT OR, FOR COLOR, SPECIFIC WAVELENGTH ENERGY TRANSFERS. SILVER IS A HEAVY METAL AND IS, PRESENTLY, A SPECI- FIED HAZARDOUS WATERIAL. THIS, AND CERTAIN PROCESS BATHS, POSE THE PRINCIPAL WASTE STREAM FOR THE INDUSTRY. 2

3 C PROCmS- AND S P I, PRINCIPAL PROCESS STEPS RECOVERY h REGWWATION WASTE STREAM FORM a. b. FILM INPUT COLOR DEVELOP FRESH PROCESS BATH h SLUDGE C. BLEACH (FERRIC EDTA) REGENERATE C PROCESS BATH C SLUDGE d. e. f. WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER FIX FRESH PROCESS BATH C SLUDGE WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER STABILIZE FRESH PROCESS BATH C SLUDGE h. DRY WATER VAPOR i. WATER TREATMENT WATER EFFLUENT h SLUDGE * ETHYLENEDIAMINETEETIC ACID 3

4 AND PRINCIPAL RECOVERY c WASTE STREM PROCESS STEPS REGENERATION FORM a. FILM INPUT b. COLOR DEVELOP FRESH PROCESS BATH h SLUDGE C. BLEACH-FIX (FERRIC EDTA) REGENERATE h PROCESS BATH h SLUDGE d. WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATW RINSEWATER e. DRY WATER VAPOR f. WATER TREATMENT WATER EFFLUENT h SLUDGE 4

5 D. pnn procgssgjg[cant.): I...._ COLOR REVERSAL PAPER; r._-...- PRINCIPAL PROCESS STEPS RECOVERY h REGENERATION WASTE STREAM FORM a. FILM INPUT b. DEVELOP FRESH BATCH OVERFLOW C. STOP FRESH BATCH OVERFLOW d. e. f. g. h. i. j. WATER WASH ' FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER COLOR DEVeLOP FRESH PROCESS BATH &I SLUDGE WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATW RINSEWATER BLEACH REGENERATE h PROCESS BATH h (FERRIC EDTA) SLUDGE WATW WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER STABILIZE FRESH PROCESS BATH h SLUDGE SPRAY WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATW RINSEWATER 5

6 I. PRINCIPAL PROCESS STEPS RECOVERY t REGENERATION WASTE STREAM FORM - k. DRY WATER VAPOR 1. WATER TREATMENT WATER EFFLUENT h SLUDGE PRINCIPAL RECOVERY C WASTE STREAn PROCESS STEPS REGENERATION FORM a. FILM/PAPER INPUT b. DEVELOP FRESH BATCH OVERFLOW c. STOP FRESH BATCH OVERFLOW d. WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER e. BLEACH-FIX REGENERATE C PROCESS BATH C (FERRIC EDTA) SLUDGE d. WATER WASH FRESH SPENT RINSEWATER RINSEWATER f. DRY WATER VAPOR g. WATER TREATMENT WATER EFFLUENT C SLUDGE 6

7 a. TRAY AND TANK PROCESSING. WASTES CAN BE REDUCED BUT REPRESENTS SMALL CONTRIBUTION. TRAYS ARE FOR CUSTOM PROCESSING OR HOBBYISTS. USED SOLUTIONS MAY BE RETURNED TO ORIGINAL CONTAINERS FOR REUSE. WITH PROPER STORAGE, SOLUTIONS CAN BE REUSED UNTIL CHEMICALLY EXHAUSTED PER TEST STRIPS. TANKS ARE EMPLOYED FOR LARGE SHEET(FILH OR PAPER) CUSTOM PROCESSING. TANKS SHOULD BE COVERED TO MINIMIZE LOSSES DUE TO EVAPORATION AND OXIDATION. TANKS ARE USED, ALSO, FOR DEVELOPING HULTIPLE LENGTHS OF FILM. b. DIP AND DUNK RACKS FOR MULTIPLE STRIP PROCESSING NIP ROLLERS AND WRINGERS. LONG LENGTHS OF FILM. TRANSPORT GUIDES FOR BELT SYSTEMS SERVE AS CONTINUOUS SUPPORTS FOR THE FILM IN PROCESS MOTION. SOPHISTICATED HIGH SPEED ROLLERS SYSTEHS 7

8 AND I, PRINCIPAL WASTE STREAMS ARE AQUEOUS CHEMICALS IN- CLUDING a, PROCESS BATH WASTES b. COLOR DEVELOPER WASTES C. BLEACH/FIX AND BLEACH-FIX WASTES 11, '.. a, AQUEOUS WASTE STREAHS ARE NOT SEGREGATED. b. TREATED OW-SITE OR DISCHARGED "0 A POTW FOR TREA!ri"T. a, SILVER IMPACT ON EISvIROMHENT STILL IN DEBATE. b. FREE SILVER ION IS AH EFFECTIVE BACXXRICIDE. c. ION ca# IMPAIR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SERIOUSLY. d. WHILE FEDERAL DELISTING IS POSSIBLE, SPILL TREATED, LOCALLY, AS HAZARDOUS WASTE. SHIF- PING AND HANDLING MUST BE ADDRESSED ACCOW)IWG- LY. FOR POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS a LBS OF SILVER PER DAY PER 1000 FJ? OF PROCESSED FILM OR PAPER OR b LBS/DAY/1000 e AVERAGE FOR Awy 30 CONSECUTIVE DAY PERIOD. 8

9 AND U-NG WAS!EE S- 6. -Aoltwws-- SOLUTION COMPONENTS CONCHZN I. PREHARDENERS HARDENERS PREBATHS ORGANIC CMPNDS CHROMIUM CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND TOXIC METALS 11. DEVELOPERS ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND III.ST0P BATHS ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND IV. FERRICYANIDE BLEACHES FERRICYANIDE TOXIC CHEMICAL V. DICHROMATE ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND BLEACHES CHROMIUM CMPNDS TOXIC HETALS VI. CLEARING BATHS ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND VII-FIXING BATHS ORGANIC CMPNDS SILVER THIOCYANATE AHMONIUM CMPNDS SULFUR CMPNDS OXYGEN DEHAND TOXIC METALS TOXIC CHEnICALs AHMONIA H,S GENERATION VIII.NEUTRALIZERS ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND IX. STABILIZERS PHOSPHATES BIO-NUTRIENTS X. SOUND-TRACK FIXW ORGANIC CMPNDS OR REDEVELOPER AMMONIUM CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMA#D AHMONIA XI. MONOBATHS ORGANIC CMPNDS OXYGEN DEMAND N0TE:PHOTOPROCESSING SOLUTIONS MAY BE ACIDIC OR ALKALINE 9

10 HQTOc,EtAPHZC PROCESSES AND WASTE STREAM WASTE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES I. AQUEOUS WASTES MINIMIZE DRAGOUT-USE SQUEEGEES RECOVER SILVER WITH METAL RECOVERY SYSTEMS REUSE FIXER SOLUTION REGENERATE DEVELOPER REGENERATE BLEACH USE COUNTER CURRENT RINSES USE DRAIN BOARDS USE WATER FLOW RESTRICTORS 11. NON-SPEC CHEMICALS MONITOR/CO"ROL INVENTORIES (OLD/OFF SPEC) STORE IN COOL/DARK AREAS 111. SOLID WASTES STORE PAPER IN COOL AREA. RECOVER SILVER FROH SCRAP PAPER AND/OR EXCESS FILM. RECYCLE CARTRIDGES, CASSETTES, AND SPOOLS TO FILM HANUFA=ws. IV. AIR EMISSIONS COVER OR CLOSE ALL ACTIVE IN- GREDIENT CONTAINERS 10

11 I. a. SUPPLIERS CAN WORK WITH CUSTOHWS TO PRODUCE JOB SPECIFIC CHEMICALS(N0N SILVER TYPE FILMS AND PA- PERS). b. FERRIC EDTA (ETHYLENEDIAMINETEETIC ACID) COMPLEX HAS REPLACED FERRICYANIDE BLEACH FOR A MOR REDUCTION IN THIS WASTE STREAH. a. SOURCES INCLUDE 1. PHOTOPROCESSING SOLUTIONS 2. SPENT RINSE WATER 3. SCRAP FILM 4. SCRAP PRINTING PAPW b. DEPENDING UPON THE PROCESS STAGE, SILVER EXISTS AS 1. INSOLUBLE SILVER HALIDE OR 2. SOLUBLE SILVER THIOSULFATE COMPLEX OR 3. SILVER ION OR 4. METALLIC SILVER c. SOME SILVER WILL BE IN THE RINSE WATERS. THIS CAN BE RECOVERED ECONOMICALLY IF LARGE QUANTITIES OF RINSEMATW ARE EMPLOYED. THESE METHODS INCLUDE 1. ION EXCHANGE(1X) 2. REVWSE OSMOSIS(R0) 3. ELECTRODIALYSIS(ED) 11

12 AND G scpd. MOST PROCESSED SILVER WILL END UP IN THE FIXER OR THE BLEACH-FIX SOLUTIONS. e. FIXER OR BLEACH-FIX SOLUTION SILVER RECOVEEtY CAN BE REALIZED BY THE TECHNIQUES OF 1. METAL REPLACEMENT 2. ELECTROLYTICS 3. CHMICAL PRECIPITATION. 4. EVAPORATION f. SILVER CONSERVATION WITH WATER CONSERVATION: 1. RINSEWATER RECYCLING 2. CONTROL DRAG-OUT AND DRAG-IN 3. countercurrwtflow 4. FLOW RESTRICTORS 5. PLUHBINGLESS PROCESS BATHS CO"TI0NAL MINI-LAB WATER RINSE SYSTEMS USE 20 TO 25 G U N S OF WATER FOR EACH ROLL OF FILM PROCESSED. PLUHBINGLESS INVOLVES A PROPRIETARY CHWICAL STABILIZER THAT IS USED IN PLACE OF WATER. WHILE THE WATER EFFLUENT IS REDUCED GREATLY, CONTAMINANT CONTENT WILL BE HUCH HIGHER. LOCAL DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS MAY LIMIT SUCH DISCHARGE CONTAHINANT CONTENTS. 12