Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SFG1690 V7 Final Report Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Prepared for National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

2 The Energy and Resources Institute 2014 Suggested format for citation T E R I Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. [Project Report No. 2010WM13] For more information Project Monitoring Cell T E R I Tel or Darbari Seth Block pmc@teri.res.in IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax or New Delhi Web India India +91 Delhi (0)11 ii

3 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Ganga River Basin Project World Bank Assistance Project Components Component One: Institutional Development Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments Structure of the Report CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION About the City Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM City Sewerage Plan Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A Necessity of this project Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Proposed Sewerage System Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Implementation Schedule Financing CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Methodology Project Screening Conclusion of Screening Activity CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental Legal Framework of Government of India Key Environmental Laws and Regulations Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS Baseline Environmental Physiography and Topography Climate Geological and Geophysical features Ambient Air Quality Noise Environment Water Environment Storm Water Drainage Waste Water Management Solid Waste Management Biological Environment Baseline Social Status iii

4 5.2.1 Public Consultation CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Potential Environmental Impacts Design and Development Phase Impacts during construction phase Impacts during operation phase Potential Social Impacts Conclusion CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental Management Plan Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN Specific activities by Contractor Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Budget Social Management Plan Social mitigation plans during construction phase Social mitigation plans during operation phase Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA iv

5 List of Tables Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)] Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district A Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district A Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district A Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 7.3 EMP Budget Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 7.5 Social Management Plan Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation v

6 List of Figures Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District A in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district A Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district A Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A.. 75 Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high vi

7 Executive Summary Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Allahabad sewerage district A has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45% sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (ESAMP). Project Description Allahabad city s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions (North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population, absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district A. Sewerage district A has 3 zones and 27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are: 62 X 93 in Atala area 42 X 72 & 32 X48 in Darashah Ajmal area 39 X 57 on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road 39 X45 on GT Road 18 X24 on Lowther Road 18 X24 & in Lukarganj area Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat 1

8 MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year 2040 would be mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of around 20 mld is needed. District Existing STP Capacity (MLD) Required STP in 2025 (MLD) Required in 2040 (MLD) Total STP Capacity by 2040 (MLD) Proposed Capacity for Sub-project (MLD) District A The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components: Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini; Expansion of SPS at Gaughat; Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala; Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and, Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major components of the proposed project include: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs Lakhs i. e. Rs Crores. Approach and Methodology The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, 2

9 environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed based on the aforementioned. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river Ganga. Environmental and Social Baseline status As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district A was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater generated from sewerage district A is observed to be mostly from residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district A area has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer district A indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20 C) is 32 mg/l at Chachar Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of 30mg/l. They may worsen the water quality, leading to direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even the recorded temperature as per DPR is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5 C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28 C and Chachar nala recorded 29 C. As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn t fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the permissible standards of CPCB. For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three locations; Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem Sarai comes in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area. 3

10 With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and pose a serious threat to the environment and to public health. While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding and crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to impacts of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources. Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also present. Environmental Management Plan For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan. Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Design Stage Accidental leakages/ bursts in sewer network Due to accidental burst or leakage of sewers, flooding of the nearby areas Backlogging due to unexpected heavy flow rates 4 Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow velocity Provision for Regular inspection and maintenance of the sewers Preparation of safety

11 Construction Phase Environmental sensitive areas Air quality There are no environmental sensitive areas in the proposed project area. Further the small residential parks and road side trees which will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. Probable increase in the dust levels (RSPM and SPM), during the construction due to excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to construction activities like plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, machinery and disturbance to residents and business. Water resources Contamination of nearby water bodies via storm drains (during rainfall) by un-managed construction related material like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoons or blockage of surface drain - and Emergency Preparedness plan Water sprinkling over excavated areas, unpaved movement areas and stockpiles. Transportation of loose construction material through covered trucks. Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site. Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate. Providing curtains or sound barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all around the construction site. Proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles Suggestion to ensure proper handling and disposing off construction wastes at identified refusal sites. Proper stock piling of excavated soil and not in any storm drains or any other areas where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms; Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in storm water run-off channels and erosion 5

12 Traffic Inconvenience Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) Alternate traffic routing must be adopted in consultation with concerned traffic police authorities. Proper traffic planning be made for narrow lane areas. Work should to be completed on priority near business and market place to minimize business loss. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these places during construction. General: safety during construction Accidents Safety hazards to labours and public Comply with the Occupational health and Safety regulations of India Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Operation Phase Noise air quality Water quality No air and noise problem from sewer line as they will be laid underground. Inappropriate handling at IPS Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating machines at SPS including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc. Leakage and overflows in sewer line Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible leakages/ overflows. Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages. 6

13 General Safety Social Waste handling in Sewage Pumping Stations Sewage Cleaning Equipment Workers exposure to toxic gases in sewers and hazardous materials during sewer maintenance work Construction Livelihood Land acquisition Inconvenience to public Health issuesdue to dust, noise pollution Bad odour, Health hazard and public nuisance Extracted Sewage Sludge handling and cleaning equipment maintenance waste handling Serious/health/ safety hazards The toxic gases are likely to contract communicable diseases from exposure to pathogens present in the sewage. No impact, as there will be no impact on livelihood of any permanent shop-owners, licensed kiosks No impact, as no fresh land is required for any construction There will be some minor inconveniences to the public due to construction like access to their premises, etc. During construction dust and noise generated, can cause nuisance to people especially elderly and children, but impact is very limited. Provision for regular clearance of sludge and solid waste to minimize odor nuisance Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal site as approved by DBO engineer. Ensure that extracted sewage sludge collected during sewers cleaning is disposed to disposal site as approved by DBO engineer. Sewage solids shall not be disposed on road sides or nondesignated areas. Equipment cleaning waste shall be disposed to public sewer or STP inlet for treatment During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer line will be adequately vented to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases are present in the line. Ensure availability of PPE for maintenance workers. But suggested if noticed during construction, then should be compensated according to ESMF - Public notice to be circulated, construction should be completed in the given time, debris should be cleared in time Use of acoustics and water sprinkling 7

14 These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring an approximate budget of Rs. 90 Lakhs has been estimated and this is also integrated in the DPR cost. Social Management Plan Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out. Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts, however they are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. 8

15 Chapter 1 Introduction The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem accounts for 26 per cent of India s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agricultural run off as well as poor municipal solid waste management is the main causes of pollution in river Ganga. 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the river Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing weakness in water, urban wastewater and, municipal solid waste management, environmental quality monitoring and reporting, regulatory interventions (3) inadequate planning, scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of public consultation, participation and awareness-raising. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach: Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions); Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and, Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and community support) 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project As a major first step in achieving objective of cleaning river Ganga, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 9

16 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA is entrusted to adopt a river-basin approach and has been given wider mandate to meet above objective. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be allowed to be discharged into River Ganga within Indian Territory. Considering the requirement of large investment to meet above objective, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed initiatives will focus on the entire Ganga, the initial emphasis of the specific investments will be on the main stem of river Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. The priority is given to pollution abatement programs in cities located on the banks of these States which would include investment for planning and construction of city sewerage network and sewage treatment plants, industrial pollution control measures, municipal solid waste and river front management.. This is expected to be achieved through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at; Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments World Bank Assistance The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This assistance aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority infrastructure investments. 1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component Component One: Institutional Development Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers 10

17 Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river Investment Sectors The majority of investments are expected to be in following four sectors: I. the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. II. III. IV. industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. construction of common effluent treatment plants), solid waste management (collection, transport and disposal systems for municipal waste ), river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of above sectors The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program. The objectives of the investments framework are to: a) provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads; b) make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and c) ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity1. 1 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 11

18 Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA level PMG and state level PMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are also setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long term Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be given priority due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga. 1.4 Structure of the Report The Detailed project Report is prepared by UPJN. TERI has worked closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District A of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It provides baseline status of the existing sewage management and expected situation post implementation of the proposed project with associated environmental and social impacts. The Environmental and Social management plan prepared for mitigating these associated impacts, as per the Environment and Social Management Framework is also included in this report. The ESAMP report is presented in in following 9 chapters: Chapter 1: Provides an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. Chapter 2: Provides project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District A of Allahabad. Chapter 3: Details out the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment. Chapter 4: Presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects. Chapter 5: Presents detailed baseline scenario based on information available for city and for sewerage district A from environmental and social aspects. Chapter 6: Provides assessment of environmental and social impacts. Chapter 7: Presents proposed mitigative measures for identified impacts. Chapter 8: Present social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. Chapter 9: Presents conclusions of the study, which also concludes that it is low impact project. 12

19 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 About the City Allahabad city lies on the North latitude and East longitude. Main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam) of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical 'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance can hardly be over emphasized. Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right) Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year The facility was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in most of the stretches. 2 Allahabad district government website, < 13

20 Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and new DPR s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ ongoing/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below. Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad city are summarized below: Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations Relieving sewer in Kydganj area Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station Relieving sewer in Daraganj area Tapping of Mumfordganj nala 14

21 Tapping of Chachar nala Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala 60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below: Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in Completion period of the approved works is 3 years. Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km Replacement of old Trunk Sewer Km Lateral & Branch sewers Km Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer Km Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj 25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur 15

22 2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1. District A: District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river. District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east. District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement. District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP. Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present. In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system needs to be extended to FSAs in the future. 16

23 Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Sewer Service Areas Population in 2001 Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in MLD District A* District B District C District D District E District F District G Total Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, *Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela. 17

24 Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga 18

25 2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February The prime objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Following sewerage works are going on in sewerage District A under the Sewerage & Non sewerage Scheme for Pollution abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad. This scheme, amounting to Rs Cr was approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May Sewer Laying works i On MG Marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing 3.80 km ii. On Attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc km 2. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer 3. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station. 4. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station. 5. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld. The proposed work in District A has following major components: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment 2.3 Necessity of this project NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named Mission Clean Ganga for preventing, controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking measures for controlling pollution. Under the Mission Clean Ganga, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the year Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be 19

26 cleaned periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance and leading to unhygienic condition and health concerns. With a view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District A.. By this system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River. The expected sewage generation by 2025 based on project population given at Table 2.1 is given at Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) District Existing STP Capacity (MLD) Required STP in 2025 (MLD) Required in 2040 (MLD) Total STP Capacity by 2040 (MLD) District A Proposed Capacity for Sub-project (MLD) **DPRs approved Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 The state of existing sewers is summarized below: Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows All existing lines have heavy silt deposition Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste All lines have large variations in constructed slopes Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing capacity of Gaughat MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power cuts. MPS has a single supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the pumps during long power cuts. MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of solid waste being carried in with the wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at Naini STP and hence, large amounts simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is around 45%. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. 20

27 Considering the existing situation, completed and ongoing works the proposed works is essential to meet the objective of cleaning Ganga. 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) (refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a total population of as of The area is mostly residential with some main markets, institutes and hospitals. 3 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

28 Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District A in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh. Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam 22

29 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district A of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this present sewage projects of district A includes: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district A to cover the remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with design year The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately 80 Kms each. A. Sewer System i. Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main. The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones of District A. Size/ Dia in mm Zone wise Length (m) Zone I Zone II Zone III Total Length (m)

30 Total Length ii. iii. Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than 600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction. House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is proposed to be achieved by year B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations i) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of MLD capacity The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. ii) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. iii) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. 24

31 C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no. Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no. submersible dredger pump Implementation Schedule It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of approval and allotment of funds Financing Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme amounting to Rs Crores. Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs crore. Balance amount of Rs crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP. The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government and Allahabad Municipal Corporation. ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs) Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) Civil Work E/ M Works Total A Sewerage work in Zone I 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method New Bairahana SPS Rising Main Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS Rising Main Sub Total (Zone I) of A B Sewerage work in Zone II 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method Bargadghat SPS Rising Main Sub Total (Zone II) of B C Sewerage work in Zone III 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method Sewer Laying by Trenchless method Desilting& CIPP lining Sub Total (Zone III) of C D Communication & Public Outreach E GAAP

32 F ESAMP G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) H Centage charges of (G) 1 Cost of Project 4% (maximum) Cost of supervision of 4% as per NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum) I Sub Total of H J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment s K Five Years O & M Cost L Sub Total of (J+K) Total cost (G+I+L) Total cost in crore Cr. 26

33 Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Methodology As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)4, and considering associated environmental and social impacts, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district A of Allahabad City has been conducted using the following methodology: Secondary data analysis Brief description & analysis of the sub project activities Field survey and stakeholder consultation Discussion with host population and key stake-holders Detailed environmental profile of the project influence area Screening activity Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts Developing mitigation plan Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment a) Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. 4 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 27

34 b) Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district A area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts. Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors c) Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1). 28

35 Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community d) Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2). e) Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out no significant impacts from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in subsequent section. f) Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts. g) Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were recommended. The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase. 3.2 Project Screening The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)5 and on the secondary data 5 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 29

36 analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Environment and Social information format for screening Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Project cost: Rs Lakhs Project components: a). Sewer System (~240 km long) b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Screening Criteria Assessment of category Explanatory note for categorization Evidence and references 1 Is the project in an eco-sensitive area or adjoining an ecosensitive area? (Yes/No) If Yes, which is the area? Elaborate impact accordingly. No There are no ecosensitive areas such as water bodies, or protected forested areas surrounding the project. The only ASI monument located in sewerage district A namely Kydganj Cemetery will not be impacted as proposed sewage line passes more than 200 m away from the cemetery. Figure 5.8: Map showing the Ecosensitive areas closest to Allahabad District A. Field visits, secondary information and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam, ASI official and other Government officials. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts? 2.1 Land acquisition resulting in loss of income from agricultural land, plantation or other existing land-use. No social impacts No Land acquisition involved As per the first hand observation in the field and through interviews of key Figure 5.10: indicating that the sewer line will pass through the residential colonies, commercial areas of the district and would 30

37 stakeholders, residents, local people, and other sources like DPR, CRR, it is clear that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for SPS. Sewer line would be laid on the public roads. So there is no loss of income from agricultural land. Moreover there are no agricultural fields in the district. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the proposed project areas. 2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would not take place and since mobile vendors can shift their position only minor disruption in terms of access to shops would occur. 2.3 Land acquisition resulting in relocation of households. No social impacts The land acquisition does not result into acquisition of any structure nor replacement of any squatters or encroachers in and around the premises. Hence no relocation of households is involved. which will get affected due to it not enter or pass through agricultural fields. Field visits, consultation with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultation with stakeholders, like (for JNNURM projects), DPR & CRR Field survey, Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. DPR & CRR 31

38 2. Any reduction of access to traditional and river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). No social impacts No access problem to river Field visits and consultations with the shop keepers, mobile vendors, expert opinions 2.4 Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlement(s). 2.5 Any specific gender issues. No social impacts No social impacts There are no tribal settlements in the project area. No gender issues were reported during survey Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultations, interviews, which were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 3.1 Clearance of vegetation/ tree-cover No environmen tal impacts The major land use pattern of sewerage district A is mostly residential and commercial, with no agricultural and no forested areas. Also no tree cutting is involved in the pumping station sites Vegetation and tree cover were insignificant in the proposed project area. Also, sewer lines will be laid in the center of the roads hence no impact on trees (which are aligned along the sides of roads) Field visits and Interaction with UP Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam department. Figure 5.10 GIS map of ward localities in District A. Figure 3.2: Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A. Figure 5.7: GIS map of identified parks in District A. 32

39 3.2 Direct discharge of construction run-off, improper storage and disposal of excavation spoils, wastes and other construction materials adversely affecting water quality and flow regimes. Limited Possibility of temporary flushing away of un-managed spoils and construction wastes during rainfall to river Ganga via storm water drains. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporarily affecting storm water flows by obstruction to flows and blockage of drains, especially during rainfall. This may cause floods. Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents of sewerage district A. Figure 5.7: GIS map showing the drainage network of District A. 3.3 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited For sewerage works in the entire sewerage district A, flooding could be an issue during the monsoons, since the drainage system in sewerage district A covers approximately %, which is further ineffective due to blocked drains and poor solid waste management. City Development Plan for Allahabad, Final Report by Feedback Ventures. Plate 5.1: Image showing flooded streets of Allahabad District A after rainfall.. The areas which are expected to face temporary flooding issues include slum area in Kydganj Additionally, if water pipes are inadvertently breached, flooding will result. 33

40 3.4 Improper storage and handling of substances leading to contamination of soil and water 3.5 Elevated noise and dust emission Limited Limited The storage of construction related material will not cause any contamination since these materials would typically include: Concrete, pipes, masonry, rubber pipes. There are no water bodies within the study area. However, with other finer materials such as powders, fluids and greases, if not appropriately managed or in the event of an accident, there may be potential for temporary contamination of the river Yamuna and Ganga via the various drains and nalas in sewerage district A, during rainfall. For sewage works, construction is likely to increase dust and noise levels temporarily. Plate 3.4: Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material. Figure 5.6 highlights the drainage network. Section provides details about agricultural land in sewerage district A. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume I, for clearance of site after construction period and unforeseen items Consultation with local residents, and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges Allahabd Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College, Shiv Charan Das, Kanhaiyalal Intermediate College Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out 34

41 during vacations and works near hospitals are completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be limited. 3.6 Disruption to traffic movements Limited Impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 3 days. Sewer construction leads to the temporary tearing-up of roads and increase in large construction vehicles, which might impair traffic movement, especially in the narrower roads and lanes as seen mainly in Muthiganj, Rambagh. Figure 6.1: GIS map distinguishing road network of District A with majority of roads in the Narrow category (<=5 units). Plate 6.1: Image showing a typical busy street at Rambagh Chauraha in District A 3.7 Damage to existing infrastructure, public utilities, amenities etc. Limited If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporarily affecting the existing public utilities like water supply, telephone, electricity cables etc. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume-I for diversion of traffic/regulation during construction period Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Additionally, there is a provision in the 35

42 Records and layout plans of existing underground utilities and cable networks (like telephone, electricity water etc.) were unavailable. DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume- for shifting & reinstatement of utilities 3.8 Failure to restore temporary construction sites 3.9 Possible conflicts with and/or disruption to local community Limited Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM project reinstatement of dismantled roads after filling and proper compaction was observed. Although temporary, concerns regarding failure to restore construction sites including failure to close and appropriately fence-off open pits were cited as safety concerns especially for children. For the laying of sewer works, there will be temporary disruption to the local community in terms of access to roads (narrow roads), shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to local community was inferred as limited based on survey responses which indicated the community s ability to adapt to temporary disruptions, and their overall preference for Field visits and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents. Plate 3.5: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District A, Volume I, for clearance of site after construction period and unforeseen items Consultation with local people. 36

43 Health risks due to unhygienic conditions at workers camps Safety hazards during construction Limited Limited the project. Field visits and as per JNNURM project no worker camps were seen. However there might be small camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts. From field visits and as per JNNURM project practices for safety precautions such as fencing-off construction areas, sign posts etc. were observed. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporary hazards such as injuries and damage to property during the construction phase. Consultation with local residents of sewerage district A and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Plate 3.5: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. 4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 4.1 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited Due to the construction of sewer lines, raw sewage that currently flows into the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. This will prevent flooding of adjacent areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Refer to Plate 5.1 for area which has been flooded 37

44 4.2 Impacts to water quality due to effluent discharge No impacts will lead to flooding. Additionally, overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. There will be a significant improvement in water quality due to effluent discharge being treated. Table 5.11: Sewage flow quality values before and after existing STP. section Gas emissions No impacts Reduction of bad smell (Methane and other bad anaerobic reaction gases) from open drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. 4.4 Safety hazards Limited Safety hazard are associated during construction and maintenance stage of the sewage. However these will be temporary in nature. 5 Do projects of this nature / type require prior environmental clearance either from the MOEF or from a relevant state Government department? (MOEF/ relevant State Government department/ No clearance at all) No clearance required. As per Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 no clearance would be required under Refer to Figure 5.8 Refer to Figure

45 6 Does the project involve any prior clearance from the MOEF or State Forest department for either the conversion of forest land or for treecutting? (Yes/ No).If yes, which? No As the project does not cover any forested area (protected nor reserved forest area), no prior clearance is required from relevant authorities (MoEF and State Forest departments) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, Refer to Figure 3.2 Refer to Figure 5.8 The figure 3.2 below provides view of project area and environmental setting. Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A (Source: Google Earth) 39

46 Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna Bridge, where residents have had complaints related to flooding due to the low lying location. Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and reinstated road (foreground) 40

47 Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011) 6 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification. Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District A in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 6 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 41

48 Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme: Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI) Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments Legislations applicable to construction activities Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 1 Environment To protect and Yes Protection Act- improve overall 1986 environment 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 14th Sep Municipal Wastes(Manage ment and To provide environmental clearance to new development activities following environmental impact assessment To manage the collection, transportation, 42 No No Reason for Applicability As all environmental notifications, rules and schedules are issued under this act. The present project is only a sewerage network project and hence as per the notification amended till date does not attract requirement of environmental clearance. The present project does not involved solid waste Authority MoEF, Gol, DoE, State Gov. CPCB, SPCB MoEF, EIAA MoEF, EIAA, CPCB, SPCBs

49 Handling) Rules, Coastal Regulation Zone(CRZ) Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Land Acquisition Act 1894 (As amended in 1985) 6 The Forest (Conservation) Act Wild Life Protection Act Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 segregation, treatment, and disposal of municipal solid wastes Protection of fragile coastal belt Set out rule for acquisition. of land by government To check deforestation by restricting conversion of forested areas into non- forested areas To protect wildlife through certain of National Parks and Sanctuaries To control air pollution by controlling emission of air pollutants as per the prescribed standards. No No No No Yes management measures. The project does not fall within CRZ areas. This act will be applicable only if there will be acquisition of land for investments but no land acquisition is involved in the project. No forest land diversion is required in the project. The project does not pass through any national park/sanctuary are nor fall within 10km radius of such protected areas. This act will be applicable during construction stage for operation of equipment, DG sets and hot mix plant. Revenue Department State Government Forest Department, State Government and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Chief Conservator Wildlife, Wildlife Wing, State Forest Department and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India SPCBs 9 Water To control water Yes This act will be SPCBs 43

50 Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act Public Liability and Insurance Act Explosive Act Minor Mineral and concession Rules 15 Central Motor Vehicle Act National Forest Policy, 1988 pollution by controlling discharge of pollutants as per the prescribed standards The standards for noise for day and night have been promulgated by the MoEF for various land uses. Conservation of cultural and historical remains found in India Protection form hazardous materials and accidents. Safe transportation, storage and use of explosive material For opening new quarry. To check vehicular air and noise pollution. To maintain ecological stability through preservation and restoration of Yes No NO Yes No Yes No applicable during construction stage if STP is installed. This act will be applicable for all construction equipment deployed at worksite. Kydganj Cemetery, the only ASI recognized structure in sewerage district A is more than 200m away from the proposed sewer line. Hence the act is not applicable for the project. Contractor unlikely to store material more than the threshold limits defined this Act. For transporting and storing diesel, Oil and lubricants etc. Regulate use of minor minerals like stone, soil, river sand etc. This rule will be applicable to vehicles deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. This policy will be applicable if any eco sensitive feature exists in and around the SPCBs Archaeologica l Department Gol, Indian Heritage Society and Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH). SPCBs Chief Controller of Explosives District Collector Motor Vehicle Department Forest Department, State Government and Ministry 44

51 biological diversity. 17 The Mining Act The mining act has been notified for safe and sound mining activity. No investments The construction activities for investments will require aggregates. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries of Environment and Forests, Government of India Department of mining, State Government 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under: National Policies and Acts i. National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 iii. Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended) iv. Forest Rights Act, 2006 However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable National Policies and Acts The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. 45

52 Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV). Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and selfrule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families 2007 The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement. The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to projectaffected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act. This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to natural calamities, etc Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects. Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Legal Provision Section 4 Actions Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land 46

53 Declaration of Public purpose Section 5(a) Enquiry Section 6 Section 9 Section 11 and 12 Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one month) Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose Declaration is published Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department, State Government Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month) Enquire objections to LA Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are raised (one to three months) State government issues notices LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government s intention to take possession of land Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months) LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable LAO determines compensation (12 months) Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after inquiry of total valuation Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency (14 months) Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things: Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws. Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years); 47

54 3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment); 12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 48

55 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site emergency plans). All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.) have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation. Conclusion: The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards for the present project are listed below: 1. Environment Protection Act 1986; 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, Explosive Act Central Motor Vehicle Act Other legislations are mentioned in section

56 Chapter 5 Baseline Status The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam, Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. 5.1 Baseline Environmental Physiography and Topography Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of water during the rainy season. Sewerage district A is located in the southern part of the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side. Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following geomorphic features, Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system. Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces found in patches along the active plain. Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-yamuna area formed mainly of quartzitic nature. Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-ganga or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from m above MSL Climate Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north 50

57 winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to September. The average rainfall being mm takes place normally in 53 days. The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Month Temperature ( o C) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%) Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs January February March April May June July August September October November December Source: India Metrological Department data from (except Humidity data which is ) Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district A and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-cambrian formation. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary alluvium. 51

58 Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m) Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble, gravel and Kankar Unconformity Pleistocene & Pleocene Siwalik Conglomerate, sandstone shale etc. Above 350 m Unconformity Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known Unconformity Archean Bundelkhand massit Granite Basement Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Soil Soils in sewerage district A usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface, with a thickness ranging between m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the banks/ flood plain of the rivers (Yamuna bank of District A), clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety. Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been presented in the Table 5.3 below: Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample S. No. Parameters Range of test results 1 Type Silty Clay 2 ph Bulk density (g/cm) Conductivity (µmhos/cm) Water holding capacity (% by mass) Organic matter (% by mass) Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 52

59 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality presented in this section is monitored under NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme) by CPCB and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have exceeded the annual average standards of 60 µg/m 3 from 2007 to The sulphur-di oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 20 µg/m 3. The nitrogen-dioxide (NO2) concentrations, though not exceeding the standards of 30µg/m 3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities. Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Location Square crossing circle of Laxmi talkies Bharat Yantra Nigam Ltd. Landuse Sulphurdi-oxide in µg/m 3 Nitrogendi-oxide in µg/m 3 Respirable Suspended particulate matter (RSPM or PM10) in µg/m 3 Mixed Residential Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in µg/m 3 National Ambient Residential Air Quality Standards ( 24 hourly) National Ambient Residential Air Quality Standards ( annual average ) Source: UP Pollution Control Board,

60 SO2 25 Concentraiton (µg/m³) Annual avg std. 50 µg/m³ (RSPM) NO2 PM10 45 Annual avg. std. 40 µg/m³ Concentraiton ( µg/m³) Co n cen traito n ( µ g/m ³) An nu al av g Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m 3 ) in Allahabad during Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Seasonal Variation Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death. 54

61 Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad Source: UP Pollution Control Board, Noise Environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do not come under sewerage district A except for Sulem Sarai but presents a credible data of expected noise level in similar settings. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively. 55

62 Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)] S.No. Location Levels in db(a) Leq* Day Night Average 1 Numaya Dahi Sulem Sarai Near Office DM Note: Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) * db(a) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Seasonal Variation The average day and night ambient noise levels monitored by UP Pollution Control board for residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during in Allahabad city are presented in Figure Noise levels in all areas are largely within the prescribed limits (Refer Figure 5.3) at most of the locations barring few readings Night Day Mar Oct Aug Apr Mar-10 26th April Nov Feb Jan Dec Sep Jul Jun May-10 Res Com Ind Sens 56 26th April Mar May Nov Jul Feb Jan Dec Sep Jun Apr Mar Oct-10 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, Aug-10

63 5.1.6 Water Environment Domestic water requirement of district A is met from both surface and ground water resources. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance and institutional demand), as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district A by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district A is approximately million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization. Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district A Location Population (as of 2010) Per capita water consumption per day as per DPR Sewerage District A of Allahabad city Total water consumption in million litres Surface Water An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which flows easterly. Yamuna River merges with River Ganga close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the district A and River Ganga is towards eastern side of sewerage district A, The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is about m 3 /s mainly during the months of August and September and the minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m 3 /s during April and May as shown in table

64 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m 3 /s) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 58

65 Surface Water Quality Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration has increased over the period of 2002 to The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the untreated sewage that has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some proportion from District A also. Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years 59

66 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Source: Ganga water quality trend, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution levels are very high 7. 7 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., Water quality of the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11:

67 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 Location BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) Ganga at Shastri Bridge (U/s sangam) Sangam Yamuna at Karella Bagh Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad Recent Data As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table 5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often found more than 3.0 mg/l, i.e. the water quality is above the permissible limit for bathing as well as for drinking water quality criteria of CPCB. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water as per the Indian standard code ranges from mg/l for drinking and bathing respectively. Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various domestic and industrial sources. Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 Parameters U/S Rasoolabad Rasoolabad Ghat, Ganga Main Sangam D/S Ganga on Mawaiya Ghat Ghat, Ganga Temp ( C ) ph DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) Alkalinity CaCO3 (mg/l) Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/l)

68 Magnesium as MgCO3 (mg/l) Conductivity (umho/cm) Total Coliform (PN/100 ml) Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Ground Water According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Allahabad city i. Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl 8 ii. Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and iii. Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl. The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are effluent in nature. Ground Water Quality 9 The ground water quality pre and post monsoon has shown small variation in quality as can be seen tabulation below and can be used for drinking with small treatment. Parameters Pre monsoon Post Monsoon ph Total Dissolved Solids ( TDS) in mg/l <1300 Hardness in mg/l to 1092 Conductivity in µmhos/cm Not Available BOD in mg/l Not Available COD in mg/l Not Available Fluoride in mg/l to 0.93 Phosphate in mg/l to 0.55 Pesticide in mg/l Absent Absent Iron in mg/l 6.25 Not Available 8 Meters below ground level 9 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar 62

69 5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, approximately percent of area in sewerage district A has storm drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon. Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (left) and flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district A (right) 63

70 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district A Waste Water Management As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Allahabad city. 64

71 Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar Wastewater generated from sewerage district A is mostly residential with limited commercial and nil industrial wastes. Table 5.10 below provides the wastewater characteristics of Chachar and Ghaghar nala located in sewer district A which indicates that waste water exceeds the General standard for discharge on inland surface water in terms of BOD and TSS. Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district A Parameter Chachar Nala Ghaghar nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB BOD(5 day sat C) (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) ph to 9.0 Temperature ( C) shall not exceed 5 C above the receiving water Source: DPR for Sewerage district A Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District A of Allahabad City,

72 As per 2010 population data, nearly mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district A which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been constructed in sewerage district A for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such drains. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to mld by the year 2025, thus creating a treatment capacity gap of mld Solid Waste Management As per Nagar Nigam, about MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and hospital wastes non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town. The solid waste from sewerage district A is mainly from residential areas and very little comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid waste generated from sewerage district A is approximately MT as shown in Table With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste. Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district A Location Population (as of 2010) Average solid waste generation Total solid waste generated in MT per capita per day Sewerage District A of Allahabad city

73 The solid waste management in sewerage district A is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district A are shown in Plate 5.3. Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom). As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of 67

74 wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city Biological Environment Green cover 1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district A. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district A is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park, Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district A 68

75 Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district A. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4. Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district A of Allahabad city. This district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals etc Flora Allahabad district as a whole has around hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century, patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and the southern tracts of tahsil Meja. Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district A of Allahabad city. The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area. The site also does not fall under India s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D) and their average distance from Allahabad. 69

76 Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city Source: Google Maps Fauna The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-yamuna tract than elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, As mentioned in section above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the sewerage district A and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality. 70

77 5.2 Baseline Social Status Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade In this particular decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown. Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state. Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled Tribe population (21.58%), consists primarily of the Chamar and Pasi castes. It also has a relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predictably, women fall far below the average at 46.38% while men are better in the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6 population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district s population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes to populations overall vulnerability. In the district, roughly half of all houses are permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage is considered temporary. 71

78 Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are very few. Medical facilities also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to Annexure (3). Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is 318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located in the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj, Minhajpur, Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar. Meera Gunj slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are many people who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S. (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation). 11 Allahabad s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project). Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A has been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey. The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described in the table below; 11 Source: - Allahabad City Profile February

79 Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use. Ward Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population Ref. No Civil Lines Mix Residential/Commercial, High income groups, heavy traffic, roads comparatively wider and better. Posh colony with a mix of commercial and residential. Not congested. Sewer line had been laid down before the rains causing a few problems to residents, shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area has not been properly laid back Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and low income groups. Congested Nyaymar Mostly Institutes and Government offices, g not congested 23 Krishna Mostly residential, some shops and Nagar institutes, banks, etc. Very congested 31 Medical Institutional area, not congested, few College residents 34 Minhaj Pur Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low income groups, very congested New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna Banks, Middle and low income groups, very congested Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle income groups, congested 55 Chaukhan Residential with markets, congested di 57 Sarai Garhi Middle and low income groups, extremely Congested Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), extremely congested Mostly residential, extremely Congested Khalashi Line 63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low income groups, Congested 67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in floors above shops), congested 68 Muthi Mostly Commercial (with a few residing Ganj in floors above shops), very congested 71 Narain Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and Singh low income groups, Congested Nagar 73

80 72 Sultanpur Commercial with mix of residential, very Bhawa congested 73 Malviya Mostly residential, Congested Nagar 74 Bahadur Extremely Congested Ganj 75 Meera Middle and low income groups, Slums, Ganj Congested 77 Bakshi Commercial, Middle and low income Bazaar groups, congested 78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income groups, larger Muslim population, Extremely congested 79 Attar Suiya Mostly residential, very congested Dayra Mix Residential/Commercial, Very Shah congested Azmal Sub Total (A) Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha). Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg, Medical College and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a density of people per hectare fall in district A. 74

81 Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A 75

82 Cultural Significance Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India s holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate 5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists. Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbh Public Consultation The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6. Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these 27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the fact stated by census of India also. All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project. 76

83 Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not. Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed the following result; Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase 77

84 The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed by noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is the next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged. Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Consult Place Date No. of Nature of Key issues raised ation no. Participants participants 1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents, shop keepers, women Execution to happen in time Construction should not happen in monsoon 2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix residential and commercial. 3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials visiting institutional area 4 Krishna Nagar 5 Medical College Traffic congestion Noise and dust during construction 22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, dust generation 22/8/11 4 Members of Noise and dust institutions, pollution. Debris is hospital staff not cleared on time 6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents : females Traffic congestion. But overall impact will be good 7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily life routine 8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents: females Traffic congestion, no prior information is provided to the residents 9 Chaukhan di 22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust generation 10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents, mobile vendors Traffic congestion, piles of excavated soil which is not disposed off 11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents, and pedestrians Traffic congestion and inconvenience to daily life 78

85 12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show owners 13 Khalashi Line Already congested area, so will be more chaotic 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion 14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group (residential and commercial) 15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents: female Traffic congestion Traffic congestion, dust, inconvenience in daily routine life 16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation 17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion 18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion 19 Narain Singh Nagar 20 Sultanpur Bhawa 21 Malviya Nagar 22 Bahadur Ganj 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust generation 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Dust generation 24 Bakshi Bazaar 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust generation 25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents: Female 27 Dayra 23/8/11 6 Mix group Shah (residential Azmal and commercial) Traffic congestion, Dust generation Traffic congestion 79

86 Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Any development projects have associated environmental and social positive and negative impacts. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started integrating measures in project design to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the major findings of field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social impacts due to proposed sewerage subproject in district A are identified and presented in following sections below. 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district A would influence the environment during all three following phases: During Design and Development phase During construction phase During operation phase Design and Development Phase Design with inadequate consideration to likely environmental impacts associated with construction and operation stages may lead to significant environmental impacts due to the projects. Anticipated impacts which either can be eliminated or minimize with design consideration are identified at design stage and required measures are integrated in the designs. The identified impacts requiring design stage considerations are stated below: Accidental leakages/burst in trunk sewerage line due to inadequate design ( nonconsideration of project population or sewage load) or lack of maintenance provisions. Sewage Pumping Station locational specific : noise and odour nuisance, tree cutting, Alignment planning considering least shifting of utilities Impacts during construction phase The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include: Approximately km long sewerage network Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS Sewer cleaning equipment The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below: 80

87 i) Environmental sensitive areas Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1)..The nearest eco-sensitive areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. Small residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4) are located in this area, which will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas. There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district A, except Sangam area which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI (Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort, Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of sewerage district A which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond it up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and construction. So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the sewer line falls within 200 m distance. ii) Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon monooxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of: Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level) Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2). Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO). A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. 81

88 iii) Noise levels The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations,. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district A, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani Nehru Hospital. Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan Temple, Masjid e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iv) Water resources From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways: Direct discharge from construction activities If the construction wastes and construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section of baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil Line area, Kydganj, etc. The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report. 12 Excavation may lead to damage to underground water supply lines or other utilities. As per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits 12 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District A by U P Jal Nigam,

89 indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district A (Naini STP) and would not be let into the Yamuna 13. Improved water quality provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that visit the city. v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has been suggested. Top soil productivity will also be lost, if it is not preserved separately. vi) Safety and traffic management: accidental damage due to erosion/sliding of vertical sides of excavated trenches while placing pipes, Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoon or blockage of surface drains. Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) Impacts during operation phase i) Water environment Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as: Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines. Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. ii) Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. 13 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad 83

90 iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station and STP It is possible that during the operation of pumping station and STP sludge generated may not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect. Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha 6.2 Potential Social Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district A would influence the social sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term. Social Impacts i. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti, Chaukhandi, Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc. ii. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests derouting of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained 84

91 that they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house. Commercial areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for such areas. This issue is discussed in the DPR. Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high iii. Impact on livelihood The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. 85

92 As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long duration of construction work. Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors iv. Impact on existing utility services The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue. v. Safety hazards There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR. vi. Elevated Noise Levels Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around 86