Application of Affordable Technologies and Science for Developing Societies

Transcription

1 Experience in Sustainable Building Design in India Application of Affordable Technologies and Science for Developing Societies Ashok Lall G STIC Conference Brussels October 2107

2 Overview Integrated Design Buildings and Urban fabric Looming Challenges and the urgency of State Legislation

3 Largest 20 Urban Agglomerations by Population: 2011

4 Owen Barder, Alice Lepissier, Center for Global Development and Alex Evans, Centre for International Cooperation New York University

5 Urbanization in India

6 The Multiplier Effect of Embodied Energy in Construction Materials and Methods 50% addition of built-space to existing stock X 50% increase in embodied energy per unit area X over 63 cities of 1 million plus population today COMPRESSED INTO ONE DECADE! We can surmise that we have an explosion of CO 2 emission on our hands.

7 Integrated Design Commercial Buildings Climate responsive envelope Exploiting mixed mode potential with adaptive comfort Interaction of thermal mass Air movement for comfort Low embodied energy construction and structural systems

8 Active Cooling System Layers Evap cooler Air movement - Ceiling fan Evaporative Cooling positive pressure mode

9 DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

10 DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

11 S O U T H ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE Orientation and shading Prioritizing passive means for reducing W E S T operational energy demand. Sheltered Courtyard E A S T N O R T H Shaded North and South Outer East and West faces protected. DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

12 INDOOR CLIMATE CONTROL GRADED CLIMATE CONTROL BRIEF 1. Work spaces Good 2. Connecting passage Moderate 3. Ancilary spaces Exhaust vent AHU Conditioned air discharge near floor level at columns DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

13 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE Systems Integration Indoor climate control + Building fabric + Work place fan Large mass internal fabric insulated from outside interacts with conditioned air flow to act as thermal fly wheel and store Day light reflector Mud block inner leaf of wall acts as humidity fly wheel Openable inner leaf of window DA WORLD HQ, DELHI

14 STRUCTURE RCC frame Ferro cement channels Shallow domes S E C T I O N F C CHANNELS MASONARY DOMES P L A N DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

15 DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES WORLD HQ, DELHI

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17 Reduction in embodied energy % COMPARED TO BUSINESS AS USUAL % saving Structural system Masonry infill Windows/Doors

18 Weight Material of materials distribution by mass % in kg Others 1.34% Cement 7.75% Bricks/Blocks 44.18% Stone 6.43% Glass 0.16% Sand 15.95% Aggregate 20.87% Steel 2.86% Timber/Wood 0.47% Others 0.67% Ferro cement concrete 3.98% Cement Sand Aggregate Steel Timber/Wood Glass Stone Bricks/Blocks Others Stone 12.16% Glass 0.29% Tiles 1.57% Bricks/Blocks 7.43% Timber/Wood 0.27% Embodied energy % Material distribution by embodied energy % Stone 2.46% Glass 2.19% Cost of materials Cement 13.96% Sand 3.39% Aggregate 5.47% Timber/Wood 16.36% Bricks/Blocks 8.16% Others 4.11% Cement Sand Aggregate Steel 63.26% Timber/Wood Steel Cement 18.35% Ferro cement concrete Others Glass Stone ANALYSIS Sand 0.00% Aggregate 1.20% Steel 34.71% Cost distribution by material % Tiles Bricks/Blocks

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20 RADIANT COOLING PIPING LAYOUT Proposal for the REHAU core temperature control (CCTC) pipe size: RAUTHERM S 20x2,0mm pipe spacing: 15cm, pipe mounted on the lower reinforcement This piping layout of the CCTC is a first proposal, it has to be clarified: - occupied areas - distances to structural walls and beams - distances to ducts and air outlets - flow rate - position of the manifolds, in this proposal: manifold in the suspended ceiling below the chilled slab - pipe position in the concreted slab SECTION OF THE SLAB: pipes near the manifold with a spacing of less than 15cm and pipes outside the chilled slab led in corrugated pipe The position and size of the space for air conditioning or air outlets has to be checked

21 REFELECTED CEILING PLAN The planning of the structural system, external windows, placement of lights and fans in the slab and other services is such that each sub-divided space continues of receive: Radiant cooling for the RCC slab. Fresh Air Supply Daylight from the windows Artificial lighting Ceiling Fan Sprinkler system Fire Detector

22 COLUMN PLACEMENT AND VERTICAL DUCT LOCATIONS

23 COLUMN PLACEMENT AND VERTICAL DUCT LOCATIONS

24 DUCTING LAYOUT AND AIR FLOW Chilled and desiccated fresh air is released into the condition space near the floor. Fresh Air Supply grille Fresh Air Supply system takes care of latent load, whereas Radiant Cooling from the ceiling and the floor takes care of the sensible load

25 ADVANTAGES: Air can be supplied at 18 o C to 20 o C as against 12 o C to 15 o C in conventional upper level air supply systems. Therefore, Cooling energy is saved. Fresh Air distribution is more effective. Due to circulation of air through the space being partially supported by natural buoyancy, less air circulation power is needed. DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION Chilled fresh air supply close of the floor will pick up heat at the people and machine occupation and rise up to the ceiling to be returned to the AHU.

26 Partition Layout

27 PARTITIONS The structural and the Air distribution system permits flexibility in partitioning of the office space. Each sub-divided space continues of receive: Radiant cooling for the RCC slab. Fresh Air Supply Daylight from the windows Artificial lighting Ceiling Fan Sprinkler system Fire Detector Ground Floor

28 PARTITIONS The structural and the Air distribution system permits flexibility in partitioning of the office space. Each sub-divided space continues of receive: Radiant cooling for the RCC slab. Fresh Air Supply Daylight from the windows Artificial lighting Ceiling Fan Sprinkler system Fire Detector First and Second Floor

29 PARTITIONS The structural and the Air distribution system permits flexibility in partitioning of the office space. Each sub-divided space continues of receive: Radiant cooling for the RCC slab. Fresh Air Supply Daylight from the windows Artificial lighting Ceiling Fan Sprinkler system Fire Detector Third Floor

30 INTERIORS AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS : FOURTH FLOOR Air temp Air temp Air temp Conference Room Corridor Outdoor NOTE : The cooling system on this floor ( Top Floor ) had not been turned on Surface temperature of Wall, Floor and Ceiling Air temperature

31 TIPL OFFICE Terrace Garden Terrace Garden Offic e Offi ce Offi ce Offi ce Offic e Offi ce Offi ce Offi ce Park ing Offi ce Open to sky landscaped court Offi ce Offi ce Entra nce Product Display Area

32 OFFICE Building Envelope Overall Building TERRACE GARDEN Insulates the building structure against heat ingress from the roof WALL INSULATION XPS insulation forms the building envelope BASE INSULATION Insulates the building structure against losing heat or coolth to the ground

33 OFFICE Building Envelope Wall Insulation Truss Reinforced Insulated Concrete Eco-Wall developed by Braj Green Product, India Ensures quick construction EPS is almost impermeable having a mere 2% water absorption Fire rating of over 2 hours with a 2 protective cover of concrete on either side Effective sound attenuation(sound transmission class of above 50STC) Structurally sound system of construction Initial Installati on Concret e Spraying

34 OFFICE Daylighting Summer Season High altitude summer sun (84 ) LIGHT SHELF Distributes glarefree daylight into the depths of the habitable spaces SHADING DEVICE Shading against direct solar radiance is provided by overhangs and projections

35 OFFICE Daylighting Winter Season Low altitude winter sun (45 ) LIGHT SHELF Distributes glarefree daylight into the depths of the habitable spaces SHADING DEVICE Shading against direct solar radiance is provided by overhangs and projections

36 OFFICE Passive cooling/ Active Free Cooling PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM ACTIVE FREE COOLING SYSTEM NATURAL VENTILATION Windows on opposite walls induce natural ventilation MECHANICALLY AIDED VENTILATION Used when natural ventilation is inadequate even in cool weather

37 OFFICE Active cooling system RADIANT COOLING Radiant cooling handles the sensible heat load FRESH AIR DUCTED SUPPLY Fresh air supply also handles the latent heat load

38 OFFICE Radiant Heating System RADIANT HEATING The pipes in the slab circulate heated water, thus warming the interiors FRESH AIR DUCTED SUPPLY Provides tempered fresh air

39 100 Kw Solar PV C o u r t y a r d

40 Office Block L o o k i n g i n t o t h e c o u r t y a r d

41 Integrated Design Urban Fabric Climate responsive urban public realm Shade canopy of Solar PV Roof gardens Air movement Pedestrianisation

42 Site Plan- PV Roof Presidential Estate 5 MW S P P P The Energy And Resources Institute Ashok B Lall Architects

43 Photovoltaic trees for shade and electricity

44 IIPH, GANDHINAGAR

45 IIPH, GANDHINAGAR Academic Concourse bridging faculty rooms with teaching rooms over a student s canyon that steps down with the slope of the hill Downdraft Cooling tower which marks the entrance of the building is a 3 story high structure with a umbrella skylight and a ventilation system to cool the reception space

46 Integrated Design Affordable Homes Climate responsive urban public realm Shade canopy of Solar PV Roof gardens Air movement Pedestrianisation

47 Percentage The bulk of shortage is for Households with incomes between Rs to Rs a month A f f o r d a b l e H o u s i n g d e m a n d HOUSING SHORTAGE & AFFORDABILITY (HOUSEHOLD INCOMES FROM Rs /MONTH TO Rs /MONTH) Income (Rs)/month 0 to 10K 10 to 20K

48 THERMAL COMFORT STUDY West Façade 12:00 Noon to 6:00 a.m. June 21st FINDING Worst Façade. Mostly exposed to sun. Resulting in maximum thermal discomfort. Additional shading measures are required to improve the overall Indoor comfort. POSSIBLE SOLUTION Shading Devices with: Appropriate Material Sizing Strength Provision for safety, AC, Grill, plants, clothes-line etc

49 Design recommendations for thermal comfort Reduce heat gains from the sun through windows Optimize the size of windows, as glass transfers 3-6 times more heat than walls Shade the window- use external movable shading or partially opaque shutters TERRIBLE DESIGN READYING FOR SALE! UNFORTUNATE RESIDENTS DESPERATELY COVERING UP FOR BAD DESIGN

50 FINDING Heat gain from roof and solar gain from windows are critical Reasonable insulation of external walls and cross ventilation are essential THERMAL COMFORT STUDY

51 Design recommendations for thermal comfort Use of Chiks is a very affordable way of reducing heat gain of buildings, it also allows for ventilation and provides privacy Partially opaque shutters also help in minimizing heat ingress.

52 Design recommendations for thermal comfort Reduce heat gains through the roof and walls Insulate / shade roof. Reflective roof finish Insulate / shade walls

53 Design recommendations for thermal comfort Optimize cross ventilation through all habitable rooms Location, sizing and openability of windows to improve natural cross ventilation Low-energy assisted ventilation features for high density developments

54 Low rise(<16.5m), Medium rise( m) High Rise(>25m) Evaluating the common typologies of urban housing over three scales Building Level Neighbourhood Level City Level

55 Embodied Energy Efficiency CO 2 emissions (kgco 2 /m 2 CO 2 emissions (kgco 2 /m 2 Given the same walling material, the taller our buildings are, greater will be the CO 2 emissions, due to higher steel and cement content. As we go from low-rise to mid-rise and high-rise buildings, CO 2 emissions will increase around 15% and 35% respectively. The CO 2 emissions are higher if we use brick and monolithic concrete instead use AAC/Hollow-core/Fly ash bricks/ Hollow-core/ Hollow burnt- clay brick

56 Energy (kwh/du) Operational Energy Efficiency Increase in common service energy (pump + lift) by 4 to 5 times as we go from low-rise to high rise

57 Rooftop Solar Potential 80% of the energy requirement in a low-rise building can be met by rooftop solar energy. Low rise buildings have the potential to be Net Zero due to better Rooftop Area to Electricity Demand Ratio. Building higher decreases Solar potential.

58 Comparison of Building Typologies The high rise development is least suitable from a Low Carbon perspective and thus should be avoided. The preferred typology should be Low rise but if Land Cost are very high one may go for a Medium Rise.

59 MLDL AVADI, CHENNAI

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61 MLDL AVADI, CHENNAI

62 MLDL AVADI, CHENNAI

63 Low Carbon Affordable Urban Fabric DU/Ha 400 LOW RISE -HIGH DENSITY Open Space/DU- 15m 2 Construction Cost- Rs /sqm Quick construction time with rationalized simple building technologies Best opportunity for wealth distribution through construction process 3 million tonnes less of CO 2 emissions, if Low rise format is used instead of High Rise for the state of Gujarat in meeting the Affordable Housing shortfall 80% Solar Potential for renewable energy from rooftops

64 Sustainable Development Goals Affordable homes at locations of employment and economic opportunity with access to public transport and social amenities. Livelihoods in an inclusive construction economy Resilience of urban living in cases of infrastructure breakdown and disasters, with sufficiency of habitable space and environmental security water, air, recycled waste. Use of low-carbon and resource-efficient modes of production for construction of housing and selecting building types for minimum operational energy. Build-in resilience against extreme events, shade and green for a habitable outdoors against heat waves, aggregate rain harvest and water efficiency, minimize hard ground and motor vehicles for low UHI

65 SMART BEGINNING Urban development controls and land policy for affordable low-rise high density urban fabric for housing Energy Conservation Building Code Residential (for group housing) Start with Code for Building Envelope Follow up with Code for Embodied Energy Steel, Cement Concrete

66 Affordability and Sustainability Affordability Affordability Cost Location Sustainability Resource Efficiency Land Energy Low Carbon Material Transport A combination of resource-efficient and low-carbon construction with compact urban morphology and low-carbon city transport produces low carbon and affordable urban systems.