PROBLEM TREE - SANITATION

Transcription

1 PROBLEM TREE - SANITATION Coverage of HH is poor (HHs do not make improvements to progress along sanitation ladder) Latrine use are poor (non-exclusive use of for defecation & urination) Latrines not upgraded Latrines fall into disrepair Latrine not initially constructed / No demand to initially construct improved Attitudes support OD Not a norm to exclusively use Lack capability to exclusively use No demand for different designs Lack about how to progress along sanitation ladder Latrines not made from strong/sustainable material Lack capacity to construct from sustainable materials (e.g., cement, tin) Misguided HH and HEW perceptions about what constitutes an improved Latrines not reconstructed when destroyed do not capacity to keep rebuilding Cannot afford (links to use side of tree) HEWs not able about what constitutes an improved Latrines poorly maintained HH regarding O&M HEWs do not counsel HHs on strategies related to construction, repair, and upgrading Cattle/oxen destroy Unfavorable environmental Poor hydrogeological Loose/rocky soil HEWs do not the tools necessary for educating HHs on construction, repair, and upgrading Not physically able to construct Ants & termites destroy High water table Do not perceive capacity to construct Lack local installation capacity (i.e., skilled masons) Lack access to resources needed to construct Backlash from neighbors (perception constructed nearby will impact flooding) lack of adequate land/space for cooperation from kebele leaders to allocate land for Cannot spend away from field Latrines perceived to be expensive Gov t assistance not enough to build proper Opportunity cost to construct is perceived to be too high Takes too much to construct Latrine construction not prioritized Conflicting financial interests (e.g., school fees) Cannot afford Women do not realize they can defecate any they want (no need to follow program ) Poor attitudes toward use around benefits to use Cannot afford to pay laborers to build HH People do not like using around health benefits of women that they still cannot break program when access to Do not internalize health risk associated with OD Able to privacy during OD around nonhealth benefits People prefer OD Do not consider benefits of using during rainy season (avoid mud) Feel comfortable defecating/urinating around HH negative experience with Latrine is dirty/smelly Taught to OD since Negative attitudes around collecting feces in one place (like animal) Latrine gets destroyed repeatedly Part of culture for women to OD in field on tela days OD is common practice Do not feel safe using that only educated/wealthy people use No social pressure to exclusively use Embarrassed to use of friend/neighbor No positive social benefit to use Not embarrassing to OD Not physically able to use Difficult for elderly and persons living with disabilities Difficult for small children Latrine not constructed Don t access to functional not Latrine not maintained properly for sustained use (links to coverage side of tree) not in public places scarcity not for anal cleansing Insufficient quantity (links to personal hygiene tree) not for cleaning HEWs do not receive adequate and/or sustained training HEWs do not supportive supervision Engrained habit (that is socially based) for women to follow the program and only defecate in early morning or evening Heat during dry season amplifies pit smell People miss the hole Latrine pit used for waste disposal Latrine not properly cleaned and operated (throw ash after use) Latrine not initially constructed / No demand to initially construct (links to coverage side of tree) Links to water not for cleaning regarding O&M (links to coverage side of tree)

2 SOLUTION TREE - SANITATION Coverage of HH is high (HHs make improvements and continued repairs to progress along sanitation ladder) Latrine use are improved (exclusive use of for defecation & urination) Latrines are upgraded Latrines are maintained Latrines are initially constructed / Demand to initially construct improved Attitudes support exclusive use Norms support exclusive use All people are able to exclusively use Supply chain in place to support different designs Demand for different designs HEWs and HHs know WHERE to access materials for different designs Can afford (links to use side of tree) Latrines made or upgraded from strong/sustainable material HH about how to progress along sanitation ladder Sanitation marketing in place to drive down cost of building materials Latrines reconstructed when destroyed HH with capacity to construct from sustainable materials (e.g., cement, tin) Accurate perceptions regarding what constitutes an improved capacity to keep rebuilding Private sector provides construction, repair, and maintenance support HEWs/HDAs/Religious Leaders/Other community change agents are able about what constitutes an improved Steps taken to prevent cattle/oxen from destroying Knowledge regarding O&M Sanitation technology are appropriate for the hydrogeological HEWs and other community change agents counsel/support HHs on strategies related to construction, repair, upgrading (and provide continuous follow-up) Skills in place to carry out O&M HEWs the tools necessary for educating HHs on constructing, maintaining, upgrading HH Steps taken to prevent ants & termites from destroying Favorable environmental Action on how and where to construct Transportation for sanitation products HEWs sufficiently motivated to provide support and services to community Microfinance support in place Physically able to construct (or support) there is capacity to construct Local installation capacity (i.e., skilled masons) Markets stock materials at affordable prices Access to resources needed to construct ability to spend away from field there is adequate land/ space for Cooperation from kebele leaders to allocate land for Supportive neighbors that it does not take too much to construct Latrines perceived as affordable Gov t assistance sufficient for building improved Opportunity cost to construct is perceived to be low affordability of Latrine construction prioritized No conflicting financial interests / Prioritize funds for construction Women realize they can defecate whenever they would like (no need to follow program ) affordability of laborers to build HH Positive attitudes towards use Knowledge regarding benefits to use Knowledgeable about health benefits of of women that they can break program when access to People like using Internalize health risk associated with OD Knowledge around nonhealth benefits People consider the benefits of using during rainy season (avoid mud) OD does not provide privacy positive experience People prefer use over OD Do not feel comfortable ODing/urinating around HH Latrine is clean/does not smell Taught to use since Positive attitudes regarding collecting and isolating feces in one place (not seen like animal) Latrine is long-lasting Latrine use is common practice Part of culture for community to always use, even on tela days Everyone feels safe using Latrines give people status/prestige Social pressure to exclusively use that rural farmers use Latrine design makes it easy for elderly and persons living with disability to use Acceptable to use friends and neighbors (part of culture) Physically able to use Embarrassing to OD Latrine design makes it easy for small children to use Latrine constructed Access to functional Latrine maintained properly for sustained use (links to coverage side of tree) in public places for use needs for anal cleansing Sufficient quantity (links to personal hygiene tree) for cleaning HEWs/HDAs/Religious Leaders/Other community change agents receive adequate training and refresher trainings HEWs/HDAs/Religious Leaders/Other community change agents supportive supervision Habit for women to defecate whenever they the urge Methods used during dry season to prevent pit smell People do not miss the hole (i.e., use the properly) Latrine pit not used for solid waste disposal Latrine properly cleaned and operated (throw ash after use) Latrines initially constructed / Demand to initially construct improved (links to coverage side of tree) Links to water for cleaning People able regarding O&M (links to coverage side of tree)

3 PROBLEM TREE - PERSONAL HYGIENE Personal hygiene are not sufficient for preventing disease (Practices of interest: facewashing when dirty, handwashing before eating, handwashing before food prep, handwashing after defecation) capability to practice Insufficient cues to action for not viewed as important are not sustained (behavioral slippage) not for Soap not for HW Do not know when and how to +Insufficient cues to action for HW before eating and food prep *No cues to action for FW +Insufficient cues to action for HW after defecation Poor perception of health risk related to not not a (collective) habit not a norm No established routine for recovery from personal setbacks to recovery from external obstacles hindering Insufficient quantity not for men when in the field Insufficient quality not at home Soap is prioritized for other activities Soap not sold at nearby shops (trip to town) quality is poor Cannot afford to buy soap Cannot afford enough soap for all HH members +Do not know to wash hands with soap or soap alternative Soap perceived to be expensive *Do not know to wash face whenever dirty that takes too much No in morning for (prioritize field / HH chores) * that facewashing with water alone cannot improve facial cleanliness +Do not view some HW key moments as important as others (e.g., HW before entering the kitchen, but not after defecating) Understand health benefits but still do not practice (risk not internalized) Do not understand health benefits of generations did not and survived *FW not emphasized during *Face cleaning without water is current habit (rub eyes/wipe eyes) +HW after defecation especially not a habit Women who maintain cleanliness are lazy (especially during dry season) daily facewashing is only done by wealthy farmers Farmers social norm to be dirty +Farmers view dirt under their fingernails as a sign of hard work habituation commitment to sustaining improved Insufficient planning to address arising obstacles inability to recover practice after experiencing setbacks inability to continue practice as obstacles arise water should be prioritized for other HH needs requires too much water scarcity is difficult to collect Rainy season, water is muddy Dry season, water is full of insects prioritized for drinking (esp. during water shortage) Hydrogeological constraints Population constraints (more people living in gott now -> less water ) Drought source far away Difficult to fetch enough water for all HH hygiene needs Takes too much to collect difficult to get clean with muddy/insect-ridden water HEWs do not focus on improved FW when counseling HHs Queuing Walking Fill HEWs not able about how to promote improved FW HEWs do not receive adequate and/or sustained training on how to promote improved FW HEP/CLTSH does not incorporate FW HEWs do not the tools to promote improved FW PROBLEM TREE KEY: FW = face washing HW = handwashing HH = household * = only relevant to FW + = only relevant to HW

4 SOLUTION TREE - PERSONAL HYGIENE Personal hygiene are sufficient for preventing disease (Practices of interest: facewashing when dirty, handwashing before eating, handwashing before food prep, handwashing after defecation) Ability to practice Sufficient cues to action for viewed as important are sustained (behavioral maintenance) for Soap/soap for HW Know when and how to +Sufficient cues to action for HW before eating and food prep *Cues to action for FW +Sufficient cues to action for HW after defecation (e.g. tippy tap) Accurate perception of health risk related to not is a (collective) habit is a norm Established routine for Recovery from personal setbacks to Recovery from external obstacles hindering Sufficient quantity for men when in the field Sufficient quality Soap/soap is prioritized for HW at home Soap sold at nearby shops quality is good Can afford to buy soap/soap Can afford enough soap/soap for all HH members +Know to wash hands with soap/soap Soap/soap perceived to be affordable *Know to wash face whenever dirty Sanitation marketing in place to drive down cost of soap/soap that does not take much * facewashing with water alone can improve facial cleanliness that there is sufficient in morning for (prioritize FW / HW) +View all HW moments as important Internalize health risks related to not of the health severity related to not Understand health benefits of generations practicing *FW emphasized during *Face cleaning with water is current habit +HW after defecation is a habit Women who maintain cleanliness are healthy and good +Farmers view dirt under their fingernails as harmful to health daily face washing is done by all farmers Farmers social norm to be clean Community change agents follow-up on Habituation Commitment to sustaining improved Plan for addressing arising obstacles ability to recover practice after experiencing setbacks ability to continue practice as obstacles arise water should be allocated for requires little water abundant in environment is easy to collect Rainy season, water appears clean Dry season, water appears clean HEWs/HDAs/Religious are counseling Leaders/Other community HHs change on improved agents appropriately incorporate facewashing FW when counseling HHs Good hydrogeological Enough water to meet needs of growing population No drought source nearby Can easily fetch enough water for all HH hygiene needs Does not take much to collect Feasible methods to filter water and address turbidity HEWs Community are able change agents about are able how to promote about improved how to promote facewashing improved FW Queuing Walking Fill Community HEWs change are trained agents to receive Community HEWs change the tools agents to adequate promote and/or sustained improved training promote the tools improved to promote on how facewashing to promote improved FW improved facewashing FW HEP/CLTSH HEP/CLTSH incorporate incorporates FW facewashing SOLUTION TREE KEY: FW = face washing HW = handwashing HH = household * = only relevant to FW + = only relevant to HW

5 PROBLEM TREE HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Households do not clean s (high exposure to animal feces, especially small children) Not all animal feces are perceived to be harmful Common practice for animals to live in close quarters to HH members (increases exposure to animal feces and related vectors) Do not prioritize cleaning up animal feces No designated pit for disposal Feces from chickens may be seen as less harmful than feces from dogs, cats and other animals Cow dung viewed as important fuel source rather than harmful to health (women and girls prepare patties with bare hands but do not wash hands afterwards) Sleeping space for cattle, oxen and donkeys shares wall with living room (defecate near living room) Dogs act as guard requires them to free range around HH (defecate around ) Roosting shelves built into living room walls for chickens (defecate in living room) Not perceived as important to clean up animal feces in Farming tasks and other household chores are prioritized that clean up of animal feces is only the duty of women No norms around HH cleanliness, with regard to regarding disposal regarding health risk to different animal feces People feel a sense of closeness to their livestock Fear animals will be stolen if housed in separate enclosure Do not money to build separate enclosure awareness around the concept of chicken coops Do not view chicken coops as important or necessary regarding health risks related to vectors sustained by standing regarding how and when to appropriately dispose of Perceive too expensive to construct separate enclosure for housing animals Cannot afford to purchase the construction materials (wood and metal sheets are expensive) Opportunity cost to construct is perceived to be too high Lack access to resources needed to construct Cannot spend away from field Takes too much to construct separate enclosure

6 SOLUTION TREE HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Households clean s (low exposure to animal feces, especially small children) All animal feces are perceived to be harmful Common practice for animals to live in separate enclosure from HH members (decreases exposure to animal feces and related vectors) Prioritize cleaning up animal feces Designated pit for disposal Feces from chickens seen as just as harmful as feces from dogs, cats and other animals Cow dung viewed as important fuel source but also harmful to health (women and girls prepare patties with bare hands but wash hands afterwards) Cattle, oxen and donkeys sleep in separate enclosure (not able to defecate near living room) Dogs act as guard requires them to free range around HH (feces cleaned up with spade/hoe and disposed away from ) Chickens housed in coop outside of main living space (not able to defecate in living room) as important to clean up animal feces in Cleaning of animal feces given priority (alongside farming tasks and other household chores) that clean up of animal feces is the duty of both men and women in the HH Norms around HH cleanliness, with regard to Knowledge regarding disposal Skills around construction of waster disposal pit Knowledge around health risk to different animal feces People care more about the health risk rather than wanting a sense of closeness to their livestock Do not fear animals will be stolen (e.g. confidence in dog guard, lock on enclosure) Have money to build separate enclosure Awareness around the concept of chicken coops View chicken coops as important or necessary Knowledge regarding health risks related to vectors sustained by standing Knowledge regarding how and when to appropriately dispose of solid/liquid waste Perceive construction of separate enclosure is affordable Can afford to purchase the construction materials (wood and metal sheets are expensive) Opportunity cost to construct is perceived to be low Access to resources needed to construct Able to spend away from field Does not take much to construct separate enclosure