Environmental Sciences and Ecology (URP 121) Joy Obadoba, 2018

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1 Joy Obadoba, 2018

2 Goal: Understand principles and methods of Environmental conservation and applying the knowledge to urban planning What is the ecosystem? Learning out come Appreciate the environment Plan along with nature Become responsive to environmental changes Become adaptive to climatic conditions Be innovative Joy Obadoba, 2018

3 Ecology is the science which studies the biota, the environment, and their interactions. It comes from the Greek oikos = house; logos = study. Ecology is the study of ecosystems. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Ecology studies organic life, examining such elements as spatial distribution (local or general) abundance and their relationship with the environment. This includes their interaction with other organisms within that environment - essentially their interrelatedness as a functioning network JOY OBADOBA, 2018

4 Branches of Ecology Applied Ecology Biogeochemistry Biogeography Conservation Ecology Community Ecology Evolutionary Ecology (Also Known as Eco evolution) Ecotoxicology Global Ecology Human Ecology Landscape ecology Population Ecology Urban Ecology Soil Ecology Marine and Aquatic Ecology Joy Obadoba, 2018

5 Relevance of Ecosystem to Physical Planning Population studies- population is constantly increasing and has adverse impact on the environment. Urban Dynamism: Urbanism is a small part of the human time frame, but urban environments are complex ecologies requiring separate study. Biodiversity: various component of environmental resources can be preserved for life sustenance. Employment Opportunities vital for plant life upon which the entire food chain is dependent i.e soil Joy Obadoba, 2018

6 Ecological footprint: it helps to calculate the human ecological footprint in the environment. The ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, i.e., the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. Joy Obadoba, 2018

7 Environmental Conservation Conservation is the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits. Joy Obadoba, 2018

8 Preservation, in contrast to conservation, attempts to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans. This is due to the concern that mankind is encroaching onto the environment at such a rate that many untamed landscapes are being given over to farming, industry, housing, tourism and other human developments, and that we our losing too much of what is 'natural'. Joy Obadoba, 2018

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11 How to Conserve Environmental Resources Practice habits that are part of conservational efforts e.g. Grow your own food, Plant a tree, Walk, Ride bicycle, use shared transportation where possible. Protect the environment through soil composting Plant a tree Avoid deforestation Talk to other people about environmental conservation e.g. Earth day Quit smoking Conserve water Conserve energy Learn to up cycle Avoid plastic water bottles and paper bags often Be kind to others

12 Environmental Pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse changes to occur. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Environmental pollution therefore is the release of chemical waste that causes detrimental effects on the environment. Pollutants on the other hand, are the components of pollution, they can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is also, A substance or condition that contaminates air, water, or soil. Pollutants can be artificial substances, such as pesticides and PCBs, or naturally occurring substances, such as oil or carbon dioxide, that occur in harmful concentrations in a given environment.

13 Source: Google images.

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15 Types of Pollution Air pollution Water pollution Soil Pollution Light Pollution Thermal Pollution Noise pollution Radioactive pollution. Common Air pollutants Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Ozone (O3) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

16 Effects of Pollution on the Physical and Human Environment

17 Natural Resources and Environmental Hazard Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind.

18 Types of Resources By Origin * * Biotic resources * * Abiotic resources By Stage of development * Actual Resources * Potential Resources * Reserved Resources * Stock Resources By their Renewability * Renewable Resources * Non- Renewable Resources

19 Usefulness of Natural Resources The soil serve as base for all human and plant activities Water is required by man, animals and plants Resources are the main basis for natural existence.

20 Environmental Hazard An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment / or adversely affect people's health, including pollution and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes. "Environmental hazard" means one or a group of toxic chemical, biological, or physical agents in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, that may impact the health of exposed children, including such pollutants as lead, pesticides, air pollutants, contaminated drinking water, polluted waters, toxic waste, polychlorinated biphenyls, second hand tobacco smoke, and industrial and home chemicals.

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