Urban air pollution in developing countries: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines

Transcription

1 Urban air pollution in developing countries: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines Honey Dawn C. Alas Presenting author Simonas Kecorius*, Honey Dawn Alas, Leizel Madueño, Thomas Müller, Wolfram Birmili, Edgar Vallar, James Bernard B. Simpas, Everlyn Gayle T. Tamayo, Mylene G. Cayetano, and Alfred Wiedensohler 1

2 Motivation 92% air pollution related deaths occur in low and middle income countries 2 out of 3 deaths occur Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions Source: Source: WHO (2016, September 27) 2

3 Motivation PM 2.5 and air pollution related deaths 62 8 WORSEN IMPROVED 25 out of 140 countries reported a decrease in PM2.5 from but an increase in total deaths due to air pollution 21 of those are DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PHILIPPINES Annual PM 2.5 (µg/m³) DEATHS Source: The Cost of Air Pollution, The World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,

4 Motivation Mean Annual PM 2.5 Annual limit 24 hr limit Mean Annual BC 2 nd highest BC concentration Source: Hopke et al.,

5 Motivation and Objectives Cardiovascular diseases carcinogenic components toxic materials and heavy metals Health effect associated with short term exposure to BC is more robust than PM BC is a better indicator of harmful particulate substances from combustion sources than undifferentiated PM mass (WHO, 2012) To determine soot properties and its sources in a megacity To determine the spatial and temporal variability of soot in a megacity To estimate excess lifetime cancer risk of the populace in megacities Source: WHO (2016, September 27) Source: The Cost of Air Pollution, The World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,

6 Study Domain: Metro Manila, Philippines Source: PSA Source: DENR EMB JAPAN CHINA 12.8 Million PHILIPPINE SEA MANILA BAY METRO MANILA (17 Cities) MALAYSIA INDONESIA 20,785 persons/km 2 LAGUNA BAY Traffic Reduction Policies: Number Coding Scheme ex. ABC 001 Mondays Truck Ban Policy No trucks: 6 9AM and 5 9PM 2.3 Million Source: LTO 90% of emissions Mobile sources 6

7 The Campaign FIXED: Urban background station UBS Manila Aerosol Characterization Experiment MACE 2015 SEMI FIXED: Subsequent Roadside Sites RS MOBILE: Fixed Route TROPOS Aerosol Container 7

8 MACE 2015 Experiment Design Measurement Sites MO Urban background station (MO UBS) KAT RS TAFT RS MO UBS KAT RS MO UBS MANILA BAY MAIN ROADS CAMPUS LAGUNA BAY PERIOD: April 1 June 5,

9 MACE 2015 Experiment Design Measurement Sites KAT RS Roadside Sites TAFT RS KAT RS TAFT RS MO UBS MANILA BAY LAGUNA BAY PERIOD: April 1 May 5 8 lane road West: buildings East: university campuses MO UBS PERIOD: May 17 June 10 4 to 6 lane road STREET CANYON + railway 9

10 MACE 2015 Experiment Design Instrumentation ebc equivalent black carbon Soot carbonaceous particles formed from incomplete combustion PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carcinogenic component of soot BaP benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic to humans BaP eq benzo(a)pyrene equivalent relative carcinogenic potency of PAH compounds in reference to BaP PARAMETER INSTRUMENT UBS AEROSOL CONTAINER Black carbon (ebc) Mixing state of refractory particles Particle number concentration PAHs MAAP Multi angle absorption photometer TROPOS VTDMA Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer TROPOS MPSS Mobility Particle Size Spectrometer 5 Stage Cascade Berner Impactor 10

11 MACE 2015 Experiment Design Instrumentation TROPOS AEROSOL BACKPACK v.1 PARAMETER Black carbon (ebc) Particle Number Concentration Particle Number Size Distribution Position INSTRUMENT AE51 microaeth MCPC Condensation Particle Counter TSI OPSS 3330 Optical Particle Size Spectrometer GPS 11

12 RESULTS 12

13 Results: ebc in Metro Manila TRUCK BAN WINDOW NUMBER CODING TRUCK BAN WINDOW NUMBER CODING TRUCK BAN WINDOW UBS: boundary layer height Roadside: RS: Vehicle emissions?? Traffic scheme/policy Vehicle fleet Street configuration TRAFFIC REDUCING SCHEMES Time (hour) IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY 13

14 Results: ebc in Metro Manila vs Other Cities This Study Hung et al., 2014 Cao et al., 2009 Asia Song et al., 2013 Part et al., 2002 Lee et al., 2007 Part et al., 2002 TROPOS Europe ebc mass concentration is up to 30 times higher than in Western countries Daily mean BC BC in µg/m³ 14

15 Results: Soot Size distribution number and volume Soot particle NUMBER concentration Soot particle VOLUME concentration ~ #/cm 3 Soot: ~70% of PM 1 15

16 Results: Size Segregated Emission factors Light duty vehicles (LDV + passenger cars) Jeepney 80% 20% Vehicle Type PM soot g/km PN soot, #/km LDV + PC Jeepneys Average fleet Jeepney emit 12 times more soot in terms of number and 60 times more in terms of mass when compared to LDV 94% of total roadside soot mass Jeepney showed 2000 times higher emission whencomparedtoeuro6 standard for diesel in Europe. 16

17 Results: PAHs and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Total PAH in PM 10 = 119 ±26 ng/m 3 COARSE 12% 21% FINE 5% 28% 34% Carcinogenic PAH 38% ULTRAFINE WHO Guideline for BaP eq = 1 ng/m 3 Total Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent Metro Manila 12.7 ng/m 3 Additional 1,100 cases of lung cancer for every 1 millionpeople exposed! (Accepted: 1 in 1 million) Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) Tamayo et al., In Progress Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. 17

18 Results: Spatial Distribution of ebc 18

19 Results: Spatial Distribution of ebc 19

20 Results: Who are at risk? pedestrians drivers and conductors (and their families) street sweepers vendors traffic enforcers 20

21 Summary and Conclusions Soot dominates PM 1 by ~70% and the main sources are the old jeepneys despite being only 20% of the total vehicle number. ebc has high temporal and spatial variabilities with hotspots found Jeepney terminals, traffic light areas or major intersections, and street canyons affecting people staying there for HOURS (traffic enforcers, street vendors, drivers, and conductors) The estimated excess lifetime lung cancer risk is 1000 times higher than the accepted norms. In developing regions, where primary pollutant emission dominates, PM 10 and PM 2.5 must be supplemented by additional parameters such as ebc mass concentration or soot particle number size distribution, in order to better evaluate possible adverse health effects and create effective mitigation policies. 21

22 THANK YOU SALAMAT DANKE AČIŪ Honey Dawn C. Alas Simonas Kecorius Leizel Madueño Everlyn Tamayo 22

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24 Size segregated emission factors surface topography Inverse Modelling Approach roof top wind speed and direction particulate pollutant concentration Background concentration Traffic counts Vehicle fleet OSPM Operational Street Pollution Model (Berkowicz et al., 2000) Emission factors 24

25 Excess lifetime cancer risk calculation Concentration of each PAH compound BaP equivalent of each compound Excess lifetime cancer risk Curie Point Pyrolysis GC/MS Solvent Extraction Toxic equivalence factors (TEFs) approach relative carcinogenic potency BaP eq = (PAH conc) x (TEF values) Unit risk (UR) for lung cancer = 8.7 x 10 5 per ng/m cases per 100,000 people with chronic inhalational exposure to 1 ng/m 3 BaP over a lifetime of 70 yrs (ave. adult weight) (WHO, 2000) Lifetime cancer risk = BaP eq X UR Table 5. TEFs for PAHs (Nisbet and Lagoy, 1992) PAH Factor Ace Phe An 0.01 Ft Py B[a]an 0.1 Chy 0.01 B[b]ft 0.1 B[k]ft 0.1 B[a]py 1 D[a,h]an 1 B[g,h,i]pe