MaTrID. T.4.3.A.3 Elaboration of an Italian standard for architecture competitions and public tender for nearly zero energy and sustainable buildings

Transcription

1 MaTrID Market Transformation Towards Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Through Widespread Use of Integrated Energy Design - IEE/11/989/SI T.4.3.A.3 Elaboration of an Italian standard for architecture competitions and public tender for nearly zero energy and sustainable buildings # Revision Date Description Main developer REV 0 05/03/2013 First draft S. Carlucci G. Paoletti REV 1 18/07/2014 Finalization S. Carlucci G. Paoletti REV 2 Rev. 1 Page 1 of 19

2 Authors: Salvatore Carlucci, eerg- Polimi, Italy Giulia Paoletti, EURAC, Bolzano, Italy Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the content of this deliverable lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Rev. 1 Page 2 of 19

3 Indice LIST OF ACRONYMS... 4 INTRODUCTION... 5 ADOPTED METHODOLOGY... 5 INTEGRATED DESIGN... 6 DESIGN TENDERS... 7 Analysis of the public contracts... 7 LAYOUT OF PUBLIC DESIGN TENDERS... 9 NEARLY ZEB (AND NET ZEB) CONCEPT AND EVALUATION PROCEDURE Definition Net ZEB definition from Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52 project: Net ZEB limited Net ZEB primary Net ZEB strategic Net ZEB carbon NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU BARRIERS FOUND ANNE: ITALIAN LAWS OR STANDARDS PROPOSING ENERGY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES Rev. 1 Page 3 of 19

4 List of acronyms DHW Domestic Hot Water RES Renewable Energy Sources ECBCS Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems EPC Energy Performance Certification IEA International Energy Agency IED Integrated Energy Desing IEQ Indoor Environmental Quality nzeb nearly Zero Energy Building NZEB Net Zero Energy Building SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Rev. 1 Page 4 of 19

5 Abstract This document is a guide to integrate energy performance requirements (nzeb target) in the Italian public design tenders as a mandatory requisite. According to that, participants have to develop energy concepts of a building following an Integrated Energy Design process (IED). The adoption of a IED process requires that the design team collaborates to identify the best solution(s), according to aesthetical, economical and energy aspects, from the early phases of the design process, when the decision changes cannot increase the final cost. In order to understandt public italian tenders, an overview on a selection of public contracts is presented. They regulate the process and the relations between public and private sector at an European level. After an analysis of design tenders, some necessary suggestions about the energy performance requirements and others recommendations are reported. The final two chapters collect a number of advantages and disadvantages of adopting IED, and technical, legislative and financial barriers. Introduction The European Directive 2012/31/EU about the energy performance of buildings defines a nearly zero- energy building (...) a building that has a very high energy performance (...). The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on- site or nearby [1], providing qualitative features and not quantitative indications. Moreover, it requests that member States should ensure that all new buildings are nearly zero energy buildings (nzeb) by December The deadline is anticipated to December 2018 in the case of new buildings owned or occupied by public authorities; so that public authorities are in charge of promoting and setting up strategies to pursue the nzeb target. Thanks to the international project SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52 Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings [2] promoted by the International Energy Agency (IEA), participants representing different countries in the world have been working together to define an international definition framework for zero energy buildings (ZEB) [3] and methods for calculating energy balances [4] and load matching [5]. This work would supports municipalities by introducing the nzeb target togheter with a specification of a method for the energy balance calculation, a ranking method and quality indexes into public design tenders, and through an integrated energy design process (IED), assists the design teams to integrate into the building concept energy performance, renewable energies, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and building liveability (effective functionality depending on the use) from the early phases of the design process [6]. Adopted methodology The method used aims at overcoming administrative issues for the integration of energy performance requirements into legislative procedures, through a collaborative and proactive process of different stackholders of the building design and construction process, such as public authorities, energy consultants, architects, civil, building and mechanical engineers, builders, developers, owners and tenants. After an introduction about integrated design, three topics are discussed: The layout of tenders from a legislative point of view, nzeb energy performance metrics (e.g., energy balance, heating/cooling/electric demand, indoor requirments etc.) and relative calculation tools [4] and evaluation methods (e.g., ranking procedures based on a weighted sum of points achieved in a multi- criteria scheme) to introduce into design tenders, the effectiveness of IED. Rev. 1 Page 5 of 19

6 Integrated Design Integrated design (ID) is a design procedure that considers the building as a whole system with the aim of optimizing it throughout the lifecycle. ID can be used to reach high ambitions by developing, discussing and evaluating a scheme using a multidisciplinary team from the initial design phases. ID is a proven approach for achieving high- performance buildings with good indoor environment, without sacrificing architectural quality or result in excessive costs. ID is not a new notion or concept. It is instead the next stage of the evolution of best practice as modern design processes move towards greater complexity and more challenging building requirements. The relevance of the concept is based on the well- proven observation that changes and improvements of the design are relatively easy to make at the beginning of the design process, but become increasingly difficult and disruptive as the process unfolds. Additionally, it can be demonstrated that late attempts at improvements are also likely to result in only moderate gains in performance. Thus, the performance of buildings should be assessed in a lifecycle perspective, both regarding environmental performance (LCA) and costs (LCC). The ID model of collaborative design emphasizes that the very early phases of design need more attention because well informed decisions here will pay off in the rest of the building process, as well as through into the lifecycle of the completed building. Well informed planning from the start can allow buildings to reach very low energy use and reduced operating costs at very little extra capital cost, if any. Figure 2: Difference between traditional design process and integrated design process. Fonte Specifically the integrated energy design approach (IED) is an effective way to realize a nzeb because it involves different professionals able to optimize with respect to energy performance since the early stages of the design process. Figure 2 shows the difference between a traditional approach (gray) and an integrated design process (orange). With the integrated design process the design phase requires more effort than the construction and documentation phase and a wide part of the design effort is required during the early stages when the impact on the performance due to a design change is high and the increase of the construction cost is negligible. Rev. 1 Page 6 of 19

7 For this reason, a close collaboration between public administrative figures, engaged to draw up public tenders and to untangle legislative procedures, and energy consultants with expertice on nzebs, is a key to success in including rules into the design competition procedures. In particular, to explain how and in which manner energy performance requirements can be introduced. On the other hand, an IED involves different professionals with different skills to discuss on the energy concept of the building, and allows to explore a large number of alternative solutions and identify the one(s) that better suits design objective specified in the client brief. Design tenders At the European level, the Directive 2004/18/EC [7], and further updates, defines technical, legislative and economics aspects that rule the process and the relations between the public and private sectors. Analysis of the public contracts The Directive 2004/18/EC [7] in the art. 1 defines at point 2): At point 3) a) Public contracts are contracts for pecuniary interest concluded in writing between one or more economic operators and one or more contracting authorities and having as their object the execution of works, the supply of products or the provision of services within the meaning of this Directive. [7] b) Public works contracts are public contracts having as their object either the execution, or both the design and execution, of works related to one of the activities within the meaning of Annex I4 or a work, or the realisation, by whatever means, of a work corresponding to the requirements specified by the contracting authority. A work means the outcome of building or civil engineering works taken as a whole which is sufficient of itself to fulfil an economic or technical function. [7] c) Public supply contracts are public contracts other than those referred to in (b) having as their object the purchase, lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without option to buy, of products. A public contract having as its object the supply of products and which also covers, as an incidental matter, siting and installation operations shall be considered to be a public supply contract. [7] d) Public service contracts are public contracts other than public works or supply contracts having as their object the provision of services referred to in Annex II4. A public contract having as its object both products and services within the meaning of Annex II4 shall be considered to be a public service contract if the value of the services in question exceeds that of the products covered by the contract. A public contract having as its object services within the meaning of Annex II4 and including activities within the meaning of Annex I4 that are only incidental to the principal object of the contract shall be considered to be a public service contract. [7] Public works concession is a contract of the same type as a public works contract except for the fact that the consideration for the works to be carried out consists either solely in the right to exploit the work or in this right together with payment. [7] At point 4) Service concession is a contract of the same type as a public service contract except for the fact that the consideration for the provision of services consists either solely in them right to exploit the service or in this right together with payment. [7] Public tenders have the function to inform about a specific contract or agreement that the public administration intends to award, through: a) Open procedures means those procedures whereby any interested economic operator may submit a tender. [7] Rev. 1 Page 7 of 19

8 b) Restricted procedures means those procedures in which any economic operator may request to participate and whereby only those economic operators invited by the contracting authority may submit a tender. [7] c) Competitive dialogue is a procedure in which any economic operator may request to participate and whereby the contracting authority conducts a dialogue with the candidates admitted to that procedure, with the aim of developing one or more suitable alternatives capable of meeting its requirements, and on the basis of which the candidates chosen are invited to tender. [ ] [7] d) Negotiated procedures means those procedures whereby the contracting authorities consult the economic operators of their choice and negotiate the terms of contract with one or more of these. [7] e) Design contests means those procedures which enable the contracting authority to acquire, mainly in the fields of town and country planning, architecture and engineering or data processing, a plan or design selected by a jury after being put out to competition with or without the award of prizes. [7] The tender is the vehicle able to contain needs, requirements and rules for bids. Contracting authorities shall treat economic operators equally and non- discriminatory and shall act in a transparent way, as specified in art. 2 of Ref. [7]. All European member States have implemented this Directive, and its updates, at the national level. The building tender ś choice is closely linked to the final objectives, needs, available budget and involved professional figures. Depending on results and budget available for an investiment, the most common public tenders found in the building construction field can be clustered in two groups: Public tenders for ideas or design competitions: this kind of tender is often used for competitions that aim to discover, in a wide number of proposals, the best one for aesthetics, urban integration and functional characteristics. This tender can be used when the municipality needs an idea or a new concept for a new building (or one to be refurbished). The design teams involved into the competition have to elaborate drawings for explaining the idea of the project and the building ś concept. The level of detail of the design proposals is ruled by law and reported into the tender and can vary from the idea of the architectural concept of the new (or renovated) building, to preliminary, definitive or executive design project. Public tenders for a specific service: they are used when a public actor wants to sign public contracts, or public works contracts or public service contracts or public supply contracts with a private part. The public tender explains the needs and the rules of the procedure to participate in the competition and to obtain the contract. This kind of tender aims to elect: the design team or the building enterprise, in relation with the specific service that the public authority needs. This kind of tendering process was chosen to reduce tender time and costs. Figure 3 shows a chronological scheme of these two groups according to the Italian implementation of the European directive. Public tenders for ideas or design competitions are the green arrows, while the violet arrows represent public tenders for a specific service. Position and the extension of an arrow specify the phase or phases covered by each typology of tender. Rev. 1 Page 8 of 19

9 Figure 3: Tenders time schedule according to the Italian implementation of the European Directive 2004/18/EC. D.Lgs 163/2006 and further modifications and integrations and the implementation of the European Directive 2004/18/EC are the Italian laws that rule the procedures for public competitions and the relations between public authorities and private companies for services, works and furniture. Layout of public design tenders This paragraph shows how to introduce energy performance requirements into design tenders in order to support municipalities to achieve the EPBD objective. The energy performance requirements should be introduced into the tenders or added separately in a specific document linked to the public tender. Table 1 shows the structure of the contest tenders (2) and the energy requirements to be introduced for each point. Table 1: A list of mains points developed into public design tender and energy performance requirements to introduce STRUCTURE OF CONTEST NOTICES (TENDER) ENERGY REQUIREMENTS TO INTRODUCE (Necessary paragraphs from DIRECTIVE 2004/18/EC, Annex VII D) (Necessary irtems to introduce) 1. Name, address, fax number and address of the contracting authority and those of the service from which the additional documents may be obtained. 2. Description of the project nzeb definition or national implementation of 2012/31/EU 3. Type of contest: open or restricted 4. In the event of an open contest: time limit for the submission of projects Rev. 1 Page 9 of 19

10 5. In the event of a restricted contest: (a) number of participants contemplated (b) names of the participants already selected, if any (c) criteria for the selection of participants (d) time limit for requests to participate 6. If appropriate, indicate that the participation is restricted to a specified profession 7. Criteria which will be applied in the evaluation of the projects Consultant specialized in energy efficiency of buildings and documentation to guarantee his/her competence. Consultant specialized in energy efficiency of buildings and documentation to guarantee his/her competence. Add into the raking list criteria based on the energy perfornca reached by the design. Higher scores will be assigned to designs with a net (yearly) energy balance close to zero (nzeb). 8. Names of any members of the jury who have already been selected. The evaluation commission is usually composed by different professionals able to analyse and evaluate different themes (aesthetic, structure, costs,...). To guarantee a correct evaluation of energy performance, a professional with expertice in high-energy performance buildings and RES have to joint the jury. In other cases, a Municipality should require specific technical training or particular experience to demonstrate a given expertice e.g., an energy certifier. 9. Indicate whether the jury's decision is binding on the contracting authority 10. Number and value of any prizes 11. Payments to be made to all participants, if any Rev. 1 Page 10 of 19

11 12. Indicate whether any contracts following the contest will or will not be awarded to the winner or winners of the contest From the Directive 2004/18/EC, art.53 point 1, defines: 1) "[...] a) the award is made to the tender most economically advantageous from the point of view of the contracting authority, various criteria linked to the subject-matter of the public contract in question, for example, quality, price, technical merit, aesthetic and functional characteristics, environmental characteristics, running costs, cost effectiveness, after sales service and technical assistance, delivery date and delivery period or period of completion b) or the lowest price only. 2) [...] the contracting authority shall specify in the contract notice or in the contract documents or, in the case of a competitive dialogue, in the descriptive document, the relative weighting which it gives to each of the criteria chosen to determine the most economically advantageous tender. Those weightings can be expressed by providing for a range with an appropriate maximum spread. Points should be assigned to those design team which best meets the energy performance requirements previously fixed. 13. Date of dispatch of the notice Table 2 shows common chapters of public design tenders with some necessary suggestions on energy performance requirements to be introduced. This will require the design teams to be composed of different experts able to develop a design building proposal with high energy performance, to implement passive and active solutions, to analyse the energy demands and CO 2 emissions and to use the energy simulation tools. Table 2: A list of common chapters of public design tenders with some suggestions on energy performance requirements to introduce in them. Criteria Tender objective Suggestions to introduce It is necessary to require for the new building (or one to be refurbished) the nzeb target such as defined from: European Directive 2010/31/EU, article 2: One of the four definitions of the international project IEA SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52 National-local energy laws Rev. 1 Page 11 of 19

12 Laws Design requirements Architectonical requirements Functional requirements Energy performance requirements Design team requirements General requirements Costs for the building construction Operating costs In addition to the list of construction laws (acoustics, structural, electrics laws...) that rule the building sector it is necessary to introduce the laws about energy performance of buildings, such as the European Directive (2010/31/EU) or national and local that adopt it. Energy efficiency indicators define the energy performance of the buildings in relation with the regarded climatic area. In Annex II a list of national and local laws that fix energy indicators, method of energy calculation, weighting factors, energy performance requirements of the envelope and thermal plants is included. In the early phase of the design process, the Municipalities should decide whether to use the energy performance requirements fixed by national/local laws or other energy performance indexes, which may be even stricter. The objective is to make it mandatory to that the fixed targets are achieved Describe the energy strategy: Orientation, form, S/V... Passive and active solutions Daylighting Integration of the energy production systems Heating/cooling plans The public design tenderers must require that in the design team will be at least one person specialized in energy efficiency of the building and RES. In some country this person can be associated to the local energy efficiency certifier and should be able to use dynamic tools for the energy simulation and method for the calculation of the energy balance of the building. At least It is necessary to have one professional specialized in: Energy efficiency of the building RES Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) The partecipants have to demostrate to have technical competence to calculate the energy performance of the building through dynamic simulation tools. It is necessary to document it, reporting in a Document (in A4 format), the most important experience of the high energy perfrmance building, describing: Name of the project Energy performance analysis made Tools used Results obtained / used Any possible technical verification (Blower door test, thermography...) Cost optimality (3) (4) Rev. 1 Page 12 of 19

13 nearly ZEB (and Net ZEB) concept and evaluation procedure Definition The European Directive defines only qualitative aspects of the nzeb definition, without fixing quantitative indicators. The lack of a precise definition of nzeb (5), has led several member countries of the International Energy Agency to launch the research project IEA SHC Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52: Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings. The project aims at clarifying the precise meaning of Net ZEB, translating it in calculation methodologies, and showing the implications of the latter on design solution sets. EURAC, IREC and AEE INTEC were partners of the project concluded on October A result of Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52 project is the delineation of criteria and parameters able to define four different Net ZEB definitions. Figure 6 explains different aspects of these definitions. Figure 6: Net ZEBs definitions defined by Task 40. Net ZEB definition from Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52 project: Net ZEB limited (minimum requirements for a Net ZEB in compliance with the European Directive): A low energy building, fulfilling any national/local energy efficiency requirements, which offsets the yearly balance between its weighted energy demand for heating, DHW, cooling, ventilation, auxiliaries and built- in lighting (for non- residential buildings only), and the weighted energy supplied by on- site generation systems driven by on or off site sources and connected to the energy infrastructure. Static (or quasi- static) and symmetric primary energy factors are used as weights in the balance. Rev. 1 Page 13 of 19

14 Net ZEB primary A low energy building, fulfilling any national/local energy efficiency requirements, which offsets the yearly balance between its weighted loads for heating, DHW, cooling, ventilation, auxiliaries and lighting and every kind of plug loads (electrical mobility included), and the weighted energy supplied by only on site generation systems driven by on or off site sources and connected to the energy infrastructure. Static (or quasi- static) and symmetric primary energy factors are used as weights in the balance. Net ZEB strategic A building which offsets the yearly balance between its weighted energy demand for heating, DHW, cooling, ventilation, auxiliaries, built- in lighting and every kind of plug loads and the weighted energy supplied by on/off- site generation systems driven by on/off site sources and connected to the energy infrastructure. Weighting factors are static (or quasi- static) and asymmetric, varying on the basis of the energy carrier, the technology used as energy supply system and its location. Net ZEB carbon A building which offsets the yearly balance between its weighted energy demand for heating, DHW, cooling, ventilation, auxiliaries, embodied energy, built- in lighting and every kind of plug loads and the weighted energy supplied by on site generation systems driven by on or off site sources and connected to the energy infrastructure. Static (or quasi- static) carbon factors are used as weights in the balance. They can be symmetric or asymmetric, depending on the energy carrier, technologies used as energy supply systems and their location. Net ZEB limited and Net ZEB primary definitions are very similar, the only difference are the parameters included in the energy balance, because in the Net ZEB primary definition every kind of plug loads are included and the metric of the balance is primary energy. The Net ZEB carbon is the same as the Net ZEB primary definition, but the weight balance is calculated on carbon emission. AIDA proposes to calculate the energy balance using the NET evaluation tool from Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52 project6. In particular we suggest focusing on the results of Net ZEB primary and Net ZEB carbon definition. The Italian Law, of 3 August 2013, n. 90, (transposition of Directive 2010/31/EU) defines a nearly zero energy building such as the Net ZEB limited definition. National implementation of the EU directive 2010/31/EU Law of 3 August 2013, n. 90 is converted into law, with amendments, of Decree- Law 4 June 2013, n. 63, on urgent measures for the transposition of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings for the definition of infringement proceedings by the European Commission, as well as other provisions of social cohesion. (13G00133) (OJ 181 of ). The new law presents some clarifications, such as: Definition of the nearly zero energy building Definition the Action Plan to increase the number of nearly zero energy buildings to at national level, and deadline for the realization it by 30 June 2014; Deadline for the Ministries for elaboration of the financial measures list to promote the energy efficiency and the nearly zero energy buildings by 31 December 2013; Energy performance certificate of building for sales contract, the acts of transfer of properties in free of charge or for new leases; tax deduction (or 55 percent) for documented expenses related to energy upgrading of buildings apply to the extent of 65 percent of the costs incurred from June 6, 2013 (date of entry into force of the measure) until 31 December 2013;... Rev. 1 Page 14 of 19

15 More detailed information on the progress of policy transition towards nzebs and the implementation on 2010/31/EU can be found in the overview of buildings policy frameworks in the EU- 27 countries, a report recently published by the IEE- project ENTRANZE ( Barriers found In the process of reinventing the common design process and developing a strategy able to support the Municipalities at introducing energy performance requirements, some technical, legislative and economic barriers have been ecountered. Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 list these obstacles and some proposals to overcome them. Table 5:Technical barriers found TECHNICAL BARRIERS FOUND PROPOSALS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS FOUND Lack of nzeb knowledge for design team (architects, engineers, etc.), builders and jury commission: - poor level of technical innovation in building sector (creation and dissemination of new processes and techniques) - lack of technical skills and know-how at all levels of the supply side and lack of generic skills and organized leadership to address the refurbishment process (7), - complexity and uniqueness of most EE refurbishment projects (each case is unique, due to many causes, different possible renovation approaches. E.g., Heritage/cultural value of fac ades, etc.) (8) Low capacity of the technical municipalities: - to manage an IED process; - to use, require and control the energy performance requirements, in particular the meaning of the energy target of nzeb - to develop a design tender proposal with energy performance requirements; - to choose the best technical solution analysing the specifications - to motivate the over cost of this kind of building It is necessary to consult an external energy expert qualified on nzeb, high efficiency buildings and RES, like an energy certifier, able to transpose the energetic objectives into specification documents and later to the commissioning process. A workshop addressed to builders and professional figures (architects, engineers), about the nzeb concept, context, methodologies, energy indicators and factors, conversion factors, cost-optimality etc. Workshop to introduce nzeb concept, context, methodologies, energy indicators and factors, conversion factors, cost-optimality, ecc. Table 6: Legislative barriers found LEGISLATIVE BARRIERS FOUND PROPOSALS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS FOUND In some countries a clear definition of nze building is missing (i.e., the Spanish government has not defined energy performance targets for nzebs). This leads to confusion among the building sector, and we cannot deliver a clear message to building professionals and municipalities National laws about EPBD adoption Urban laws can support the building refurbishment measures, Increase of the heating volume if the energy performance Rev. 1 Page 15 of 19

16 give advantages or disadvantages. of the building achieves the nzeb target. Table 7: Financial barriers found FINANCIAL BARRIERS FOUND PROPOSALS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS FOUND How stimulate the design team to reach the nzeb target? Reduced investment in the public building market due to economic crisis. The potential customers are short in money and face strong financing difficulties for any infrastructure and building projects, nzeb or not. The municipalities should introduce a money reward to the design team if, after the first year of building monitoring, the energy balance is nearly zero. - Present the nzeb opportunities for new buildings and renovations. - Fit energetic objectives and take advantage of premiums or bonus opportunities for refurbishment. - Elaboration of the cost-optimal strategy before starting the building or energy refurbishment measures. - Support the building owner or the financier to elaborate an energy- and cost-optimal strategy. Additional costs for nzeb design Added value of the nearly zero energy building. Lack of innovative financial tools for financing whole building renovations to nzeb standard. Development of innovative financial tools for financing whole building renovations to NZEB standards. Accessing finance Elaboration of innovative financing form Rev. 1 Page 16 of 19

17 ANNE: ITALIAN LAWS OR STANDARDS PROPOSING ENERGY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS TOPICS: Indexes and energy requirements UNI/TS :2008 UNI/TS :2008 UNI/TS :2010 UNI/TS :2012 DPR59/09 Raccomanda zione CTI 14, February 2013 Legislative decree n.28, 3 march 2011 ISTAT: Energy balance, 2009 Law n.93/2013 (Legislativ e Decree n. 63, 4 June 2013) Weighting factors equivalent for Primary Energy Factor and CO2 emissions. Source: Method for energy calculation Envelope Energy need Space heating Space cooling Space heating Space cooling Delivered energy Total (DHW, Heating, Cooling, Auxiliary and Household Electricity) Space heating Space cooling Primary energy Total (DHW, Heating, Cooling, Auxiliary and Household Electricity) CO2- emission Space heating Space cooling Rev. 1 Page 17 of 19

18 Renewable energy generation Total (DHW, Heating, Cooling, Auxiliary and Household Electricity) Minimum thermal Renewable Energy Generation Minimum electric Renewable Energy Generation Rev. 1 Page 18 of 19

19 References [1] European Parliament and Council, Energy performance of buildings, in: Directive 2010/31/EU, Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg, [2] IEA Task 40/Annex 52, IEA SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52 - Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings (NZEBs), in, [3] I. Sartori, A. Napolitano, K. Voss, Net zero energy buildings: A consistent definition framework, Energ Buildings, 48 (2012) [4] A. Athienitis, W. O Brien, M. Cellura, J. Ayoub, L. Pagliano, A. Hasan, S. Carlucci, P. Bourdoukan, S. Attia, V. Delisle, J.A. Candanedo, M. Hamdy, S. Bucking, Y. Chen, F. Guarino, A. Lenoir, Modelling, Design, and Optimization of Net- Zero Energy Buildings, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany. [5] K. Voss, I. Sartori, A. Napolitano, S. Geier, H. Gonzalves, M. Hall, P. Heiselberg, J. Widén, J.A. Candanedo, M. E., K. B., T. P., Load Matching and Grid Interaction of Net Zero Energy Buildings, in: EuroSun International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings, Graz, AT, [6] MaTrID project, Integrated design process guide, in, online, [7] European Parliament and Council, On the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, public supply contracts and public service contracts, in: European Parliament and Council (Ed.) Directive 2004/18/EC, Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg, Rev. 1 Page 19 of 19