Introduction to Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Project outline IEA HPP Annex 40

Transcription

1 IEA HPP Annex 40 N 9 IEA HPP Annex 40 Heat pump concepts for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) Introduction to Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Project outline IEA HPP Annex 40 Carsten Wemhoener, University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil Kick-off meeting, Rapperswil, July 2, 2012

2 Preface Net zero energy self-sufficient building at 2883 m Paradigms 90% autarky strived Extremely good envelope (passive house level) Optimised renewable production Water/waste water system CHP plant as back-up Predictive control to optimise generation and storage Systems 84 m 2 BIPV / 55 m 2 ST Biomass (rape oil) CHP Cooking by electricity / back-up liquid (bio)gas for cooking Rain water collection and waste water treatment Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery source: Tonatiuh Ambrosetti 2

3 Outline of the presentation Framework and political targets Definition of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) Outline of an IEA HPP Annex 40 on Heat Pump Concepts for NZEBs Objectives and Scope Tasks Links to other projects State and participants 3

4 Framework Political targets and strategies EU strategy: until % renewable energy shares Heat pumps are renewable 20% energy efficiency New buildings shall reach Nearly Zero by % reduced CO 2 -emissions Heat pumps in Nearly Zero Buildings are an economical way to cut CO 2 emissions USA (DOE) /Canada source: Dieryckx All new residential (commercial) buildings shall be Net Zero by 2020 (2030) All buildings shall be Net Zero by 2050 Japan Heat pumps and high performance buildings are considered as key technologies to mitigate climate change 4

5 Market state of low energy buildings High performance buildings Much research has been done on the building envelope Low energy and passive houses are well established on the market with strongly growing market shares Low energy houses are becoming the current building standard System integration into the building Less research has been spent on: System technologies adapted to NZEB Multifunctional building technology to cover different needs Building integration of system technology NZEB are rather in the P&D Phase About 300 NZEB worldwide, mostly to demonstrate net zero or plus energy balance 5

6 Titelmasterformat Example: durch Concept Klicken Plus bearbeiten energy building Plus energy building technology Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery Ground-to-air HX for air preheating Ground-coupled heat pump for space heating and DHW Solar thermal system for heat production Grid-connected PV system Battery for storage (self-consumption) Electric hybrid vehicle source: IGS 6

7 NZEB Definition Political targets indicate: Next step will be Nearly or Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) DEFINITION Nearly Zero Energy Building Means a building that has a very high energy performance Nearly or very low energy amount should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby =>Presently no common definition of NZEB, neither in policy nor in the market Timeline of EPBD recast for NZEBs source: Jakobs 7

8 renewable energy generation energy supply NZEB Definition Principle of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) energy efficiency passive approaches energy consumption Missing items for thorough definition Calculation/Balancing time: Monthly or annual calculation Energy/Emissions: Delivered energy, primary energy, embodied energy, CO 2 -emissions Energy production: Renewable production on-site vs. import of good locations (e.g. Southern Spain) System boundary: Heat generation, including auxiliaries including appliances, materials (LCA) Load mismatch/grid interaction: Grid-connected PV Avoid additional stress for the grid based on Voss / Lollini 8

9 NZEB Definition Balance System boundary around the building 76 m 2 of solar thermal collector 200 m 3 seasonal storage in the house Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost Results of year-round measurement In February 80 C in the storage Second building is currently constructed with reduced collector area and storage tank source: Sartori et al. 9

10 NZEB Definition On-site and «nearby» System boundary around the building 76 m 2 of solar thermal collector 200 m 3 seasonal storage in the house Solar system cost less than 10% of total cost Results of year-round measurement In February 80 C in the storage Second building is currently constructed with reduced collector area and storage tank source: Marszal, Bourrelle et al. 10

11 NZEB Definition - Loads embodied energy Zeroheatingenergy-house energy heating electricity appliances auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation energy DHW energy heating Zeroheatenergy-house Zerooperationalenergy-house energy DHW energy heating auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation energy DHW energy heating Zeroenergy-house electricity appliances auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation energy DHW energy heating embodied energy Zero-LCA-house electricity appliances auxiliary electricity electricity ventilation energy DHW energy heating source: MINERGIE 11

12 Swiss MINERGIE-A Label Zero operation energy building Certification requirements Building envelope losses must not exceed 90% of legal requirement ( 50 kwh/(m 2 a)) Weighted delivered energy metric = 0 kwh/(m 2 a) Weighted delivered energy must be compensated with on-site renewable generation 15 kwh/(m 2 a) storable biomass can be substracted => also concepts with solar thermal systems and wood heating possible Q H,nd Q 3.6 V,rvd / Q 3.6 Embodied Energy < 50 kwh/(m 2 a) f MIN gen W,nd / On the way to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) In highly efficient buildings embodied energy may be in the same size as operational energy Currently relatively high limit, all certified buildings are below the limit f MIN gen E CV,in E 3.6 PV,out f MIN 0 12

13 Summary State Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Nearly Zero Energy Buildings But Already today, already plus energy, already self-sufficient, residential/non-residential Common interpretation is a grid-connected house with zero operational energy balance NZEB still in the P & D phase, often different systems installed Focus is on new buildings Many different concepts (technical feasibility in focus, often economically not optimal) Heat pumps in NZEB Heat pumps already well-established, many NZEB use heat pumps Heat pumps are a very promising system to link the sources and sinks efficiently Heat source energy is renewable and heat pump can be operated CO 2 -free Heat pumps can activate short-term storage option of electricity in the building thermal mass 13

14 IEA HPP Annex 40 Objectives and Scope Open questions How is an NZEB reached most energy- and cost-effectively? How are heat pumps integrated into building concepts for NZEBs in the best way? Objectives 1. Optimisation of concepts for Nearly Zero Energy buildings (NZEB) with heat pumps 2. Evaluation of building- and system integration options favorable for NZEB 3. Requirements for further developments of current marketable heat pumps to exploit specific performance opportunities in Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (e.g. multi-source ability, capacity range, capacity control, temperature lift) Scope Residential buildings (focus on space heating, DHW, extensions ventilation, space cooling) Small commercial buildings (focus on space cooling, ventilation, DHW lower demand) 14

15 Concept Plus energy house - Integration options for heat pump Integration options for plus energy house concept Ground-to-air HX could be replaced by borehole HX by HP (subcooling) PV could serve as heat source (as PV/T) => ground coupling (smaller, back-up) solar regeneration can reduce borehole HX event. solar thermal system can be replaced X X PV (cooling) and HP (subcooling) may be operated more efficiently X source: IGS

16 IEA HPP Annex 40 Task 1: State-of-the-art analysis Task 1: State-of-the-art technology and concepts Classification of available envelope and system technology and concepts to reach NZEB Steps: Survey/evaluation of existing technology and concepts Suitability for new buildings and retrofit Summary of most promising state-of-the-art concepts and technologies Missing components and development needs for NZEB Deliverables (as country reports) Categorisation of concepts for NZEBs Technology matrix of suitable building and system components 16

17 IEA HPP Annex 40 Task 2: Assessment and optimisation Task 2: Assessment, ranking and optimisation of concepts Assess, improve and rank different building envelope and technology options regarding the performance and cost Steps Detailed comparison/assessment of technologies and concepts Improvement of concepts regarding performance and cost (e.g. by simulations) Derivation of concept ranking and tools Deliverables (as country reports) Proven technology concepts for NZEB including performance and cost Optimised building technology and integration 17

18 IEA HPP Annex 40 Task 3: Technology development and field trial Task 3: Technology development and field trial Definition of requirements for product development of heat pumps including the source and sink systems Investigation of adapted prototype systems in lab- and field testing source: IVT Steps Specific requirements for heat pumps in NZEB Design options for further developments e.g. multi-functionality, multi-source, capacity control, temperature lifts, advanced controls Efficient DHW solutions Deliverables (as country reports) Improved components and systems as prototypes System concepts approved by field-monitoring source: Pogharian, Candanedo, Athienitis 18

19 IEA HPP Annex 40 Task 4: Specific questions for broad integration Task 4: Issues of broad introduction of NZEB: Integration of buildings into the energy system Load mismatch Grid interaction Needs for storage Electric hybrid vehicle as decentralised power storage Heat pumps can store electrical grid surplus as heating/cooling energy in the building thermal mass (Est. potential DE: 1 TWh short-term) source: Ebert et al. Approaches How can self-consumption be optimised? Potentials of Smart (ICT) technologies: User information by smart metering Generation control by smart grids Is a definition for a single buildings useful? Decentralised concepts for groups of buildings City quarters, smart cities 19

20 IEA HPP Annex 40 Task 4: Design and Best Practice Task 4: Recommendations and guidelines Derivation of recommendations based on Task 2 and Task 3 results Documentation of guidelines and best practice examples Steps Derivation of Best Practice Recommendations on design of integrated systems Deliverables (as country reports) Technical recommendations with practical links, tools, checklists etc. Best practice systems and concepts Deliverables: final report, technical guidelines, concept overview, best practice systems etc. 20

21 IEA HPP Annex 40 Summary Scope Concepts and technologies for NZEB with heat pumps Residential and small commercial buldings All buildings services as needed Steps Task1: Ranking of concepts (new buildings and retrofit options) Task 2: Optimisation of configuration (performance and cost) design and control of integrated systems for NZEB Task 3: Technology development (prototypes) and field evaluation Task 4: Specific information on (seasonal) storage, DSM, grid interaction Expected Deliverables Technical recommendations and tools on design and layout of optimised NZEB Best practice systems and concepts, prototype technologies, field results Final report, technical guidelines, models and methods. 21

22 Links to other projects HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44 Joined HPP Annex 38 / SHC Task 44: Solar and heat pumps ( ) Objectives Evaluation of the integration of solar thermal and heat pump systems Residential buildings Marketable system solutions and testing method Connections Modelling and simulations of heat pumps and solar Integration of heat pumps Partly multi-source heat pump operation Differences No NZEB boundary conditions, different designs Restricted to the combination with solar thermal systems and residential buildings Focus on space heating and DHW 22

23 Links to other projects ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40 ECBCS Annex 52 / SHC Task 40: Towards net zero solar buildings (10/2008 9/2013) Objectives Comprehensive definition of NZEB Calculation method and design tools for NZEB Advanced building designs Connections Input for definition of NZEB, common framework for aspects to be covered Input for calculation methods and design tools Data base of realised NZEBs Differences No particular focus on heat pump evaluation in NZEB Rather general evaluation of technical concepts Little technology development 23

24 Links to other projects ECES, DSM, ENARD and ISGAN ECES Implementing Agreement Concluded Annex on storages in ultra low energy houses Upcoming Annex on Storage integration in renewable energy networks starting in September 2012 New Implementing Agreement ISGAN Implementing Agreement for Smart grid technology event. link to Task 4 Implementing Agreement DSM Projects might also have a connection to Task 4 activities 24

25 IEA HPP Annex 40 Participating and interested countries Participating countries (state July 2012) CH: Univ. Appl. Sc. Rapperswil, Univ. Appl. Sc. Northwestern Switzerland JP: Uni Nagoya NL: SEV NO: SINTEF Energy Research, NZNU, COWI, Enova SF Interested countries AT: AIT, TU Graz BE: Daikin Europe NV CA: CanmetENERGY, Natural Ressources DE: Fraunhofer ISE, Viessmann GmbH, Uni Stuttgart, Uni Nürnberg FI: SULPU, Aalto University FR: EDF KR: Korean Institute of Energy Research (KIER) SE: SP, SVEP US: ORNL, NIST, University of Maryland 25 C. Wemhoener, HPP ExCo, Spring 2012, Stockholm

26 IEA HPP Annex 40 Heat pump concepts for NZEB Thank you for your attention! ECO TERRA NZEB IN COLD ClLIMATE, EASTMAN, CANADA 26