Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India

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1 Research Article Volume 14 Issue 5 - September 2018 DOI: /IJESNR Int J Environ Sci Nat Res Copyright All rights are reserved by Harit Priyadarshi Physico-Chemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Beswan and Iglas, Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India Harit Priyadarshi* 1, Sarv Priya 2 and Sangharsh Rao 3 1 Assistant Professor, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, India 2 Assistant Professor, Scientist, Application of Remote sensing Center, India 3 MTech (Environmental Engineering) Mangalayatan University, India Submission: September 06, 2018; Published: September 27, 2018 *Corresponding author: Harit Priyadarshi, Assistant Professor, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, Pin code: , Abstract Water is a polar inorganic compound. It is a tasteless, odourless and nearly colourless liquid. Water also fulfils the need of minerals in our body up to certain limit, but the anthropogenic activities causes the imbalance of these minerals in water leading to the degradation of its quality. We have analysed the Groundwater Quality of Beswan and Iglas on the basis of their ph, Turbidity, Total alkanity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium and Chlorides ranges. These analysed parameters values are compared with the standard values of W.H.O. standard. The samples are collected in clean bottles without any air bubbles. These bottles were rinsed before tightly sealed after collection and labelled in the field. The physicochemical properties of groundwater from various locations in Iglas and Beswan were analyzed. The samples collected from different locations revealed that the study area has ph 7.79 in Iglas and 7.10 in Beswan, Total Alkalinity 350 mg/l in Iglas and 476 mg/l in Beswan, Total hardness 210 mg/l in Iglas and 570 mg/l in Beswan, Calcium 120 mg/l in Iglas and mg/l in Beswan, Magnesium 90mg/l in Iglas and mg/l in Beswan, Turbidity 0.84 mg/l in Iglas and 0.31 mg/l in Beswan, Chloride 52 mg/l in Beswan and 368 mg/l in Iglas are respectively. The analysis revealed that the drinking water qualities is not good and require treatment before consumption and industrial use or any other purpose. Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters; Water quality; Human consumption Introduction The clean water or fresh water is one of the essential compounds that profoundly influence of life. The availability of the clean water is decreasing day by day due to over population and pollution of water due to rapid growth of industrialization. so the drinking water analyses for physical and chemical properties are very essential for public health studies (Rafiuulah 2012, Bakraji 1999, Kot 2000 and Bheshdadia 2012). Present study has been carried out to assess the water quality of a fresh water body by studying its physico-chemical characteristics. This water body receives water from domestic discharges and rain water which accumulates during rainy season which is regularly used for agriculture, bathing, washing of clothes, and fishing by local people. In India, most of the population is dependent on damp water as the only source of drinking water supply. The groundwater is believed to be comparatively much clean and free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharge of industrial effluents, domestic sewage and solid waste dump are the causes the groundwater to become polluted and created health problems. The rapid growth of urban areas has further affected groundwater quality due to over exploitation of resources and improper waste disposal practices. Hence, there is always a need for and concern over the protection and management of surface water and groundwater quality. Heavy metals are priority toxic pollutants also at some places the water quality is more turbid and found hardness more than the permissible limits. Some physicochemical parameters are very much responsible for the water borne diseases, which led to a life crippled in many villages of India and so as Uttar Pradesh. At many places, that severely limits the beneficial use of water for domestic and industrial application [1-5]. The lakes have complex and fragile ecosystem, as they do not have self-cleaning ability and therefore readily accumulate pollutants. The Government of India has emphasized the objective of safe drinking water supply to the population and desired that Aligarh district. State Government to undertake water quality assessment of all the groundwater sources used for public water supply schemes. Drinking water sources have excessive fluoride, chloride, nitrate and salinity. The State government had taken the Int J Environ Sci Nat Res 14(5): IJESNR.MS.ID (2018) 001

2 cognizance of the problem and an immediate action was taken for the corrective measures through water quality assessment of all the ground and surface water sources for organised drinking water supply in the Aligarh district. The physic-chemical parameters and trace metal contents of water samples from town of Beswan and Iglas in Aligarh district were assessed. The consequence of urbanization and industrialization leads to spoil the water. For agricultural purposes ground water is explored in rural areas especially in those areas where other sources of water like dam and river or the canal is not available. During last decade, this is observed that the surface water get polluted drastically because of increased human activities. Aligarh District which is situated in the heart of the nation in India has become an important village because of the natural resources available around it. There are various existing industries and industrial estates. These industries use huge quantity of water for processing and release most of the water in the form of effluent. The wastewater being generated is discharged into the nearby water drains. Similarly, the geochemical and morphological structure changes and for other subsequent uses. Considering the above aspects of surface water contamination, the present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of the surface water quality of Beswan and Iglas Aligarh district. Thus, in this research work an attempt has been made to assess the physical and chemical parameters of surface water like, ph, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), chloride (Cl), was determined. The analyzed data were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. Study Area: Aligarh is a city located in Uttar Pradesh state of Northern India. The city is about 90 miles east to New Delhi, situated on the doab regions of Ganges and Yamuna shown in Figure 1. The city is the administrative district of Aligarh District. Aligarh is located at the co-ordinates N E. It has an elevation of approximately 178 metres (584 feet). The town area extends from Karban River (towards Mathura) to old Canal (towards Aligarh) shown in Figure 2. The Town Beswan and Iglas is the administrative district of Aligarh District. In the present study the fresh ground water samples collected from Beswan and Iglas town. The samples are collected in clean bottles without any air bubbles. These bottles are rinsed before tightly sealed after collection and labelled in the field. The dissolved oxygen and Temperatures of the samples was measured in the field itself at the time of sample collection. Figure 1: Location map of Aligarh to Beswan and Iglas Town. Figure 2: Map showing Drainage and Rivers in Aligarh District. Climate and Rainfall: The regions fall under sub-tropical climatic zone and is characterized by hot summer and chilly winter. Aligarh experiences the tropical monsoon type of climate with marked North-East and South-West monsoons. Average temperature in summer remains around 28 ºC to 33ºC. Rainy season commences in the middle of June and continues till September. July is the wettest month. The normal annual rainfall is 760 mm. Temperature in winter season varies from 12 0 C to 16 0 C. Maximum temperature shoots up to 470C the temperature may fall around 20C. The average relative humidity in the morning is 02

3 62.25% and in the evening it is 44.2%. During most of the days, the wind speed is reported to be in the range of 4.6 to 9.3 km/ hour. Geology of The Study Area: Aligarh district falls in Central Ganga Plain which lies in the interfluvial tract of Ganga and Yamuna. The Ganga basin is the biggest groundwater repositories of the world. It is situated between the northern fringe of Indian Peninsula and Himalayas. It extends from Delhi Haridwar ridge in the west to Monghyr-Saharsa ridge in the east. In the study area the bed rock is encountered at a depth of 340 meter below ground level. Hydrogeological data indicates that the area is underlain by moderately thick pile of quaternary sediments, which comprises of sands of various grades clays and kankar. Alluvial sediments overlies Vindhyan group of rocks in an unconformable manner. The thickness of deposits varies from 287 to 380 meters. Alluvium occupies the upland of the district while the newer alluvium occupies low land area along the courses of Ganga Yamuna and their tributaries and paleo channels of the Ganga and Kali rivers (Table 1). Table 1: Geological Succession of Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh. Hydrogeological Setup of The Study Area: In the study area three to four tier aquifer systems is found. Aquifer seems to merge with each other and developing a single bodied aquifer. First Aquifer Group: It is most potential aquifer group generally occurs between the depth range of meters below ground level (mbgl) and covering almost entire area below soil capping. In aquifer fine to medium grained sand is found and Kankar is associated with clay formation. At some places it occurs below the surface soil. Ground water is mainly found under water table to semi-confined conditions. The quality of formation water of this aquifer group is generally fresh. This aquifer group is the main source of water supply to open wells, hand pumps and shallow tube-wells, Government tube-wells that have been installed in this aquifer zone. Second Aquifer Group: This aquifer group is separated with the overlying shallow aquifer group by thick clay and it occur at the depth range of 100 to 150 meters below ground level. The aquifer material consists of medium grained sand but at some places blend of fine to coarse grained sand is found. Ground water is brackish to saline in nature in this aquifer group which is also confirmed by the packer test in this aquifer group. Total clay content of this aquifer group ranges from 30-40%. Third Aquifer Group: The disposition of this aquifer group ranges between 130 to 300 mbgl. This aquifer group is regionally extensive and in confined state. It has the great quantitative potential but the quality of formation water is brackish to saline. Cumulative thickness of granular zone in this aquifer group varies from metres. Material and Method Table 2: Table showing a comparative data collecting for qualitative study with W.H.O. S.No. Parameters W.H.O. Standard Iglas Town Beswan Town 1 ph Turbidity (N.T.U.) Total Alakalinity Total Hardness Calcium Magnesium Chloride Florides (PPM) Nitrates

4 10 Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand Table 3. Location ph Turbidity (N.T.U.) TA TH EC In front of Manglayaan Manglayatan University Mohakampur Mathura-Aligarh H.way Beswan Chauraha TDS Iglas Taau Bagh Iglas Market Shiv dan school Karas Table 4: Table showing a Representation of Field data collecting for qualitative study. Location Calcium Magnesium Chloride Fluoride Nitrates DO BOD In front of Manglayaan Manglayatan University Mohakampur Mathura-Aligarh H.way Beswan Chauraha Iglas Taau Bagh Iglas Market Shiv dan school Karas The samples were collected from Beswan and Iglas town. The present work is carried out during the year Water samples were brought to the laboratory and some physicochemical parameters were taken into consideration. The parameters such as Turbidity, ph, Total alkalinity, and Total solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium and Chloride were estimated at periodic intervals. The water samples from the hand pumps were collected in plastic bottles. After the collection of samples, these bottles were labelled and possible efforts made to transport them to the laboratory as earlier as possible. The samples were chemically analysed for various water quality parameters such Turbidity (Nephlometer), ph (ph meter), Total alkalinity (Indicator method), Total hardness, Ca and Mg hardness, Total dissolved solids (Filtration method) and Chloride (silver nitrate method) using standard procedures described in W.H.O. manual and Indian standard (Tables 2-4). The water quality parameters values are in mg/l except ph and EC in µs/cm [6-10]. ph: It is the measure of acidity and alkalinity of water, also an indicator of quality of water. The ph value of water is controlled by the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonates and bicarbonates. High ph value induces the formation of trihalomethanes, which are toxic, while ph below 6.5 starts corrosion in pipe thereby releasing toxic metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium and copper (Shrivastava and Patil, 2002). It was noticed that the ph value of the water appears to be dependent upon the relative quantities of calcium, carbonates and bicarbonates. The water tends to be more alkaline when it possesses carbonates (Zafar, 1966; Suryanarayana, 1995). It can be seen all the sampling sites had ph level falling with the recommended range of (W.H.O, 1993). The ph value of the samples in the study areas Beswan and Iglas reagion varied from 7.10 and 7.79 respectively indicating slightly alkaline nature of water shown in Figure 3. 04

5 Figure 3: Sample Locations vs. ph. Turbidity: Turbidity is an important parameter for characterizing the quality of water. Turbidity in water may be due to wide variety of suspended materials, which range in size from colloidal to coarse dispersions, depending upon the degree of turbulence. The turbidity in the study areas Beswan and Iglas varied from 0.31 N.T.U and 0.84 N.T.U respectively is shown Figure 4. Figure 4: Sample Locations vs. Turbidity. Figure 5: Sample Locations vs. Alkalinity. 05

6 Total Alkalinity: The excess of alkalinity could be due to the minerals, which dissolved in water from mineral rich soil. The various ionic species that contribute mainly to alkalinity includes bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, silicates and organic acids. In some cases, ammonia or hydroxides are also accountable to the alkalinity (Sawyer 2000). It is value is above standard value hence causing Digestion, Malfunctions, Metabolic abnormalities. The alkalinity in the study area Beswan and Iglas are ranged between 476mg/l and 350mg/l respectively as CaCO 3 indicated high alkaline nature of water in the area, shown in Figure 5. Total Hardness: Hardness in water is caused by certain salts held in solution. The most common are the carbonates, fluorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. The principal hardness causing cations are calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous and manganese ions. The cations plus the most important anions that contributes are bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates and silicates. The hardness may be advantageous in certain conditions; it prevents the corrosion in the pipes by forming a thin layer of scale and reduces the entry of heavy metals from the pipe to the water (Shrivastava et al., 2002). Water can be classified in terms of degree of hardness as shown in Table 5. It is value is found to be higher than the standard value hence causing Contact Irritation. The total hardness ranged in the study area Beswan and Iglas are 570mg/l and 210mg/l respectively as CaCO 3 which indicated very hard water, shown Figure 6 [11-15]. Table 5: Table showing degree of Hardness. Total hardness in mg/l Degree of Hardness 0-75 soft moderately soft hard More than 300 very hard Figure 6: Sample Locations vs Total Hardness. Figure 7: Sample Locations vs. Calcium. Calcium: Calcium hardness is one of the most abundant substances found in natural water in higher quantities in the rocks. Higher level of calcium is not desirable in washing, bathing and laundering while small concentration of calcium is beneficial in reducing the corrosion in pipes. This might be due to the geological formation of the area. The area is basically of granitic terrain. Experts have opined that the difference in relative mobility of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium is more distinct in the groundwater from granitic terrain and the higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorides and bicarbonates 06

7 in several cases are probably due to their low rate of removal by soil (Somashekar et al., 2000). Increased risk of Kidney stone, colorectal cancer, Hypertensions, Stroke and Obesity. Calcium in the study area Beswan and Iglas varied widely from 82mg/l and 120mg/l CaCO 3 is shown Figure 7. Magnesium: Magnesium Hardness in the study area Beswan and Iglas varied from mg/l and 90 mg/l as CaCO 3, is shown Graph no. 08.Adaptable change in Bowel habits leading to Diarrhoea Figure 8. Figure 8: Sample Locations vs. Magnesium. Chloride: Naturally chloride occurs in all types of waters. The contribution of chloride in the groundwater is due to minerals like apatite, mica, and hornblende and also from the liquid inclusions of igneous rocks (Das and Malik, 1988). The main diseases are Vomiting and Nausea. The chlorides in the study area Beswan and Iglas varied widely from 368 mg/l and 52 mg/l, is shown Figure 9. Figure 9: Sample Locations vs. Chloride. Figure 10: Sample Locations vs. Fluoride. 07

8 Fluorides: Many rocks have fluoride bearing minerals like apatite, fluorite, biotite and hornblende. The weathering of these rocks and infiltration of rainfall through it increases fluoride concentration in groundwater. The common diseases are dental problems and Skeletal problems and Fluorosis. The fluoride in the study area Beswan and Iglas varies widely from 1.48mg/l and 0.8mg/l, is shown Figure 10. Nitrates: Nitrate is measured in mg/l. Natural levels of nitrate are usually less than 1 mg/l. Concentrations over 10 mg/l will have an effect on the freshwater aquatic environment. 10 mg/l is also the maximum concentration allowed in human drinking water by the U.S. Public Health Service. For a sensitive fish such as salmon the recommended concentration is 0.06 mg/l. The Nitrates in the study area Beswan and Iglas varied widely 6.71 mg/l and 6.11 respectively shown in Figure 11. Figure 11: Sample Locations vs. Nitrates. Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolve Oxygen is an important physicoparameter in water quality assessment and biological process prevailing in the water. The DO value indicates the degree of pollution in the water bodies. The presence of DO enhance the quality of water and also acceptability. This shows the high degree of pollution due to presence of bacteria and minerals in water. The dissolved oxygen of the samples was measured in the field itself at the time of sample collection. DO under the area determined in the present study ranged between 4.3mg/l in Beswan and 7.9mg/l in Iglas is shown Figure 12. Figure 12: Sample location Vs. DO. Biochemical Oxygen Demand: The BOD values indicating the degree of pollutants in the water bodies not good for the existence of aquatic organism that play an important ecological role. Biochemical oxygen demands in study area are 12.8 mg/l in Beswan and 7.2 mg/l in Iglas, is shown in Figure 13 [16-21]. 08

9 Figure 13: Sample Locations BOD. Result Parameter such as... are found within the standard ranges of W.H.O. but most of the parameters like... are not fitting in the standards. Discussion Water resources in Beswan and Iglas are sufficient to fulfil the needs of the people of the region but due to rapid growth in population and changes in the life style of the people, certain strategies like rain water harvesting, Ground water recharging, water use education, efficient irrigation methods, should be adopted for sustainable water management and development of Beswan and Iglas town. Use of submersible pumps should be monitored and controlled for proper water withdrawal to preserve the groundwater table level. Ponds are proposed to be constructed in which water can be stored during rainy season and can serve cattle s for drinking. During monsoon season plenty of water through rain is available which often stands in localities for longer duration causing miseries to the people and health hazard, if this water is detained in ponds, it would not cause flooding of the localities and can simultaneously be used for fisheries which in turn would provide job benefits and business to the people of the village which in turn leads to a sustainable development of the region. Many of the parameters are going beyond the acceptable limit of good quality water. As we have seen Diarrhoea and fever are the major diseases cause by imbalance nature. Talking on the basis of data provided by Annual Health Survey (A.H.S.) conducted by Government of Uttar Pradesh. In Aligarh District children suffering from Diarrhoea (%) is about 7.5% and from Fever (%) is about 24.3%. Graphical representation of water quality in this area also clearly indicates that the water quality at Beswan and Iglas are very poor. Conclusion The rapid growth of population in the area increases its residences depends more on groundwater but the groundwater quality is not found up to the mark. People have to become more aware about the utilization of water and its extraction source. Measures have to be taken on large scale by the collective effort of local authority and the people to make water potable. Sustainable water management system and water collecting techniques are needed to be developed and discover by the natives. The discharge which the industries are making should also be taken into account. Overall it has been observed from the analysis that the drinking water quality in the study area is reasonably not good because both are severely polluted. The drinking water at Iglas and Beswan towns are severely polluted with reference to all the physico-chemical Parameters. People dependent on this water are highly prone to health hazards of contaminated water. So they must use drinking water after purification. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the concerned authorities of construction division of Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, Aligarh and References 1. Agrawal A (1993) Studies on physico chemical and biological characteristics of river Betwa from Nayapura to Vidisha, PhD thesis (chemistry) BU, Bhopal, India. 2. APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995) Standards methods for examination of water and wastewater, (19 th edn.), Washington, USA. 3. Behura CK (1998) A study of Physico-chemical characteristics of a highly eutrophic temple tank, Bikaner. J Aqua Biol 13(1-2): Das HB, Kalita H (1990) Physico chemical quality of water, Mizoram JIWWA 22(2): DK Sinha, N Kumar (2009) Indian J Env Prot 29 (11):

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