EWB-SFP. Engineers Without Borders-USA San Francisco Professionals. AIChE Annual Meeting November 8, 2010 John Wind and Paola de Cecco

Transcription

1 Engineers Without Borders-USA San Francisco Professionals AIChE Annual Meeting November 8, 2010 John Wind and Paola de Cecco

2 Outline Introduction to EWB-USA and Ngelenge, Tanzania Project Water challenges: access, volume, water quality Separations: Moringa flocculation and slow sand filtration Water distribution system Economics Capacity building and organization Sustainability issues

3 EWB-USA s Mission Partner with developing communities and empower them to improve their quality of life Focus on long term commitment (> 5 yrs) Implement environmentally sustainable, equitable, and economical projects Develop internationally responsible and globally aware professionals and students Not Just Engineers!

4 Tanzania Project Background

5 Southwestern Corner of Tanzania NGELENGE

6 EWB Partnership with the Ngelenge Development Association (NGEDEA) NGEDEA started by villagers in 2003 and officially registered as a Tanzanian NGO Mission is village development in Ngelenge and surrounding area Main office in Ngelenge with a branch in Dar es Salaam EWB and NGEDEA work together to identify project priorities and implementation strategies

7 Ngelenge Background Ngelenge is in SW Tanzania, where the Ruhuhu River meets Lake Nyasa Population of 2,200 people in 300 households Lacks basic services including: Adequate and safe water supply Electricity Health and higher education services Transportation Challenges with agriculture, food security, and income generation

8 NGELENGE Kivukoni CCM Magland Shuleni Faulkland

9 Assessment Participatory workshop priorities (2005) Health Water Agriculture

10 Water Resource Assessment (2005) Demand: average water use is 40L/day (you use approximately 400 L/day) Water Supply Three shallow wells with hand pump built by Concern Int l in 1997 Bad water quality in two wells One well runs dry during dry season Long wait times at drinking water well Other sources include Ruhuhu River and Lake Nyasa

11 Water Quality Wells tested for E. coli, general coliforms, inorganics High Fe and Mn, marginal on Al and F Zero E. coli in well water Significant contamination in water handling based on household surveys Ruhuhu River water highly turbid and contaminated with E. coli Total Coliforms E. coli 1000 Household water quality survey (E. Viau, 2006) Stored Water Dipper Water Hand Dipper Handle Dipper Internal Storage Lid Water (CFU/100 ml) Swab (CFU/swab)

12 River Water Purification Residents of Falklands sub-village 4 km from wells River water is main drinking water source Contaminated w/ E. coli (100 CFU per 100 ml, WHO std. = 0) Turbidity = 70 NTU (WHO Std = 1) Slow Sand Filtration pilot system selected for field trial

13 Water Purification

14 Slow Sand Water Filter Slow Sand Filtration is sustainable technology Can be made from local materials Scaleable for community-level water treatment May be extended to other villages along river (micro-enterprise?) Drilling the Filter Body Washing

15 Slow Sand Water Filter Built demonstration unit in the Falklands Provides clean drinking water for 100 people (210 L/day) Materials brought from USA, but equivalents sourced in TZ Goals See if materials available can build a working filter Get feedback from village to make filter more suitable Sieving Gravel Sieving Sand

16 Flocculation with Moringa Seed Extract Batch test of Moringa Settling (24 h settling) Moringa Oleifera tree (native to Ngelenge) Simple settling not sufficient: flocculation required. Moringa seeds are a potentially sustainable and effective solution

17 Slow Sand Filter system Product Tank Filter Feed Tank Settling Tank Product Water: 2 NTU, zero E.Coli, low general coliforms

18 SSF SYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY Pump intake washed away in flood after 4 months Villagers did not get replacement part and system was dismantled & relocated to neighboring community Jealousy over location of system Some people continue Moringa flocculation at household level Capacity building and organizational capability Community organization and management of system is key Maintenance capabilities Leverage management best practices in Tanzania for water distribution system

19 Water Distribution System

20 Well Background and Logistics Hydrogeologic survey and modeling Contract w/ HydroTech Site selection Social aspects Technical aspects Letter of agreement Combination Rig

21 Deep Wells (50m) Well Flow (gpm) Casing and Pump CCM 44 6 Mono Sun Sub Shuleni 18 4 Afridev (new) Kivukoni 13 4 NIRA (rebuilt) CCM Shuleni Kivukoni Mono SunSub Afridev handpump NIRA handpump

22 Water Distribution System Phase 1 & 2 includes: 30,000 gallons of water storage First solar powered pump in the village 10,000 gpd 4 miles of distribution piping 17 public tap stands around the village

23 Sustainability Framework Appropriate Management Community leadership and management Collection of sufficient water fees Transparent accounting MOU with EWB on roles and responsibilities Relation between community and local/regional government entities Technical capacity and maintenance skills

24 O&M Cost Challenges Inflation Accounting for all costs What human services are required? Who gets paid for what? Communicating and understanding of O&M Accounting transparency and temptation for corruption Money collection in community Banking resources Paying for water: hand pumps vs. distribution system

25 Solar Water Distribution System Cost Major system components Cost ($) Well $12,000 Pump / Controls $6,000 Panels $25,000 Tracking system $5,000 Huge capital cost Transportation ~$10,000 Volunteer labor and travel not included Pipe $20,700 Tanks $15,600 Tapstands $2,000 Total $86,300

26 O&M Costs for Solar Powered System In Thousands Project Capital Supplied by EWB Ongoing Operation and Replacement Costs by the community

27 Tariff Setting Distribution System Monthly O&M Cost $53.98, 9% $178.77, 30% $322.66, 55% Replacement Cost Personnel Costs Maintenance Cost Contingency Fund $1.70/month per family to be collected $38.40, 6%

28 Motivation for Water Distribution System was more needed when there was only one good drinking well Do people understand the trade-offs in financial commitment and level of water service? Labor and O&M contribution are significant commitments Full system online Dec (~ 8300 gpd). Technical challenges with sediment infiltration into well, pump reliability.

29 Capacity Building Community Executive Water Committee (EWC)-formed 2009 Water constitution Management training Leadership of project activities Accountability to community for system operation and enforcement of fee collection Clear definition of roles and responsibilities for system management EWB: appropriate project development, organizational capability, technical support

30 Conclusions Rural water supply is complex Community leadership and management is key Financial sustainability is difficult to gauge/ensure Technology is a relatively small part of these projects Understanding roles, responsibilities and needs is critical We have learned a lot and have a lot to learn Sharing of lessons learned is essential

31 All too often, in our rush to produce tangible results for our organizations, donors, and communities we tend to focus too much on producing the objective outcomes and neglect the importance and more difficult task of enhancing structural and personal empowerment.. David Bartecchi IISD

32 Swahili proverb To fall is to step forward a little.

33 Development brings freedom, provided it is development of people. But people cannot be developed; they can only develop themselves. For while it is possible for an outsider to build a person s house, an outsider cannot give the person pride and self-confidence in themselves by their own actions. They develop themselves by their own actions. They develop themselves by what they do; they develop themselves by making their own decisions, by increasing their knowledge and ability and by their own full participation as equals in the life of the community they live in People develop themselves by joining in free discussions of a new venture, and participating in the subsequent decisions; they are not being developed if they are herded like animals into the new ventures. Development of people can, in fact, only be effected by the people. Julius K. Nyerere, Freedom and Development, Oxford University Press, Dar es Salaam, 1973, pp 58 & 60.

34 WHO Guidelines for Health Source: Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003

35 From EWB to EWC Asked village to form a committee to manage the project Executive Water Committee (EWC) EWB and NGEDEA organize management trainings for the chosen group EWB stay in the village to answer any technical question Engineers Without Borders Executive Water Committee

36 2005 Shuleni well (collapsed) Maguland original well CCM well (good) Kivukoni original well Scale 0 Miles 0.5 1

37 Maguland Well Drilled by Concern Slime layer Positive for SLYM bacteria test ( 06) Turbid (~20NTU)

38 CCM Drilled by Concern Considered good for drinking Good water quality Low turbidity (1-2 NTU)

39 KivukoniTechnical assessment Drilled by Concern Reported to have taste and odor issues

40 VES Model Analysis

41 New Shuleni Well 50 meter depth Insufficient yield

42 New Kivukoni 35 meter depth Insufficient yield

43 New CCM 50 meter depth Sufficient yield

44 mg/l mg/l Inorganic Data Iron EPA Secondary MCL Manganese 0.25 EPA Secondary MCL 0 N. Shuleni CCM N. CCM N. Kivukoni Ruhuhu. Shuleni Maguland N. CCM Kivukoni Ruhuhu aguland CCM CM ('07) CM ('08) Kivukoni. Kivukoni uhuhu R. uhuhu R.

45 mg/l Fluoride New Shuleni Well #2 Magland EPA MCL EPA Secondary MCL N. Shuleni CCM N. CCM N. Kivukoni Ruhuhu Maguland N. CCM Kivukoni Ruhuhu Well #3 CCM New CCM (07) New CCM (08) Well #4 Kivukoni New Kivukoni Ruhuhu River Ruhuhu River

46 mg/l 2 Aluminum EPA Secondary MCL ( mg/L) 0 N. Shuleni CCM N. CCM N. Kivukoni Ruhuhu New Shuleni Well #2 Magland Maguland N. CCM Kivukoni Ruhuhu Well #3 CCM New CCM (07) New CCM (08) Well #4 Kivukoni New Kivukoni Ruhuhu River Ruhuhu River

47 Solar Details Make and model of energy source The energy source is eight BP3150 photovoltaic modules. These modules are manufactured by BP Solar in Sydney Australia The modules are factory riveted to the galvanised steel array structures. This method of mounting ensures that the solar modules cannot be easily stolen. Refer to page 25 of MPA A 1200 Watt tracking system uses 2 x 600 Watt array structures. Each array has 4 x BP3150 solar modules connected in series. The service life of the array structure is expected to be in excess of 20 years. The battery in the tracking controller may require replacement after 5 years service.

48 Headloss BACKUP Headloss in the line is calculated using Hazen-Williams where: f = (100/c)^1.852 q^1.852 / d^ Where: f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe c = Hazen-Williams roughness constant q = volume flow (gal/min) d = inside hydraulic diameter (inches) C = 140, Q = 28 gpm, d = 3 f = 0.26 ft/100ft of pipe Equivalent Length = 1620 ft Total Headloss = 4.2 ft

49 Distribution System Calculations