"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind, down into the

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1 It Blows You Away

2 "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind, down into the sea's waves"

3 Introduction

4 Energy is a major input for overall socioeconomic development of any society The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing So renewables are expected to play a key role Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable Wind turbines are up to the task of producing serious amounts of electricity

5 Principles

6 Uneven heating of earth s surface and rotation

7 Beaufort Scale Force Strength km/h Effect 0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically 1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly 2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle 3 Gentle breeze Twigs move; light flag unfurls 4 Moderate breeze Dust and paper blown about; small branches move 5 Fresh breeze Wavelets on inland water; small trees move 6 Strong breeze Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out 7 Near gale Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind 8 Gale Twigs break off trees; walking very hard 9 Strong gale Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down 10 Storm Widespread damage to buildings 11 Violent Storm Widespread damage to buildings 12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation

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9 Velocity with Height

10 Power vs. Velocity

11 Lift and drag forces

12 Solidity and Tip speed ratio

13 Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

14 Potential

15 Huge potential exists Available potential can contribute five times the world energy demand 0.4% contribution to total energy

16 Wind is currently the world s fastest growing energy source

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18 Growth of Wind Energy Year

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20 Wind Energy generating capacity by country,

21 Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

22 Available potential in India

23 Wind Power Density of India

24 All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004 Wind 3% Diesel 1% Nuclear 2% Hydro 26% Coal 58% Gas 10%

25 Installed capacity (MW) in India

26 State wise potential in India, M W AP Gujara t Karnat aka Kerala Gross Potential Installed Capacity MP Mahar ashtra Orissa Rajast han TN WB

27 Technology

28 Turbine Evolution Used for Pumping water Grinding grain Mainly used for Generating Electricity

29 Types of turbines VAWT Drag is the main force Nacelle is placed at the bottom Yaw mechanism is not required Lower starting torque Difficulty in mounting the turbine Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

30 HAWT Lift is the main force Much lower cyclic stresses 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower Yaw mechanism is required

31 Two types of HAWT DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

32 Counter Rotating HAWT Increase the rotation speed Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind speeds Operates for wider range of wind speeds

33 Offshore turbines More wind speeds Less noise pollution Less visual impact Difficult to install and maintain Energy losses due long distance transport

34 A Typical HAWT

35 Turbine design and construction Blades Material used Typical length Tower height Heights twice the blade length are found economical

36 Number of blades Three blade HAWT are most efficient Two blade turbines don t require a hub As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

37 Rotational control Maintenance Noise reduction Centripetal force reduction Mechanisms Stalling Furling

38 Yaw Mechanism To turn the turbine against the wind Yaw error and fatigue loads Uses electric motors and gear boxes Wind turbine safety Sensors controlling vibrations Over speed protection Aero dynamic braking Mechanical braking

39 Improvements Concentrators

40 Future Wind Turbines Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

41 Disc type wind turbine o Much more efficient than HAWT o Requires less height o Low noise o Works in any wind direction

42 Economics

43 Determining Factors Wind Speed Turbine design and construction Rated capacity of the turbine Exact Location Improvements in turbine design Capital

44 Wind Speed Matters Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

45 Size Matters Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

46 Overall cost distribution

47 Break down of capital cost

48 Energy Cost Trend 1979: 40 cents/kwh 2000: 4-6 cents/kwh Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements 2004: cents/kwh

49 Typical cost statistics Size: 51 MW Wind Speed: miles/hour Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW) Annual production: 150 million kw-hr Electricity costs: cents Payback period: 20 years

50 Economic Advantages

51 Greater fuel diversity No delay in construction Low maintenance costs Reliable and durable equipment Additional income to land owners More jobs per unit energy produced No hidden costs

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53 Future

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55 Wind Capital Cost

56 Cost of Wind Energy

57 Germany now and 2020 At present 10% of the country s energy is supplied by wind energy By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26%

58 Australia now and 2040

59 So.. Price of wind power is coming down There is enormous capacity Energy storage, however, is still a problem

60 Typical Concerns

61 Visual impact Off shore turbines Arrangement Avian concerns Suitable choice of site Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower Using radars

62 Noise Varies as 5 th power of relative wind speed Streamlining of tower and nacelle Acoustic insulation of nacelle Specially designed gear box Use of upwind turbines Reducing angle of attack Low tip speed ratios

63 Changes in wind patterns Reducing turbulence Intermittent Coupling with hydro or solar energy TV, microwave, radar interference Switching from conducting material to non-conducting and composite material

64 Conclusion

65 Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient

66 THANK YOU

67 Furling

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