Life Cycle Assessment of Thai Shrimp

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Assessment of Thai Shrimp Dr Rattanawan Tam Mungkung Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Significance of shrimp industry in Thailand Global level: Aquaculture presently accounts for 27.3% of fish for the global supply, 10% of which is farmed shrimp and 45% of farmed shrimp global production comes from Thailand National level: Farmed shrimp ranks third of the Thai main exporting goods, contributing 1.52% to the GDP in 2005 (Dept of Export Promotion, 2006) and millions of people are engaged in shrimp and associated industries Local level Local level: Shrimp industry promoted rural development and improve social welfare in terms of income distribution in coastal areas 1

2 Increasing demands for labelled products (Hartmann, 1997) 2

3 LCA of block-frozen shrimp product Goal of the study: Identification of sustainability issues governing the shrimp aquaculture industry in Thailand Assessment of the environmental impacts associated with block-frozen shrimp production using LCA Comparative studies of different shrimp farming systems Functional unit: 3 kg of farmed shrimp to produce one block of frozen shrimp (1.8 kg) LCA of block-frozen shrimp product (cont) Inventory data: Foreground data from the shrimp production cycle in 2003 Background data from secondary data specific to Thailand, supplemented by data from the SimaPro (version 5.1) database when necessary Impact categories: Problem-oriented or Midpoint approach Baseline 2000 method) (the CML Damage-oriented or Endpoint approach (the EPS 2000 and Eco-indicator 99 methods) 3

4 life span is up to 2 years 15 to 20 days to be PL15 5 to 11 months Biology life cycle of marine shrimp 500,000 to 1,000,000 eggs per spawning Life cycle shrimp production system 4

5 Hatchery: post-larvae rearing Farming: growing from post-larvae to adult 5

6 Processing of block-frozen shrimp 6

7 Trawler Hatcheries Farms Processing plant Fishmeal factory 1. Biological & CoC farming system intensive farming system Biological Culturing Approach minimising chemical usage using Bokachi (effective microorganism produced at site) CoC (Code of Conduct for Marine Aquaculture: the environmental management programme for shrimp farming, developed by Department of Fisheries - DOF, Thailand) mangrove-shrimp system 7

8 2. Conventional & CoC farming system Environmental Management Approach intensive farming system CoC implementation use only the approved veterinary drugs from DOF 3. Probiotic farming system Probiotic Technology Approach intensive farming system utilising probiotic microbes shrimp-fish culturing system 8

9 4. Ecological farming system Ecological Culturing Approach optimizing input factors no chemical usage 5. Going to be organic farming system Organic Culturing Approach being converted to be organic farming complete elimination of chemical inputs using biological extracts produced from local vegetable and fruit lower stock density best available organic inputs 9

10 LCIA results of the Conventional & CoC farm, using post-larvae from the Phuket hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Electricity Ice Fish Rice bran Fertiliser Chlorine Feed Burnt lime Limestone Phuket post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP LCIA results of the Conventional & CoC farm, using post-larvae from the Chacheongsao hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Electricity Ice Fish Rice bran Fertiliser Chlorine Feed Burnt lime Limestone Chacheongsao post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP 10

11 LCIA results of the Biological & CoC farm, using post-larvae from the Phuket hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Electricity Ice Feed Rice husk Rice bran Burnt lime Limestone Phuket post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP LCIA results of the Biological & CoC farm, using post-larvae from the Chacheongsao hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Electricity Ice Feed Rice husk Rice bran Burnt lime Limestone Chacheongsao post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP 11

12 LCIA results of the Probiotic farm, using post-larvae from the Phuket hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Diesel Ice Chlorine Feed Fish Fertiliser Burnt lime Limestone Phuket post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP LCIA results of the Probiotic farm, using post-larvae from the Chacheongsao hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Diesel Ice Chlorine Feed Fish Fertiliser Burnt lime Limestone Chacheongsao post-larvae Wastewater 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP 12

13 LCIA results of the Ecological farm, using post-larvae from the Chunthaburi hatchery (on site) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Refrigerated truck Electricity Ice Feed Burnt lime Limestone Fertiliser Chunthaburi post-larvae Wastewater 10% 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP LCIA results of the Being Converted to be Organic farm, using post-larvae from the Chacheongsao hatchery 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Pick-up car Refrigerated truck Diesel Ice Feed Chacheongsao post-larvae Wastewater 10% 0% ADP GWP ODP HTP FTP MTP TTP POCP AP EP 13

14 Comparison of LCIA results of five farming systems using the CML Baseline 2000 method EP AP POCP TTP MTP FTP HTP ODP GWP Going-to-be-Organic, Chacheongsao post-larvae Ecological, Post-larvae produced on-site Probiotic, Chacheongsao post-larvae Probiotic, Phuket post-larvae Biological & CoC, Chacheongsao post-larvae Biological & CoC, Phuket post-larvae Conventional & CoC, Chacheongsao post-larvae Conventional & CoC, Phuket post-larvae ADP Comparison of LCIA results of five farming systems using the EPS 2000 method Species Extinction Depletion of reserves Soil Acidification Fish and Meat production Wood Growth Capacity Crop Growth Capacity Nuisance Severe Nuisance Morbidity Going-to-be-Organic farm, Chacheongsao post-larvae Ecological farm, Chunthaburi post-larvae Probiotic farm, Chacheongsao post-larvae Probiotic farm, Phuket post-larvae Biological & CoC farm, Chacheongsao post-larvae Biological & CoC farm, Phuket post-larvae Conventional & CoC farm, Chacheongsao post-larvae Conventional & CoC farm, Phuket post-larvae Severe Morbidity Life Expectancy

15 Comparison of LCIA results of five farming systems using the Eco-indicator 99 method (Hierarchist Model) Fossil fuels Minerals Land use Acidification/ Eutrophication Ecotoxicity Ozone layer Radiation Climate change Respiratory effects (inorganics) Respiratory effects (organics) Carcinogens Going-to-be Organic, Chacheongsao post-larvae Ecological, Chunthaburi post-larvae Probiotic, Chacheongsao post-larvae Probiotic, Phuket post-larvae Biological & CoC, Chacheongsao post-larvae Biological & CoC, Phuket post-larvae Conventional & CoC, Chacheongsao post-larvae Conventional & CoC, Phuket post-larvae Higher impact on ecosystem quality damages (i.e. ecotoxicity) and human health hot spots impact contributors 15

16 Comparative LCA of different farming systems Based on comparative LCA results of five farms with equal importance attributed to all impacts, the environmental performance can be ranked from BEST to WORST as: Going-to to-be-organic Probiotic Ecological Biological & CoC Conventional & CoC farms Note: the ranking may be changed, depending upon the valuation choice applied by decision or policy makers Evaluate the existing environmental certification systems Code of Conduct (CoC) LCA Considers three main stages of the production system (hatchery, farm, and processing plant) Actual environmental impacts General criteria Qualitative standards No scoring method is applied Uses the life cycle perspective (wider scope and more comprehensive coverage of environmental impacts) Potential environmental impacts Specific criteria Quantitative standards Weighting of environmental impacts 16

17 Recommended general principles for ecolabelling shrimp products Consistent with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Minimum requirements should include the environmental management systems and ecosystem considerations based on the aspects and impacts identified from LCA study Based on specific criteria with measurable performance indicators, including actual and potential impacts, both locally and globally Recommended environmental criteria for ecolabelling shrimp products Subject to the evaluation of different environmental impacts Key issues from the LCA results: (1) Use of fishmeal in shrimp feed (2) Nutrient level (3) Energy consumption (4) Use of burnt lime (?) 17

18 Economic priorities and social benefits couples with environmental consideration must be analysed from the Life Cycle Perspective, to formulate a more sustainable policy and management framework for the shrimp aquaculture industry Recommendations on future work: Sustainable management of food production systems LCA methodology in terms of impact categories specific to aquaculture Benchmarking of aquaculture production from different countries Comparison of environmental impacts associated with aquaculture-based with capture-based fisheries and/or agricultural products Agriculture Fisheries Aquaculture 18

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