Energy and the Environment

Transcription

1 Energy and the Environment B.P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology Kolkata, India 08 September 2007 Professor Saifur Rahman Director Advanced Research Institute Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State University, U.S.A. 1 World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type ( ) Quadrillion BTU Year Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook

2 Global Oil Production 3 Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of CO 2 4 2

3 Global CO 2 Emissions by Region ( ) t ) n le a iv u q E n o b r a C f o s n o T t r ic e M n ilio ( M 5 Climate Change Global warming World sea levels rise Loss of the arctic ice cover 6 3

4 Annual Average Global Surface Temperature Anomalies ( ) Source: NASA as of 2/8/07 Source: EPA, Surface temperature change, Global warming and CO 2 level rise Earth has warmed by about 1 C since mid-19th century; can go up by another 5.8 C by

5 Sea level rise World sea levels are rising at a rate of 2mm (0.08 inches) a year; double the speed at which levels rose for 5,000 years before the start of the industrial age Source: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Carbon Dioxide Rate is at Highest Level for 650,000 Years CO 2 concentration = 379 ppm in 2005 Compared to its pre-industrial level at 278 ppm And a range over the previous 650,000 years of ppm. This photo from the National Science Foundation shows the shear face of the massive B-15A iceberg stretches for 150 kms across McMurdo Sound after it broke off the Ross Ice Shelf in Antartica, Source: Global warming: the final warning by Steve Connor, Published on Saturday, February 3, 2007 by the Independent/UK. 10 5

6 Loss of Arctic Ice THE Arctic ice cap could disappear completely well before the end of the century under the impact of global warming, according to observations released yesterday. The Times, London. 29 Sept Observed Sea Ice Source: Impact of a warming arctic, Cambridge University Press 12 6

7 Abrupt Climate Change Rapid changes in ocean circulation are linked to an abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago that had global effects. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a destabilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change more probable. Source: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Green Power and Energy Efficiency Applications Wind Energy Systems Solar Energy Systems Fuel Cells Energy Efficient Technologies 14 7

8 Wind Energy Off-shore Wind Generation, North Sea 15 Installed wind power in the world Source: BP.com,

9 Installed Wind Power in the World Cumulative Capacity Megawatts 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Total World Rest of the World India Denmark USA Spain Germany Source: BP.com, 2006 and World Wind Energy Association, Germany as of 29 Jan Wind power highlights Global Electricity Capacity: 3,736 GW (2004) * Global Wind Capacity: 48.0 GW (2004) and 74.3 GW (2006) German capacity : 16.6 GW (2004) and 20.6 GW (2006) Germany remained the world s largest wind power market with an installed capacity of 20.6 GW (end of 2006) This is followed by the US and Spain with an installed capacity based of 11.6GW. * International Electricity Information, EIA,

10 19 Solar Energy Solar Thermal Heating Solar Thermal Electricity Solar Photovoltaics 20 10

11 Solar Photovoltaics, USA Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA 21 Solar Photovoltaics, USA 4 Times Square, New York Building-integrated PV panels of up to 15 kw of power Thin-film PV panels are located on the top 19th floors of the building Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 22 11

12 Solar Photovoltaics, Germany Lehrter train station, Berlin Number of module: 1,440 Total area: 3,311 m 2 PV output: 325 kw Electricity generation: 274,000 kwh/yr Source: 23 Solar Photovoltaics, Japan Bridge Shiga, Japan 60 kw Platform Gunma, Japan 200 kw 24 Source: Mitsubishi Electric 12

13 Installed solar photovoltaics Total 3.7 GW Source: BP.com, High Altitude Train in Tibet 26 13

14 Electric power everywhere, but cannot reach it 27 Photovoltaics for railway signaling in Tibet 14

15 Fuel Cells PAFC SOFC PEMFC Source: UTC fuel cells Source: Source: Nanyang Technological University 29 Fuel Cells Applications Fuel cells installed at Four Times Square in NY city Capacity: 2x200 kw Fuel cells installed for both primary and standby power at Saint Francis Hospital in Connecticut Capacity: 1x200 kw Source: UTC Fuel Cells 30 15

16 Fuel Cells Applications Fuel cells installed at datacenter in Nebraska for both primary and backup power Capacity: 4x200 kw Fuel cells installed at the Mohegan Sun Resort in Connecticut providing prime power support in cogeneration application Capacity: 2x200 kw 31 Source: UTC Fuel Cells Fuel Cells Applications Virginia Tech,

17 Energy efficient LED lamps Input Voltage: Average Input Power: Lumen equivalent: Estimated Life: 120 VAC, 60 Hz 1.3 Watt 11-Watt incandescent lamp ~ 100,000 Hours Source: Boca Flasher, Inc. and LEDtronics, Inc. 33 Incandescent Watts Lumen equivalent CFL Watt range LED Watts Lumen Range lumens/watt lumens/watt lumens/watt Summary 34 17

18 Incandescent vs. CFL vs. LED lamps Life 1500 hrs 10,000 hrs 60,000 hrs Watts 60 W 14 W 6 W Cost (in USD) $1.35 $2.98 $50 Energy used over 60k hours 3,600 kwh 840 kwh 360 kwh Energy cost (@ $0.1/kWh), 60k hrs $360 $84 $36 No. of bulbs needed for 60k hours Equivalent 60k hour lamp expense $54 $20 $50 Costs for 890 lumens for 60k hrs $414 $104 $86 35 LED lamp in Ebay - India for Rs. 99 Virginia Tech,

19 Solar-powered LED lighting systems Virginia Tech, 2004 Source: LEDtronics, Inc. 37 Energy efficient computer monitors 17 LCD Monitor 17 CRT Monitor VS 17 LCD Monitor 17 CRT Monitor Power Consumption 30 Watts 70 Watts Weight 9.9 lb. 33 lb

20 What is the Hydrogen Economy? Biomass Hydro Wind HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY Transportation. Solar Geothermal Nuclear Oil Coal Natural Gas With Carbon Sequestration ZERO/NEAR ZERO EMISSIONS Distributed Generation 39 Refining Today s Hydrogen Uses Hydrogenated Fats & Oils Petrochemicals Glass Electronics Utilities Source: Air Products & Chemicals, Inc

21 Tomorrow s Hydrogen Uses: portable and stationary power Source: Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. 41 Tomorrow s Hydrogen Uses: fuel cell vehicles 42 21

22 Leave the earth for the next generation as we found it