Effect of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) on Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Transcription

1 IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology Volume 1 Issue 12 May 2015 ISSN (online): Effect of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) on Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil Vivek Singh M.E. Scholar Department of Geotechnical Engineering Jabalpur Engineering College Jabalpur, (M.P.) India Rajesh Jain Associate Professor Department of Geotechnical Engineering Jabalpur Engineering College Jabalpur, (M.P.) India Abstract In the field of the geotechnical engineering in general the soil stabilization in particular clayey soil, are distributed all over world. In India black cotton soil is available in many states and if covers about the (0.8x106km2) area near about 20% of surface area. Due to their moisture content variation characteristics they cause severe damage to foundations and super structures of the buildings leading to huge economic loss. The globally growing demand of cement results in collection of kiln dust from cement plants. The disposal of this fine dust is very difficult and poses an environmental threat. Main objective of this research is to utilize the industrial waste like cement kiln dust to improve the engineering characteristics of the black cotton soil. This study presents a research review on cement kiln dust (CKD) usage in soil and waste utilization and the results of experimental investigation on its usage in soil stabilization. Soil samples were tested with the cement kiln dust from 0% to 25% of dry weight of the soil, samples were prepared and results showed a significant increase in soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive strength values. DFS of black cotton soil reduced from (31%) to (5%). From the compaction tests result increased in maximum dry density (MDD) from 1.73 gm/cc to 2.03gm/cc and decrease in optimum moisture content (OMC) from 20.04% to 10.94%. Permeability increased from 4.80x10-4 cm/s to 1.43x10-3 cm/s. In this investigation it can be seen that cement kiln dust has tendency to improve the engineering characteristics of black cotton soil. Keywords: Cement Kiln Dust, Engineering Characteristics, CBR, Compaction, OMC, DFS, Permeability, UCS I. INTRODUCTION Soils with low-bearing capacity can be strengthened economically for building purposes through the process of soil stabilization using different types of stabilizers. Our country covers vast soils deposits of expansive soils in central part; it covers large areas of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. These soils are formed from basalt and rock traps. These soils are quick suitable for growing cotton. Black cotton soil are the clays of high plasticity, they contain mineral called montmorillonite, as the shear strength of the soil is quite low, soils are highly compressible with low bearing capacity. It is extremely difficult to work with these soils. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a fine powdery material similar in appearance to Portland cement. These are two types of cement kiln processes : wet process kiln, which accept feed material in slury form and dry process kilns : which accept feed materials in a dry, ground form. This paper indicates the results of preliminary experimental investigations on CKD usage in soil stabilizations. This research paper provides the effect of the cement kiln dust (CKD) on engineering properties like compaction characteristics, CBR, Permeability and UCS of the black cotton soil. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Engineering properties of expansive clay has been in improvement to make them suitable for construction, using some short of stabilization technique. This paper mainly emphasizes on stabilization of expansive soil using locally available cement kiln dust. (Chen 1975; Waen and Kirly : 2004), Balogan (1991) reported that black cotton soils occur in continuous stretches as superficial deposits and are typical of the flat terrains with poor drainage. Absence of quartz in the clay mineralogy enhances the formation of fine grained soil material, which is impermeable and waterlogged. Near about,35 million tons of CKD are produced annually by Industries. A study on the use of CKD in clay stabilization was also reported by Zaman (1992) and Sayah (1993). They established potentially useful Correlations among the engineering properties of the clays and their stabilized counterparts. Spangler and Handy, 1992 showed that, with the exception of the dry densities, engineering properties of the CKD clay mixtures were comparable to those of fly-ash soil and cement soil mixtures. A. Materials and Methods: Black cotton soil used in this study was mixed with the cement kiln dust powder in the different proportions and a series of the laboratory tests were conducted on samples containing various percentages of the cement kiln dust i.e. 0%, 3%, 8%, 13%, 18% and 25% by weight of the dry soil. Following test were conducted as per relevant IS code of practice. All rights reserved by 86

2 1) Experiments conducted are Grain size distribution. compaction characteristics. CBR(California bearing ratio test). Permeability Test. Unconfined compressive strength test. Differential Free Swell Test. B. Cement Kiln Dust: The stabilizing material cement kiln dust, was obtained from the cement industries located in Maihar, Satna and Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh. A laboratory research was conducted on black cotton soil and cement kiln dust mix in the different proportions. C. Black Cotton Soil: Black cotton soil involved in this study was brought from Vijay Nagar District Jabalpur (M.P.). The expansive soil (BCS) is clasified as clay of high plasticity CH (Gs=2.65 with 96% fines) with expansive behavior. The physical characteristics of Black cotton soil are presented in table-1. Grain size distribution curve is shown in figure-1 Table 1 Physical characteristics of BC soil S.No. PROPERTIES Test values 1. Specific gravity Liquid limit% (LL) Plastic limit% (PL) Shrinkage limit% (SL) Plasticity index%(pi) Optimum moisture content (%) Maximum dry density (gm/cc) Permeability (cm/s) 4.80x California Bearing Ratio Test (%) Differential free swell test (%) Unconfined compressive strength (KN/m 2 ) Grain size distribution(%) Sand(%) Silt+clay (%) 4 96 Fig. 1: Particle size distribution curve of BC soil All rights reserved by 87

3 D. Test Results: Based on the research obtained from various tests conducted on BC soil, cement kiln dust mixes. The variation in various engineering properties of the of the BC soil are discussed below. The DFS decreases from 31% to 5%. This shows that the swelling behaviour of the soil has reduced to a great extent. Proctor compaction test results showed a decreased in OMC from 20.04% to 10.94% and increase in MDD values from 1.73 to 2.03 gm/cc with the additions of cement kiln dust from 0% to 25%, permeability has increased from 4.80x10-4 cm/s to 1.43x10-3cm/s. The soaked CBR test results indicates that the value increased from 1.514% to 3.54% as the cement kiln dust increased from 0% to 25%. The UCS value increased from 142 KN/m2 to 178 KN/m2. Various tests were conducted on BCS mixed with CKD in different proportions as per relevant IS code of practice. Research test results are shown in table-2 Table 2 Research test results S.No. PROPERTIES C0%CKD C3%CKD C8%CKD C13%CKD C18%CKD C25%CKD 1. OMC (%) MDD (gm/cc) PERMEABILITY (cm/s) 4.80X X X X X X CBR (%) DFS (%) UCS (KN/m 2 ) Where:C0%CKD=BCSoil+0%CKD;C3%CKD=BCSoil+3%CKD;C8%CKD=BCSoil+8%CKD;C13%CKD=BCSoil+13%CK D;C18%CKD=BCSoil+18%CKD;C25%CKD=BCSoil+25%CKD. Variation of different engineering properties are shown in figure 2 to 7 NOTE: Where: sample no.1=c0%ckd; sample no.2=c3%ckd; sample no.3=c8%ckd; sample no.4=c13%ckd; sample no.5=c18%ckd; sample no.6=c25%ckd Fig. 2: Variation of OMC of BCS with CKD Fig. 3: Variation of MDD of BCS with CKD All rights reserved by 88

4 Fig. 4: Variation of UCS of BCS with CKD Fig. 5: Variation of DFS of BCS with CKD Fig. 6: Variation of PERMEABILITY of BCS with CKD Fig. 7: Variation of CBR of BCS with CKD All rights reserved by 89

5 III. CONCLUSION Based on the above laboratory investigation conducted on black-cotton soil and cement kiln dust mixes. The following conclusion can be drawn. 1) Addition of cement kiln dust into the black cotton soil has changed the proctor compaction parameters. The OMC of the BCS has decreased and Maximum dry density (MDD) increased with the addition of cement kiln dust. 2) There is significant decrease in swelling characteristics of the soil. The DFS values are reduced from 31% to 5%, indicating that the degree of expansiveness has reduced from high to low. 3) Soaked CBR values have also increased with the addition of cement kiln dust content. The addition of 25% cement kiln dust into the black cotton soil, increases the CBR value from 1.514% to 3.54%. 4) There is a gradual increase in permeability from 4.80x10-4 cm/s to 1.43x10-3cm/s which leading to the pervious material property. 5) Addition of cement kiln dust also increased the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The UCS stabilized samples significantly increased from 142 KN/m2 to 178 KN/m2. From the above research it can be concluded that the industrial waste like cement kiln dust has a potential to modify the engineering behaviour of black cotton soil and to make it suitable in many of the geotechnical applications. REFERENCES [1] Kiln dust for stabilization of pavement base and subgrade materials by Joe W. Button, P.E. Senior Research Fellow Texas Transportation Institute Texas A&M University System in June [2] Utilization of industrial by-products for the production of controlled low strength materials (CLSM) by Amnon Katz, Konstantin Kovler, Department of civil engineering, National building research institute- Isreal institute of technology Haifa, [3] Stabilization of clayey soil using cement kiln dust by Y.KEEERTHI, P.DIVYA KANTHI, N.TEJASWI, K.SHYAM CHAMBERLIN, B.SATYANARAYANA,department of civil engineering, KL University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. [4] 4.) 4.) Literature review on cement kiln dust usage in soil and waste stabilization and experimental investigation by M.K. Rahman, S.Rehman& O.S.B. Al Amoudi, center for engineering research,research institute, King FahadUniversity of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. [5] F.O.P Oriola and G.Moses; Compacted black cotton soil treated with cementkiln dust as hydraulic barrier method AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, 2011, Science. [6] Azad, S. (200). Influence of soil type on stabilization with cement kiln dust, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 3. [7] Bhatty, J.I., Bhattacharja, S., and Todres, H.A. (1996). Use of Cement Kiln Dust in Stabilizing Clay Soils. Portland Cement Association, PCA Serial No. 2035, Skokie, Illinois, USA, p. 28 [8] Burnham, J.C., Bennett, G. F. and Logan, T.J. (1990). Cement kiln dust pasteurization and chemical fixation of municipal wastewater sludge: Microbiology, chemistry and product development. Dept. of Microbiology, MCO, Toledo, OH, Dept of Chemical Engineering, U. of Toledo, OH, Dept. of Agronomy, OSU, Columbus, OH. p. 18. [9] Klemm, W. A. (1980). Kiln Dust Utilization, Martin Marietta Laboratories Report MML TR 80-12, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.. [10] Lafond J. and Simard R.R. (1999). Effect of cement kiln dust on soil and potato crop quality, American Journal of Potato Research, Vol. 75, pp [11] Khandaker M. Anwar Hossain.; Stabilized Soils Incorporating Combinations of Rice Husk Ash and Cement Kiln Dust 1320 / journal of materials in civil engineering asce / September [12] Sulapha Peethamparan and Jan Olek.; Study of the Effectiveness of Cement Kiln Dusts in Stabilizing Na-Montmorillonite Clay Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ASCE / February 2008 / 137 [13] F.O.P. Oriola and G. Moses.; Compacted black cotton soil treated with cement kiln dust as hydraulic barrier material AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 2011, Science Hub. [14] Mukesh A. Patel,Dr. H. S. Patel.; A review on effects of stabilizing agents for stabilization of soil Civil and Environmental Research ISSN (Paper) ISSN (Online) Vol 2, No.6, [15] Tara Sen and Umesh Mishra.; Usage of Industrial Waste Products in Village Road Construction International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2010 ISSN: [16] Oriola, F.O.P., Moses, G., (2011) Compacted black cotton soil treated withcement kiln dust as hydraulic barrier material. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Vol. 2 Issue 4, pp All rights reserved by 90