TRAINING Seminar POVERTY ENVIRONMENT MAINSTREAMING IN TAJIKISTAN

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1 + TRAINING Seminar POVERTY ENVIRONMENT MAINSTREAMING IN TAJIKISTAN

2 + Outline of the Seminar Introduction P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs Relevance to Tajikistan P-E Mainstreaming Process Responsibilities for P-E Mainstreaming

3 + INTRODUCTION

4 + What is Poverty-Environment (P-E) mainstreaming? The process of integrating povertyenvironment linkages into policy making, budgeting and implementation processes at national, sub-national and sector level. A multi year, multi-stakeholder effort. A committed process of change in the culture and practicalities of institution A means towards economic growth

5 + Why is Poverty Environment (P-E) Mainstreaming necessary? Threat of irreversible damage to world ecosystems and the goods and services they provide Economy - Potential to increase economic revenues. Industries particularly affected Affect on country s net savings Agriculture Energy Forestry Fisheries Tourism Health occupational chemical and household fuels cause up to 80% of diseases reported to World Health Organization Achievement of MDGs

6 + Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 3 Pillars Social Economic Environmental

7 + P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Poverty-environmental linkages Livelihood strategies and food security of poor households depend directly on ecosystem health and productivity Poor households often have insecure rights to land, water and natural resources limiting their capability to use environmental resources sustainably Vulnerability to environmental risks such as floods, droughts makes it hard to get out of poverty Environmental degradation contributes to an increased burden on women and children reducing the time they have available for education or income-generating activities. Including the environment within the primary school curriculum can influence the behaviour of young people and their parents Women often have unequal rights and insecure access to land and natural resources, limiting their opportunities and ability to access productive assets.

8 + P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and major diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development Water- and sanitation-related diseases and acute respiratory infections are two of the leading causes of under-five child mortality. Damage to women s health from indoor air pollution or from carrying heavy loads of water and fuel wood can make women less fit for childbirth and at greater risk of complications during pregnancy. Malaria is exacerbated by deforestation, loss of biodiversity and poor water management. Measures to prevent damage to health from environmental causes are often more cost-effective, than treatment of the resulting illnesses. Integrating principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes can reverse the loss of environmental resources Loss of biodiversity has grave consequences Lack of sustainable access to drinking water hinders the capacity of poor people to pull themselves out of poverty Developing countries have special needs for development assistance, including increased capacity to adapt to climate change and to address other environmental challenges, such as water and waste management.

9 + How is P-E mainstreaming relevant to Tajikistan? More than 70% population live in rural areas Over 2/3 population depend on agriculture for livelihoods More than 53% live below poverty line Only 7% territory suitable for economic land use Lack of reliable energy supply High vulnerability to natural disasters Water & food insecurity

10 Poverty-Environment (P-E) Mainstreaming in DDPs General Assessment of Existing situation District/Jamot Vision Formulation Situation analysis and Description of Strategies for Main Sectors (including project design) Provision of resources for development program implementation Monitoring and evaluation system Entry Point 1-General Assessment of Current Situation Entry Point 2- Objective setting and Environmental Overview Entry Point 3- Screening and Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects Entry Point 4-Environmental Indicators DDP Stages Key Entry Points for Environmental Mainstreaming

11 + Roles & responsibilities Sector working groups EWG Project appraisal committee External EIA team Submit sector objectives for environmental overview Agree environmental indicators with EWG and monitor them Assessment of current situation Set environmental objectives Environmental overview Set and review indicators Initial screening of district projects Conduct EIA of district projects

12 + Roles & responsibilities (cont d) Committee for Environmental Protection The Oblast hukumat/medt Sector ministries National statistics office Act as a champion to mainstream environment at the national and decentralized levels Advocates for development of environmental laws and acts and ensure their implementation Ensure that recommendations provided by the Environmental Group during the DDP elaboration process have been taken into account before the DDPs are forwarded to the Majlis of People s Deputies for final approval Create and implement poverty-environmental objectives and monitor them Development, refinement of poverty-environment indicators Collection of data Capacity building of data collection

13 + REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION

14 + Review of Current Situation Performed by Environmental Initiative Group (EIG) DDP Entry Point Review of Current Situation Action Screen existing situation for critical environmental issues in the concerned district Tools Questions checklist Duration ½ Day

15 + Current situation review Aim = Preliminary understanding of critical poverty-environmental linkages Targeted and brief Part 1 outlines broad environmental situation Part 2 focuses on environmental assets and impact on sustainable development

16 + Question Checklist (Indicative) Part 1 questions 1 What are the main environmental problems in the District, including the main sources of environment pollution (in the air, water, soil)? 2 What are the key pressures on natural resources (including mining, land clearing, illegal logging and poaching) and associated impacts (e.g. pollution from mining, soil erosion, resource depletion, biodiversity losses)? 3 What are the environmental factors affecting migration, health, labour productivity? 4 What is the environmental quality in human settlements, health and education facilities: Waste management (including domestic waste) and sanitation; clean water, air quality (ambient and indoor); exposure to chemicals and heavy metals; occupational health hazards; water-borne diseases?

17 3 What is their importance to economic and social development, particularly + Question Checklist continued.. Part 1 questions continued 5 Are there environmental causes of malnutrition (e.g. poor soils, over-fishing)? 6 What are the key bio-diversity products? 7 What is the degree of availability of forestlands and protected areas in the District and what is their condition in the recent years (reduction/expansion of forestlands, preserving the biodiversity etc). 8 What is the current environmental monitoring and control system in the district and its effectiveness? Part 2 questions 1 What are the five key environmental assets of the District? 2 How do they contribute to the key sectors (agriculture, industryt, infrastructure)?

18 + ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVE SETTING

19 + Environmental Objective Setting Performed by Environmental Initiative Group (EIG) DDP Entry Point Situation analysis Action Tools Devise a set of environmental objectives for District Problem tree, Objective tree, Option Analysis Duration 1 Day

20 + Problem tree Effects Possible theme for Indicators EFFECTS Focal Problem Problems Goals CAUSES Causes objectives/activities

21 + Methods of creating a problem tree Brainstorming (creative/chaotic!) Brainstorm issues around an unidentified problem Identify & agree focal problem Sort into causes & effects Cluster & create relationships Systematic (methodical) Debate & agree focal problem Develop direct causes but why Develop direct effects so what Create relationships

22 + Defining a problem A problem is not the absence of a solution but. an existing negative state No pesticides available Crops infested with pests

23 + Problem tree Pollution in settlement areas Damage to natural ecosystems Decline in biodiversity Health problems for local population Unregulated disposal of effluent and gaseous emissions Litter on streets Contamination of water sources Industrial units located in residential areas Toxic exhaust fumes from vehicles EFFECTS (So what?) Urban pollution (air, water, land) FOCAL PROBLEM Inappropriate disposal of waste Lack of recycling facilities Poor regulation Petty and informal commercial activities Weak regulation and enforcement High numbers of vehicles on roads Limited public transport network Poor traffic management Improper industrial location Improper land use planning Inaccurate data & information at district level Poor urban water supply management CAUSES (But why?)

24 + GROUP EXERCISE 1 Turn to the back of the training handbook for details

25 + Objective tree Levels of pollution in settlement areas Biodiversity Health of local population Disposal of effluent and gaseous emissions Litter on streets Safe water sources Industrial units located on industrial sites Exhaust emissions levels Possible INDICATORS Theme Integrated pollution management PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE Appropriate disposal of waste Provision of recycling facilities Good regulation Increased formal commercial activities Active regulation and enforcement Reduced numbers of vehicles on roads Functional public transport network Improved traffic management Suitable industrial location Good land use planning Accurate data & information at district level Improved urban water supply management Possible Objectives

26 + GROUP EXERCISE 2 Turn to the back of the training handbook for details

27 + Options Analysis Use objective criteria to analyse which objectives root to prioritise Degree of fit with higher plans What are others doing? Comparative advantage and capacity? Alignment with country priorities? Risks and assumptions? Who is at risk? Feasibility? CRITERIA Social Technical Institutional Economic & Financial Environmental Integrated urban pollution management Appropriate disposal of waste Provision of recycling facilities Good regulation Increased formal commercial activities Active regulation and enforcement Reduced numbers of vehicles on roads Functional public transport network Improved traffic management Suitable industrial location Good land use planning Accurate data & information at district level Improved urban water supply management Green = priority objectives Red = low priority objectives

28 + GROUP EXERCISE 3 Turn to the back of the training handbook for details

29 + ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW

30 + Environmental Overview Performed by Environmental Initiative Group (EIG) DDP Entry Point Situation analysis Action Review the objectives of other sector working groups in the District for environmental consequences Tools Question checklist Duration 1 Day

31 + Environmental Overview Rapid environmental assessment tool used in formulation stage of policies and projects Flags environmental constraints and opportunities Stimulates additional dialogue with sectors Indicates any need for additional environmental screening later on

32 + Environmental Overview checklist 1 What are the environmental conditions that the sector operates in? 2 What are the environmental issues that affect the sector? 3 Do the plan projects/activities address the environmental causes of major sector specific development problems, as identified by the EIG? 4 Are the strategies environmentally sound? 5 Are there alternatives that produce better environmental impact with the same level of effectiveness? 6 Do the proposed sector indicators adequately reflect the environmental concerns?

33 + The process DRAFT Programme, plan, project, objectives, strategy, policy etc.. ENIVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW Prepared by EIG REDRAFT Including modifications suggested in environmental overview

34 + GROUP EXERCISE 4 Turn to the back of the training handbook for details

35 + ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

36 + Environmental Indicators Performed by Environmental Initiaitve Group (EIG) DDP Entry Point Action Tools Monitoring and evaluation system 1) Select indicators for environmental sector 2) propose indicators for other sectors Suggested list of indicators Duration ½ Day

37 + Environmental Indicators Measure progress of a proposal against environmental objectives Essential at an early stage Collaborative process show how to measure change from the current baseline Targets are set to be achieved within a deadline by a designated party. Milestones measure progress along the way If you can t measure it you can t manage it!

38 + How to create indicators : Write simple indicators. Clarify indicators with quantity/quality. Location specific & disaggregated. : Consider baseline. Is current situation known? Can information be gathered? If no, reject indicator. : Set milestones and targets : Check indicators are SMART

39 + Example indicators AGRICULTURE: HEALTH & EDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRY ECONOMY intensity of land use % land area at risk of desertification Environment in curriculum Morbidity rate in environmental diseases % energy from renewable sources Proportion of population with access to safe water Number of companies with env management plans Tourists visiting protected areas Value of environmental resources % territory surface under protection categories

40 + GROUP EXERCISE 5 Turn to the back of the training handbook for details

41 + ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING OF DISTRICT/JAMOAT PROJECTS

42 + Environmental Screening of District Projects Performed by Sector Working Groups/EIG then District Development Project Approval Committee & Trust Fund Committee DDP Entry Point After situation analysis and preparing project proposals Action Screen District projects for requirement to have EIA Tools Environmental screening checklist Duration 1 Day

43 + Environmental Screening of District Projects Initial screening to decide whether proposals require an environmental impact assessment Important to be aware of National Legislation regarding EIA Simple question process If yes to any questions an EIA is required Even small projects may have significant environmental impact

44 Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified, natural habitat or critical habitat? Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified, natural habitat or critical habitat? Will the proposed project adversely impact people and communities, including indigenous peoples, ability to use, develop and protect natural resources and other natural capital assets? Will the life-supporting capacities of air, water and soil ecosystems be adversely impacted? Will the proposed project result in CO2 emissions greater than 100,000 tons per year (from both direct and indirect sources)? Would the proposed project result in the generation of solid waste that cannot be recovered, reused, or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner? Is there a potential for the release of hazardous materials resulting from their production, transportation, handling, storage and use for project activities? Will the proposed project involve pest management activities, including the application of pesticides? Would there be any risk of accidents during construction or operation of the project which could affect human health or the environment?

45 + ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

46 + Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Performed by DDP Entry Point Action Investor / entity responsible for project proposal elaboration itself After situation analysis and preparing project proposals Submit proposals after conducting screening of projects Tools EIA

47 + What is an EIA? Systematic identification and evaluation of potential environmental impact of proposed projects etc.. Supports informed decision making Conducted by specialists

48 + Objectives of EIA SHORT TERM Improve environmental design of project Ensure resources used efficiently Identify mitigation measures Facilitate informed decision making LONG TERM Protect human health and safety Avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to environment Safeguard valued resources, ecosystems & natural areas Enhance social aspects of proposal

49 + Step 1: Proposal identification For every new project a brief must be submitted including: Project description and options to be considered for meeting the project s objectives, Assessment of the local context and how it will add value to the identified population to be affected, Financial overview (indicative costing by components), Estimated project costs and benefits, Proposed project financing Debt/internal funding, Impact on jobs and growth, Environmental impact, Potential risk and mitigation strategy.

50 + Step 2: Screening Aimed to determine the level of EIA required Screening will have 1 of 4 results No environmental impact Limited environmental impact Potential environmental impact Significant adverse environmental impact No further level of EIA required More limited EIA required (preliminary assessment) Further study required to determine EIA level Full & comprehensive EIA required

51 + Step 3: Scoping Process of determining major issues and impacts for EIA Identifies: Important issues to be considered Appropriate time and space boundaries Information necessary for decision making Significant effects & factors to be considered in detail May overlap with Screening process. Often involves stakeholders

52 + Step 4: Impact Analysis Aim is to take account of all important projects impacts, making nothing is omitted Technical exercise using physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural data Logical and systematic approach Conducted by specialists Process begins during screening and continues through scoping Predicts size and characteristics of important impacts Preferable to predict impacts quantitatively, ratings often used Many different methods available to conduct impact analysis: Checklists Matrices Networks Expert systems Professional judgment

53 + Step 9: Implementation & Review Monitoring process to follow up on implementation of EIA recommendations performed during construction and operation phases of project Objectives: Confirm conditions of project approval are implemented satisfactorily; Verify that impacts are within predicted or permitted limits; Take action to manage unanticipated impacts or other unforeseen changes; Ensure environmental benefits are maximized through good practice Learn from experience in order to improve EIA process and practice.

54 + Donors

55 + QUESTIONS